宋元明清小说中错标词牌的现象——以《钦定词谱》为参照

宋以后的话本小说、传奇小说和章回体小说中经常征引诗词,其中也掺杂了一些错标词牌的词作。造成古代小说中错标词牌的原因是错综复杂的。小说中错标词牌的现象背后,可以反映小说家的词学素养,利于我们了解小说家对词的态度,审视词与小说的关系,还可以窥见词的发展状况。在出版古典文献时,需要对这些错误之处配以勘误说明。

浅谈定语从句

1.在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用:引导定语从句;代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。

“A+B”与“A+the+B”词组

在英语中有这样一种现象，同样的结构中若加进一个定冠词，意义便有不同，笔者将收集到的此类词组整理如下，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助。

Layers of the Determiner Phrase in Mandarin Chinese

There are three probabilities to claim that Mandarin Chinese has multiple Determiner Phrase （DP） structures： （1） Simpson （2001） takes “de” in nominal phrase as the head of the structure： “Zhangsan de shu” is a DP and “de” is the head D. In this theory, when “de” and demonstratives like “this/that” appear in the same structure, there is going to be a multiple DP structure. （2） Huang, Li ＆ Li （2008） take both pronouns and demonstratives as the heads of the appositive structures like “tamen zhe sange haizi”. In this opinion, Mandarin Chinese has Split-D structures like Italian, Hungarian and Greek. （3） It seems that a Mandarin DP could have double heads D when two determiners both appear in the same structure. In “renhe zhe lei wenti”, the determiners “renhe” and “zhe” both appear. The structure is going to be analyzed as a multiple DP or a Split-D structure. However, the paper proves that Mandarin Chinese has no multiple DP structures, not like Italian, Hungarian or Greek.

On Disciplinary Orientation and Course Design of Vocabulary Teaching

This paper argues that the present vocabulary teaching needs reorienting so as to achieve a more systematic and principled vocabulary teaching suitable for China＇s non-English majors. The author then tries to propose a new model of vocabulary teaching, which consists of explicit instruction, incidental learning and strategy training.

QUALITATIVE REASONING BY COMPUTING WITH WORDS IN HERRERA-MARTíNEZ’S LINGUISTIC MODEL

Most of modern systems for information retrieval, fusion and management have to deal with more and more qualitative information （by linguistic labels） besides information expressed quantitatively （by numbers）, since human reports are better and easier expressed in natural language than with numbers. In this paper, Herrera-Martfnez＇s 2-Tuple linguistic representation model is extended for reasoning with uncertain and qualitative information in Dezert-Smarandache Theory （DSmT） framework, in order to overcome the limitations of current approaches, i.e., the lack of precision in the final results of linguistic information fusion according to 1-Tuple representation （ q1 ）- The linguistic information which expresses the expert＇s qualitative beliefs is expressed by means of mixed 2 Tuples （equidistant linguistic labels with a numeric biased value）. Together with the 2-Tuple representation model, some basic operators are presented to carry out the fusion operation among qualitative information sources. At last, through simple example how 2-Tuple qualitative DSmT-based （q2 DSmT） fusion rules can be used for qualitative reasoning and fusion under uncertainty, which advantage is also showed by comparing with other methods.

ON THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IN ENGLISH BY CHINESE LEARNERS IN THEIR INTERLANGUAGE

Learners' use of the definite article is an important index of their English language proficiency. This paper examines the factors that influence the use of the definite article by Chinese learners and tries to figure out their second language developmental characteristics in English definite article acquisition. On the basis of contrast analysis and the description of the learners' interlanguage, some predictions are offered and the marked tendency to omit the definite article is explored in the framework of the Relevant Theory. It is regarded that L1 transfer, learners' differences, and the semantic and pragmatic use of the in communication influence Chinese learners' use of the definite article, which has some implications to English learning and teaching in China.

Comparative features of colorectal and gastric cancers with microsatellite instability in Chinese patients

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the unique and universal features of microsatellite instability-high(MSI-H) colorectal cancer(CRC) and MSI-H gastric cancer(GC) in the Chinese population.Methods:A new panel of mononucleotide MSI markers,BAT25,BAT26,NR21,NR24,and MONO-27,was used to define MSI status in 303 CRC and 288 GC subjects.Clinicopathological features of both types of MSI-H tumors were analyzed.Methylation analysis in the hMLH1 promoter region by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and mutation detection of hMSH2/hMLH1 genes by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography(DHPLC) were carried out simultaneously.Results:MSI-H CRCs and MSI-H GCs account for 11.9% and 8.0% of unselected sporadic CRCs and GCs,respectively.MSI-H CRCs are strongly characterized by early onset,right-side location,low differentiation,mucinous tumor,less infiltration,less lymphatic metastasis,and more often familial tumor.MSI-H GCs only showed site preference for the antrum and less lymphatic metastasis.Genetic and epigenetic analyses were positive in 6/36 MSI-H CRCs and 0/23 MSI-H GCs with pathological mutation in major mismatch repair genes,and in 7/36 MSI-H CRCs and 18/23 MSI-H GCs with methylated hMLH1 promoter(P<0.01),respectively.Conclusions:Although there are many differences in the genetic basis and clinicopathological features between MSI-H CRC and MSI-H GC,when compared with their microsatellite stable(MSS) counterparts,site preference and lymphatic metastasis are features common to both types of MSI-H tumors.

Large deviations for stochastic flows and their applications

Large deviations for stochastic flow solutions to SDEs containing a small parameter are studied. The obtained results are applied to establish a Cp, r-large deviation principle for stochastic flows and for solutions to anticipating SDEs. The recent results of Millet-Nualart-Sans and Yoshida are improved and refined.