为保证燃料电池系统在负载工况变化条件下仍能无扰动地运行在最大效率点,提出一种基于遗忘因子递推最小二乘(forgetting factor recursive least square,FFRLS)在线辨识和Super-Twisting滑模算法的燃料电池系统实时最大效率跟踪方法。...为保证燃料电池系统在负载工况变化条件下仍能无扰动地运行在最大效率点,提出一种基于遗忘因子递推最小二乘(forgetting factor recursive least square,FFRLS)在线辨识和Super-Twisting滑模算法的燃料电池系统实时最大效率跟踪方法。该方法基于非线性曲线拟合原理,根据系统实时测量数据,在单位控制周期内实现对燃料电池最大效率点功率的实时估计。采用Super-Twisting滑模算法,保证燃料电池系统在负载工况变化情况下仍能运行在最大效率点。在搭建的测试平台上,开展了多指标性能测试与对比分析。实验结果表明,与扰动观测(perturb and observe,P&O)算法相比,所提出的方法优势更加明显。另外,针对燃料电池输出存在大扰动问题,与PID控制效果进行了对比实验。实验结果显示:Super-Twisting滑模控制变换器在输入电压大扰动下具有较强的鲁棒性,有利于燃料电池系统长期稳定运行。展开更多
The effect of three stocking densities, ranging from 30 to 44 kg product per m2 on the performance, behaviour and welfare indexes in broiler chicken was investigated. Scan sampling for comparative behavior in all grou...The effect of three stocking densities, ranging from 30 to 44 kg product per m2 on the performance, behaviour and welfare indexes in broiler chicken was investigated. Scan sampling for comparative behavior in all groups was carried out at 2 min intervals during 2-20 min periods for five days each week. It was found that the most common behaviour in all densities was lying （resting）, lying and standing behaviour was tended to increase in H than L group of all experimental period. Pecking behaviour was not constantly changed by stocking density. Locomotion was not only reduced with increasing age but increase stocking density of all experimental period and all groups. Body weight gain and feed efficient were, tend to increase in L than H group of 2 to 3 weeks ages, higher in L than H group （P 〈 0.05） of 4 to 5 weeks ages and all experimental period. Other behaviours （dustbathing, preening, eating or drinking） were not influenced （P 〉 0.05） by stocking density. It seems that gait, foot pad and hock burn score were improved in L than H group of 35 days age （P 〈 0.05）. The claw length of 21 days age was not affected by stocking density, but it was significantly different by stocking density of 35 days age （P 〈 0.05）. The duration of tonic immobility （TI-reaction） was tended to decreased age of 21 than 35 days, but not effected by stocking density. These data indicate that stocking density can influence broiler behaviour and welfare indexes.展开更多
文摘为保证燃料电池系统在负载工况变化条件下仍能无扰动地运行在最大效率点,提出一种基于遗忘因子递推最小二乘(forgetting factor recursive least square,FFRLS)在线辨识和Super-Twisting滑模算法的燃料电池系统实时最大效率跟踪方法。该方法基于非线性曲线拟合原理,根据系统实时测量数据,在单位控制周期内实现对燃料电池最大效率点功率的实时估计。采用Super-Twisting滑模算法,保证燃料电池系统在负载工况变化情况下仍能运行在最大效率点。在搭建的测试平台上,开展了多指标性能测试与对比分析。实验结果表明,与扰动观测(perturb and observe,P&O)算法相比,所提出的方法优势更加明显。另外,针对燃料电池输出存在大扰动问题,与PID控制效果进行了对比实验。实验结果显示:Super-Twisting滑模控制变换器在输入电压大扰动下具有较强的鲁棒性,有利于燃料电池系统长期稳定运行。
文摘The effect of three stocking densities, ranging from 30 to 44 kg product per m2 on the performance, behaviour and welfare indexes in broiler chicken was investigated. Scan sampling for comparative behavior in all groups was carried out at 2 min intervals during 2-20 min periods for five days each week. It was found that the most common behaviour in all densities was lying （resting）, lying and standing behaviour was tended to increase in H than L group of all experimental period. Pecking behaviour was not constantly changed by stocking density. Locomotion was not only reduced with increasing age but increase stocking density of all experimental period and all groups. Body weight gain and feed efficient were, tend to increase in L than H group of 2 to 3 weeks ages, higher in L than H group （P 〈 0.05） of 4 to 5 weeks ages and all experimental period. Other behaviours （dustbathing, preening, eating or drinking） were not influenced （P 〉 0.05） by stocking density. It seems that gait, foot pad and hock burn score were improved in L than H group of 35 days age （P 〈 0.05）. The claw length of 21 days age was not affected by stocking density, but it was significantly different by stocking density of 35 days age （P 〈 0.05）. The duration of tonic immobility （TI-reaction） was tended to decreased age of 21 than 35 days, but not effected by stocking density. These data indicate that stocking density can influence broiler behaviour and welfare indexes.
