关于“经络实质”问题的探讨

自然界是由实物质与虚物质两种物质组成。二者是相互依存,相互对立统一,相互转化的。对于人体而言,经络系统的实质是虚物质运行的管道系统。

Study on Fruit Quality, Phenological Phases and Shoot Histomorphology of a New Bud Mutant Line, ‘Chuanzao Loquat’

[Objective] This study was to explore the growth characteristics and fruit quality of a new bud mutant line, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇. [Method] Paraffin section technique combined with field investigation method were adopted to conduct com- parative analysis of shoot histomorphology and phenological phases between two Io- quat varieties, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ and ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Result] ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ branched out and unfolded leaves about half to a month earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇; both the flowering and fruiting phases of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ were three months earlier than a precocious variety, ＇Zaozhong 6＇; the proportions of epidermis, cortex parenchyma, vascular tissue and medulla were 3.7%, 14.5%, 15.9% and 65.9%, re- spectively, in spdng shoots of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇, and 3.1%, 42.5%, 6.9% and 47.5%, respectively, in ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Conclusion] In terms of phenological phases, ＇Chuanzao Loqua＇ is earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇, a currently widely planted precocious variety, and thus is an important germplasm resource of Ioquats.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer and Compound Feritlizer Mixed Application on Yield and Fruit Quality and Flowering and Fruit Setting of Following Year of Apple

In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.

Scheme of Nitrogen Reasonable Fertilization in Mulberry Gardens of Sichuan Hilly Areas

Abstract In the research, five test groups were set, including urea at O, 120, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm^2, respectively, and analysis was conducted on mulberry leaf yield and some characters of the quality in order to establish utility functions of ap-plied N in mulberry gardens with different production purposes and to provide schemes of rational N fertilization. The results indicated that yield of mulberry leaf and content and yield of active nutritional substances in the leaves would be reduced either by insufficient or excessive N quantity. In addition, 240 kg/hm^2 of applied N significantly improved active nutritional substances in leaf and 360 kg/hm^2 of applied N significantly improved yields of mulberry leaf and active nutritional sub-stances. Therefore, utility functions of applied N quantity with leaf yield, DNJ content and yield were established accordingly. The optimal N quantity in mulberry gardens for sericulture is recommended 360 kg/hm^2 and the optimal N quantities in mulberry gardens for increase of yield and content of DNJ are 299.56 and 294.72 kg/hm^2, respectively.

Review on Effects of Application of Exogenous Growth Regulating Substance on Fruits Weight of Peach

The effects of exogenous growth regulating substance on the fruit weight of peach were reviewed. Paclobutrazol could increase the single fruit weight in dif- ferent degree, and cytokinins could also increase the single fruit weight. GA3 and B9 had no effect on fruit size or on reducing single fruit weight. Chlorflurenol-methy, ABT and salicylic acid had no effect on fruit size. Suggestions on the future re- search were put forward.

Effects of Special Plant Nutritional Elements on Honey Pomelo Fruits

[Objective] The effects of special plant nutritional elements on honey pomelo fruits were investigated. [Method] After the honey pomelo flowers faded, the special plant nutritional elements （SPNE） were sprayed on the honey pomelo plants. After an interval of 20 d or more, the SPNE were sprayed again. A total of 4 times of spraying were carried out before the harvesting. Then difference in yield, quality, fruit weight, fruit appearance, ball weight and internal characteristics were compared between the SPNE treatment group and the control group. [Result] Compared to that of the control group, the fruit number per plant of the SPNE treatment group was more, and the average fruit weight was higher, resulting in the higher yield in the SPNE treatment group. At the same time, the vitamin C and soluble solids con- tent in honey pomelo fruits of the treatment group was higher than that of the con- trol group. The quality of honey pomelo fruits was higher in the SPNE treatment group. The honey pomelo fruits treated with SPNE were bigger, more shining and cleaner. The fruits in the treatment group had no scar, but had more beautiful shape. The exocarp of the treatment group was thinner than that of the control group. The ball weight of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the ball appearance of the treatment group was cleaner. In the treatment group, the pulp segments were bigger and more consistent in size. In ad- dition, there were no internal cracks in the pulp segments. The fruits of the treat- ment group were more sparkling and more transparent. They tasted better. [Con- clusion] We hoped to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield- ing production of honey pomelo.

Experimental and Modelling Studies of Biomass Pyrolysis

The analysis on the feedstock pyrolysis characteristic and the impacts of process parameters on pyrolysis outcomes can assist in the designing,operating and optimizing pyrolysis processes.This work aims to utilize both experimental and modelling approaches to perform the analysis on three biomass feedstocks—wood sawdust,bamboo shred and Jatropha Curcas seed cake residue,and to provide insights for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.For the experimental part,the study investigated the effect of heating rate,final pyrolysis temperature and sample size on pyrolysis using common thermal analysis techniques.For the modelling part,a transient mathematical model that integrates the feedstock characteristic from the experimental study was used to simulate the pyrolysis progress of selected biomass feedstock particles for reactor scenarios.The model composes of several sub-models that describe pyrolysis kinetic and heat flow,particle heat transfer,particle shrinking and reactor operation.With better understanding of the effects of process conditions and feedstock characteristics on pyrolysis through both experimental and modelling studies,this work discusses on the considerations of and interrelation between feedstock size,pyrolysis energy usage,processing time and product quality for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.

Studies on BN rats model to determine the potential allergenicity of proteins from genetically modified foods

AIM： To develop a Brown Norway （BN） rat model to determine the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified food. METHODS： The allergenicity of different proteins were compared, including ovalbumin （OVA）, a potent respiratory and food allergen, bovine serum albumin （BSA）, a protein that is considered to have a lesser allergenic potential, and potato acid phosphatase （PAP）, a non-allergenic protein when administered to BN rats via different routes of exposure （intraperitoneally or by gavage）. IgG and IgE antibody responses were determined by ELISA and PEA, respectively. An immunoassay kit was used to determine the plasma histamine level. In addition, possible systemic effect of allergens was investigated by monitoring blood pressure. RESULTS： OVA provoked very vigorous protein-specific IgG and IgE responses, low grade protein-specific IgG and IgE responses were elicited by BSA, while by neither route did PAP elicit anything. In either routes of exposure, plasma histamine level in BN rats sensitized with OVA was higher than that of BSA or PAP. In addition, an oral challenge with BSA and PAP did not induce any effect on blood pressure, while a temporary drop in systolic blood pressure in few animals of each routes of exposure was found by an oral challenge with OVA. CONCLUSION： BN rat model might be a useful and predictive animal model to study the potential allergenicity of novel food proteins.

浅析遗址环境保护展示——以洛阳“明堂”历史遗址区保护研究为例

本文通过对唐朝武则天时期的"明堂"建筑遗址及其周边相关历史环境区域进行保护展示的研究,尝试以"物"和"人"的角度共同对遗址区域进行保护;结合不同的历史时代空间特点,形成多种遗址和谐共存的关系。

Photolithography by a tunable electro-optical lithium niobate phase array

Photolithography experiments are performed by means of an optical phase mask with electrooptically tunable phase step. The phase mask consists of a 2-dimensional hexagonal lattice of inverted ferroelectric domains fabricated on a z-cut/ithium niobate substrate. The electro-optically tunable phase step, between inverted domain, is obtained by the application of an external electric field along the z axis of the crystal via transparent electrodes. The collimated beam of an argon laser passes through the phase mask and the near field intensity patterns, at different planes of the Talbot length and for different values of the applied voltage, are used for photolithographic experiments. Preliminary results are shown and further applications are discussed.

Conscious Entities in Superluminal Parallel Universe

Tachyons are theoretical superluminal particles, i.e., faster than light particles. The idea of existence of tachyons comes from Arnold Sommerfeld. Bilaniuk and Sudarshan （1969） published the article ＂Particles beyond the Light Barrier＂ in Physics Today magazine where they analyze the theoretical properties of tachyons. From the tachyon idea I have hypothesized the existence of a Superluminal Parallel Universe constituted by Superluminal Conscious Entities that, like the theoretical tachyons, only can exist at speeds greater than the speed of light. This hypothesis should be subject to scientific inquiry but also to philosophical speculation or spiritual imagination. Later I imagine that the Superluminal Parallel Universe is the Spiritual World thought by theologians and idealistic philosophers. I relate the Superluminal Conscious Entities with Spirits and the Superluminal Parallel Universe comprising infinity of Superluminal Conscious Entities with God, the Universal Spirit, thus being simultaneously Unity and Infinity given that superluminal speed implies non-local, instantaneous connections. I imagine that the material Universe might have emerged from that God, assuming that many Spirits could lose superluminality generating the two classes of substances of the Universe： the class of subluminal particles of matter and the class of luminal particles, like photons. I imagine a Soul as a quasi superluminal entity dropped from a Spirit to animate material entities. The substances of both Universes would have evolved in parallel, with life arising and evolving from the subluminal substance driven by companion Souls. Let＇s also imagine that the natural way of being of Spirits and free Souls is a state similar to conscious dreaming. In this imagination, we all, Souls, would have been a part of God and we all might be again. We all are makers of the Universe. We all might get connected with the Spirits in God to beg for and to receive inspiration.

Recent advances in glycerol valorization via electrooxidation:Catalyst,mechanism and device

Glycerol is one of the most important biomass-based platform molecules,massively produced as a by-product in the biodiesel industry.Its high purification cost from the crude glycerol raw material limits its application and demands new strategies for valorization.Compared to the conventional thermocatalytic strategies,the electrocatalytic strategies can not only enable the selective conversion at mild conditions but also pair up the cathodic reactions for the co-production with higher efficiencies.In this review,we summarize the recent advances of catalyst designs and mechanistic understandings for the electrocatalytic glycerol oxidation(GOR),and aim to provide an overview of the GOR process and the intrinsic structural-activity correlation for inspiring future work in this field.The review is dissected into three sections.We will first introduce the recent efforts of designing more efficient and selective catalysts for GOR,especially toward the production of value-added products.Then,we will summarize the current understandings about the reaction network based on the ex-situ and in-situ spectroscopic studies as well as the theoretical works.Lastly,we will select some representative examples of creating real electrochemical devices for the valorization of glycerol.By summarizing these previous efforts,we will provide our vision of future directions in the field of GOR toward real applications.

Experimental investigation on performance of intumescent coating for steel plate at elevated temperature

Twenty tests were conducted to investigate the efficiency of the intumescent coating designed to protect steel plate at the elevated temperature, by means of electrical furnace. And the factors of the initial thickness of coating and temperature of electrical furnace were considered. The high temperature response behavior of the intumescent coating was observed. And the expansion form of ultrathin intumescent coating and the temperature of the steel plate(TS) were obtained. Besides, the heat flux from expansion layer to steel plate versus time was analyzed in order to evaluate the heat transfer effect of intumescent coating on steel plate. The experimental results show that the response behaviors of the coating subjected to fire could be divided into four phases: stabilization phase, foaming expansion phase, carbonization-consumption phase and inorganic layer phase. And the net heat flux to the steel plate decreased observably in the foaming expansion phase, while the surplus white inorganic substance, which is the residue of the intumesced char layer in the inorganic layer phase under the condition of the temperature of the electrical furnace(TEF) beyond 700 °C over 1 h, has little effect on fire protection for the steel plate.

Effect of taurine on GFAP and TauT expressions in rat retinal Müller cells in high glucose culture

Objective： To detect the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein （GFAP） and taurine transporter （TauT） in the retinal Müller cells in high glucose culture with taurine and to explore the influence of glucose on the taurine transporting, and the possible protective effects of taurine on MUller cells in early diabetic retinopathy. Methods： The Müller cells from the rat retina were cultured in high glucose, and GFAP and Taut expressions were detected in the cells treated with different doses of taurine by immuocytochemical fluorescein staining and Western blotting. Results： High glucose enhanced the expression of GFAP and decreased the expression of TauT in Müller cells. Taurine decreased the up-regulation of GFAP in the cells which was induced by high glucose; 0. 1-10 mmol/L taurine increased the expression of TauT in Müller cells. Conclusion： Taurine can inhibit the changes in Müller cell resulted from high glucose.

GFAP and Fos immunoreactivity in lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata after chronic colonic inflammation in rats

AIM： To investigate the response of astrocytes and neurons in rat lumbo±sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata induced by chronic colonic inflammation, and the relationship between them. METHODS： Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups： experimental group （n = 17）, colonic inflammation was induced by intra-luminal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNBS）; control group （n = 16）, saline was administered intra-luminally. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 d of administration, the lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata were removed and processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, Fos and GFAP/Fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Activated astrocytes positive for GFAP were mainly distributed in the superficial laminae （laminae Ⅰ-Ⅱ） of dorsal horn, intermediolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅴ）, posterior commissural nucleus （laminae Ⅹ） and anterolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅸ）. Fos-IR （Fos-immunoreactive） neurons were mainly distributed in the deeper laminae of the spinal cord （laminae Ⅲ-Ⅳ, Ⅴ-Ⅵ）. In the medulla oblongata, both GFAP-IR astrocytes and Fos-IR neurons were mainly distributed in the medullary visceral zone （MVZ）. The density of GFAP in the spinal cord of experimental rats was significantly higher after 3, 7, and 14 d of TNBS administration compared with the controls （50.44±16.8, 29.24±6.5, 24.14±5.6, P〈0.05）. The density of GFAP in MVZ was significantly higher after 3 d of TNBS administration （34.34±2.5, P〈0.05）. After 28 d of TNBS administration, the density of GFAP in the spinal cord and MVZ decreased and became comparable to that of the controls （18.04±4.9, 14.64±6.4, P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astrocytes in spinal cord and medulla oblongata can be activated by colonic inflammation. The activated astrocytes are closely related to Fos-IR neurons. With the recovery of colonic inflammation, the activity ofastrocytes in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata is reduced.

Chromatin-binding in vivo of the erythroid kruppel-like factor,EKLF,in the murine globin loci

EKLF is an erythroid-specific, zinc finger-containing transcription factor essential for the activation of the mammalian beta globin gene in erythroid cells of definitive lineage. We have prepared a polyclonal anti-mouse EKLF antibody suitable for Western blotting and immunoprecipitation （IP） qualities, and used it to define the expression patterns of the EKLF protein during mouse erythroid development. We have also used this antibody for the chromatin-immunoprecipitation （CHIP） assay. EKLF was found to bind in vivo at both the mouse beta-major-globin promoter and the HS2 site of beta-LCR in the mouse erythroleukemia cells （MEL） in a DMSO-inducible manner. The DMSO-induced bindings of EKLF as well as three other proteins, namely, RNA polymerase Ⅱ, acetylated histone H3, and methylated histone H3, were not abolished but significantly lowered in CB3, a MEL-derived cell line with null-expression of p45/NF-E2, an erythroid-enriched factor needed for activation of the mammalian globin loci. Interestingly, binding of EKLF in vivo was also detected in the mouse alpha-like globin locus, at the adult alpha globin promoter and its far upstream regulatory element alpha-MRE （HS26）. This study provides direct evidence for EKLF-binding in vivo at the major regulatory elements of the mouse beta-like globin gene clusters the data also have interesting implications with respect to the role of EKLF-chromatin interaction in mammalian globin gene regulation.

Generation of the regulatory protein rtTA transgenic mice

AIM: To translate Tet-on system into a conditional mouse model, in which hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) gene could be spatiotemporally expressed to overcome 'immune tolerance' formed during the embryonic development and 'immune escape' against hepatitis virus antigen(s), an effector mouse, carrying the reverse tetracycline-responsive transcriptional activator (rtTA) gene under the tight control of liver-specific human apoE promoter, is required to be generated. METHODS: To address this end, rtTA fragment amplified by PCR was effectively inserted into the vector of pLiv.7 containing apoE promoter to create the rtTA expressing vector, I.e., pApoE-rtTA. ApoE-rtTA transgenic fragment (-6.9 kb) released from pApoE-rtTA was transferred into mice by pronucleus injection, followed by obtaining one transgene (+) founder animal from microinjection through PCR and Southern blot analysis.RESULTS: rtTA transgene which could be transmitted to subsequent generation (F1) derived from founder was expressed in a liver-specific fashion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that rtTA transgenic mice, in which rtTA expression is appropriately targeted to the murine liver, are successfully produced, which lays a solid foundation to 'off-on-off' regulate expression of target gene (s) (e.g., HBV and/or HCV) in transgenic mice mediated by Tet-on system.

Response of Amaranth to Irrigation and Organic Matter

The study investigated the response of Amaranth to irrigation depth and irrigation interval as well as poultry waste incorporation. A replicated 4 ×3 × 3 factorial arrangement with treatments consisting of percent organic matter incorporation （0%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight）, irrigation interval （1, 3 and 5 days） and irrigation depth （4, 6 and 8 mm） was used for the experiment which was conducted in pots in a green house. The result of the experiment showed that percent organic matter incorporation, irrigation interval, and irrigation depth significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected the dry matter yield of the vegetable. However, only the percent organic matter incorporation and irrigation interval were significant （P 〈 0.05） in their effects on the plant height. The highest plant height of 12.03 cm occurred when 2% organic matter was incorporated into the soil while the lowest plant height of 9.04 cm occurred with 6% organic matter incorporation. The maximum plant yield （47.44 kg/ha） occurred when 2% poultry litter was incorporated into the soil while the lowest plant yield （31.57 kg/ha） occurred with the control experiment. Irrigation interval of three days as well as irrigation depth of 6 mm resulted in the highest plant height and maximum dry matter yield of the vegetable. From the result of the experiment, the factor combination of 2% organic matter incorporation with 6 mm irrigation depth applied at three days irrigation interval resulted in the highest plant height of 16.7 cm above ground surface and maximum yield of 67.8 kg/ha.

Allelopathic interactions between Prorocentrum micans and Skeletonema costatum or Karenia mikimotoi in laboratory cultures

Algal allelopathy is an ecological/physiological phenomenon that has focused attention on the interactions among algae and the production of algal toxins. We investigated the allelopathic interactions between the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum micans and diatom genus Skeletonema costatum and between P. micans and dinoflagellate genus Karenia mikimotoi using bi-algal cultures. Because the effects were species-specific and size-dependent, we evaluated the effect of different initial densities. At low densities of P. mieans and high densities of S. costatum inoculated into the same medium, the growth of R rnieans was weakly restrained, whereas the growth of S. costatum was significantly suppressed. S. costatum and K. mikimotoi were strongly inhibited by P. micans, in both the bi-algal cultures and enriched filtrates. Direct cell-to-cell contact was not necessary to gain a competitive advantage, thus, our results suggest that P. micans inhibited the growth of S. costatum and K. mikimotoi by the release of allelochemical（s）. Last, a mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions between P. micans and S. eostatum and between P. micans and K. mikimotoi in bi-algal cultures.

The flocculation research on treating suspended solids contained mine drainage through goaf

Mine drainage could be filtered and purified through goaf. This innovative technique shows merits, such as high treatment efficiency, remarkable economic benefit and extensive wastewater recycle use. However, it was detected that capacities of purifying mine drainage for goaf were decreased after a period of application. As a result, the effluent could not meet the standard of recycle water. To solve the problem, coagulant was considered to add into mine drainage reducing its high turbid degrees to certain level. After the preliminary flocculation treatment, mine drainage was piped into goaf to purify. In this way, the load of goaf was eased up. Its usage time was also prolonged. Therefore, this paper carried out the coagulation-flocculation jar test for mine drainage to discuss the flocculation parameters. By the experiment, 10 % iron trichloride is selected from four inorganic coagulants as the optimum coagulant. The optimum dose, PH value and sedirs6-7 and 25 min. Velocity mentation time are respectively 2 mL per 800 mL Wastewater gradient G during the process of mixing and reaction is 696 .And the value of GT is 6.264 × 10^5. The values of G and GT will supply the basis for the design of flocculation pool in the project. The flocculation parameters will be significant for the reference of practice.