板栗实生低产园的改良技术

通过对板栗实生低产园的改良,采用清园整地、改劣换优、树体管理、改良树的土肥水管理等,总结出一整套技术措施,改良效果显著。

早实核桃元丰在天水的引种表现

早实核桃元丰是山东省果树研究所从新疆早实核桃实生园中选出的优良品种。2008年11月，我们从山东省果树研究所王钧毅处引进1年生苗木在甘肃天水进行试验栽培，经6年观察。元丰适应性强，树体健壮，易成花坐果，早期产量高，坚果品质优，适宜天水地区栽培。

Branching and growth of plantings in fifth year of a seedling seed orchard of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

The features of branching and growth studied included height, diameter at breast height (DBH), total number of branches, annual height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongating, annual branch number for four consecutive years, diameter of branches of different ages, and diameter of stem where branch-whorl originates. For features of total growth and overall branching, no significant differences were found between families, except for DBH. For annual features, no significant differences were found in annual stem height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongation and diameter of branches. In the last four years, differences in number of branches were not significant in the first two years but were significant in the last two year; differences in stem diameter where branch-whorls grow were significant for the four consecutive years. Trend of annual growth and branching features of families can be divided into three types as increasing type, stable type and fluctuating type. Most of families have an increasing type with respect of annual height growth and annual branch elongation, while most families belong to a fluctuating type with annual branch number. The results indicated that in the fifth year after planted in seedling seed orchard, differences between families were mostly insignificant. This result may have two main explanations: one is the growth rhyme in early ages of Masson pine, the other one is the complex paternal components to form the open-pollinated families. Family selection seemed to be not useful based on the result. It is suggested to select some of families in the nursery instead of to use all the families when establishing seedling seed orchards with open-pollinated families from plus-trees.

Positive Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Physiological Response and Fruit Yield in Citrus Orchards： Implications for Sustainable Water Savings

Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×Poncirus Trifoliata L. Osb.）. The trees were subjected to two irrigation treatments： （1） sustainable deficit irrigation （SDI） established with water supplied at 60% of the crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and （2） low frequency deficit irrigation （LFDI） irrigated according to the plant water status. In addition, a treatment irrigated at 100% of ETc was included as a control （C）. Midday stem-water potential （ψUstem）, stomatal conductance （gs）, and micrometric trunk diameter fluctuations were measured during the maximum evapotranspirative demand period to evaluate the plant-water status, and establish the main relationships among them. The seasonal pattern of the studied variables had a behavior consistent with the contributions made by the volumes of applied irrigation water. Especially significant close relationships of ψstem with gs, and with the maximum daily shrinkage （MDS） were found. The lowest ψstem and gs values were registered in the treatments with lowest irrigations levels （SDI and LFDI）, being the MDS was significative higher than in the C treatment. The LFDI showed an oscillating behavior in these parameters, which was on line with the supplied irrigation restrictions cycles. Thus, according to the results of the present experiment the physiological stress indexes based in MDS or ψstem allow establishing different irrigation restriction cycles, encouraging important water saving without significant impact on yield and the fruit quality parameters.

Survey on Parasites in Sparrows of Amol （Mazandaran Province, Iran）

In order to survey on sparrows parasites （Passer domesticus）, 100 samples were collected from the citrus gardens of Amol＇s City. The surface of their body checked for presence of ectoparasites. The blood samples took from their wings for blood parasites. At the laboratory, the body of sparrows opened and the gastrointestinal checked for endoparasites. The intestine opened and scratched carefully to find worms. Worms kept in alcohol-glycerin （10%）. Eggs ＆ oocysts of the parasites checked, by fecal floatation test. The result shows that the infection with Railletina is 1%, Ascaridia galli （2%）, Heterakis gallinarum （4%）, eggs of A. galli （5%）, oocyst of Eimeri （28%）, Dermanyssus gallinae （1%）. 11% of the sparrows infected with Plasmodium in their bloods.

Effect of Fertilization in Organic Nursery for Later Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in the Orchard

There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.

Foliar Analysis as an Estimate on the Nutritional State of Conilon Coffee Plantations on Cambisoils

The objective of this paper relies on the establishment of the sampling moment and the nutritional state of the species Conilon coffee （Coffea canephora） cultivated in Cambisoils. The effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization was also studied in the leaves concentrations of N, at randomized complete block designs （N0= 0; N1 = 50; N2 = 100; N3 = 150 and N4 = 200 kg.ha^-1 of N） in presence of P （40 kg.ha^-1 of P2O5） and K （160 kg.ha^-1 of K2O）, with four replicates. The samples were carried out in the months of March （flower blossoming stage）, June （fruits growing stage）, September （grain development） and December （maturation） in all treatments. Foliar analysis carried out in the month of June （fruits growing stage） for the purpose of establishing critical nutrient range values for N, settling down approaches of interpretation of the same one for the Conilon coffee plantations on Cambisoils. The biggest percentages in the yields are obtained with leaves containing N between 2.80% and 3.10%, a value below 2.80% N which they associated with indicative percentages of stable maximum yield that did not surpass the limits of the adequate nutrients supply.