论洋务实科教学的特征

洋务实科教学从教育思想和课程体系看，以“中体西用”为宗旨，具有思想近代化的特点；从教育方针看，以培养近代社会适用人才为目的，以实业教育为主要内容，以军事需要为主要目标，具有目标实用性特点；从教学体系看，打破旧式学堂教学模式。变革传统教学内容，加重西学课程比例，采用班级授课制，实行分年课程计划，注重实践应用能力，改革考核制度，具有教学结构多元化特点；从办学形式看，集封建性、买办性、功利性于一体，具有半殖民地半封建性特点。

论洋务运动中的实科教学

实科教学在洋务运动时期被引入中国，既有传统的“经世致用”思想为其理论依据，又有办洋务对应用性人才的渴求作为其社会基础。实科教学在中国普及、传播的过程中，深深地打上了民族文化的烙印，形成了具有中国特色的实科教学体制：其一，从办学形式看，集封建性、买办性、功利性于一体；其二，确立了以“中体西用”为宗旨的课程体系。尽管如此，主导其课程设置的西学仍冲击了中国传统的教育体制。

The Use of Metaphors in Scientific Texts in English： A Proposal for Improving Reading Competence

Understanding discipline-specific texts in English is a basic requirement for science students, who must develop their content knowledge and language skills. Particularly, interesting is the fact that the language of science is characterized by the use of figurative language, which appeals to the common knowledge of the world, mainly to explain, clarify, and describe intricate concepts. Metaphors are helpful for lexicalizing new concepts and meanings or extending the meanings of pre-existing words. The analysis of tropes as a means to improve foreign language learners＇ reading competence is a rather novel teaching practice in ESP （English for Specific Purposes）, implemented at the University of Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explain the theoretical basis for teaching and developing metaphorical competence in ESP classes as a means of providing an intellectually stimulating alternative approach, and to present some teaching ideas and activities designed to familiarize students with the use of metaphorical language in scientific discourse in order to enhance their reading competence.

Creationism and Evolution Views of Brazilian Teachers and Teachers-to-Be

This paper aims at assessing the evolutionist and creationist conceptions of Brazilian teachers. The work is developed within the framework of the European project BIOHEAD-CITIZEN （biology, health and environmental education for better citizenship）, which takes into account that scientific knowledge and teachers＇ attitudes and values can influence the teaching practices. The large questionnaire BIOHEAD-CITIZEN, which was constructed to be applied in 19 countries in Europe, Africa and Middle East countries, was applied, in this study, to six groups of Brazilian teachers： primary school teachers, biology teachers and Portuguese language teachers and corresponding teachers-to-be. For this paper the answers to questions about evolution were used as dependent variables. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out. Biology teachers and biology teachers-to-be gave more importance to the natural selection and the evolution process than the other groups of teachers. Comparing to the BIOHEAD-CITIZEN countries, the total Brazilian sample showed a higher percentage of creationist conceptions, particularly the Brazilian biology teachers and teachers-to-be. As discussed herein, this may not be an obstacle for teaching evolution as they accept both creationist and evolutionist concomitantly.

The Teaching Practice Exploration from the Science and Technology English to Academic English of University in Digital Environment

The globalization development of science and technology makes academic English education in Chinese universities become a trend, and the establishment and application of digital teaching environment also provides an efficient technical support for the teaching and practice of Academic English. Through its own characteristics and Academic English teaching requirements analysis, understand the function and role of digital environment in academic English teaching and trying to propose effective strategies for Academic English Teaching Practice Exploration.

Analysis of Application of multimedia technology in the teaching of clinical pediatrics

Pediatrics belongs to highly professional important disciplines clinically. Because of abstract content of pediatrics, knowledge at odds and the lack of clinical practice, they pediatric pose serious challenges to the traditional teaching model. With the development of multimedia and network technology and the popularization of hardware facilities in higher vocational colleges, profound change took place in clinical pediatric teaching mode. Multimedia technology has become an important part of modern teaching methods. Through multimedia technology applications in pediatric vocational clinical teaching practice, the pediatric clinical teaching is optimized and classroom teaching improved, but also problems found in the application process of multimedia technology.

Informal Logic： Between Logic and Epistemology

Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of argument is one of the approaches. The key reason of its appearance was the criticism of formal logic in the late 20th century. Researchers consider the argument from the different point of view. Formal dialectics and pragma-dialectics were based on dialectics. Contemporary rhetorical theories of argument were created on the rhetorical grounds; theory of speech acts on the basis of practical philosophy etc.. This paper is devoted to some theoretical problems of informal logic which was formed on the logic background in the late 70＇s. In spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books on informal logic published over the last thirty years, logicians has not achieved consensus so far on many issues. Among the numerous problems are： what is the subject matter of informal logic？ Does informal logic belong to the realm of logic？ Is it applied epistemology？ What is a real argument？ And what are the criteria for evaluating of such arguments？

The Spiritual Experience as Scientific Experiment： How Science Can Meet Religion

My paper aims to discuss the approach between the mystic＇s experience and the experiment of the scientist. The mystic experience is closer to what is proper to the scientific experiment： both are, finally, ways of tryout. This also means that both are ways to come closer to a deeper understanding of Reality. Raising the problem of the relation between religion and science requires a series of precautions, especially related to the underlying meanings of what we call ＂religion＂ or ＂science＂. What is meant by religion and religious？ The terms are too vague, and on the other hand, the differences among religions are so important that it is almost impossible to use the term religion without an abstract meaning. Even the overall invocation of Christianity is improper, as the report of Eastern Christianity to the Western, one reveals different perspectives on some issues that determine the relationship with science. There must be also taken into account the history of the religious doctrines after Enlightenment, as they underwent secular influences that sometimes left tracks in their discourse, the most aggressive factor being the ideological one. And when speaking about the possibility of religion getting open to science it is necessary to specify what type of religious discourse is concerned. Since a generic report of religion to science is slippery, we should rather count on the identification of those types of religious experience and of those religious horizons that can offer a real openness to science. These statements are also true for science： for such a dialogue, there is need of identifying those aspects of science that are not contaminated by ideology or by assumptions alien to its experimental nature.

Micro/Nano-Satellites: Opportunities and Challenges

At an accelerating development pace, Hicro-Nano Satellite technology has become one of the most ac- tive research topics in the current aerospace field. Its applications have been extended from engineering education and technology demonstration into various other fields, such as communication, remote sensing, navigation and scientific experiments just to name a few, In this paper issues raised on Micro/Nano-Satellites in recent news are reviewed and the opportunities and challenges confronting Micro/Nano-Satellites are analyzed. Then the Plicro/nano-Satellites of Na- tional University of Defense Technology, （NUDT） are briefly introduced. Finally, some suggestions on the development of Micro/Nano-Satellites in the future are proposed.

Natural Philosophy, Inventions and Religion in the Correspondence between John Locke and Nicolas Toinard （1678-1704）

The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677 or early in 1678, and the latter remained his lifelong friend and most assiduous correspondent. An Orl6anais and a devout Catholic, Toinard combined an intense interest in the Scriptures with an enthusiasm for experimental science and inventions of every kind; he introduced Locke to all the French official institutions and to a number of private laboratories. Toinard＇s principal work, Evangeliorum Harmonia Graeco-Latina, was greatly appreciated by Locke for its new method. The paper attempts at exploring the bulk of this correspondence in detail, giving an account of the wide range of topics dealt with in the two hundred letters; it is divided into four paragraphs referring, respectively, to the years 1678-1679, 1679-1681, 1681-1686, and1686-1704. The perspective is diachronic; in some occasions, the focus is on a peculiar topic which is the object of prolonged discussion between the two correspondents. In the conclusion, attention is drawn to the relevance of this correspondence in the context of the 17th century and of Locke＇s philosophical thought.

Analysis of the PBL Model in the Application of Surgical Experiment Teaching

objective： to analyze the application value of the PBL in the surgical experimental teaching mode. Methods： choose between September 2013 and September 2013 128 clinical professional students, average by using the lottery will be divided into control group and the team, every 64 students for 1 set, in surgical experimental teaching as a research courses, the teaching methods for the traditional teaching method in the control group, while the team gives PBL teaching mode, the teaching effect of the final will be two groups of students are analyzed and compared. Results： through different teaching methods for teaching, compared with control group, the group at the student＇s test scores, and the ability to significantly higher, the difference of both P 〈 0.05, there is statistically significant. Conclusion： using PBL teaching mode in the surgical experimental teaching effect is remarkable, can promote the students＇ comprehensive ability and is worth popularizing application.

The Drawbacks and Related Strategies in Using of Multimedia in Practical Teaching

With the development of modem scientific technology, multimedia teaching as a new teaching method has got involved in the practical teaching. Making full use of this method will bring great benefits for English teaching. Besides the unique advantages and the present situations of multimedia applied in English teaching, it is more important for us to find out its drawbacks in practical teaching process, such as the ineffective application of multimedia by teachers. Then, the related strategies mast be put forward improving the teaching facilities of multimedia. This paper mainly discusses the related strategies in order to create a better teaching environment and facilitate the training of teachers. After studying this paper, we will have a good knowledge of the multimedia teaching. Consequently, we can apply the multimedia into the traditional teaching. Multimedia resources are also very useful for teachers to meet the requirements in our modem society. Meanwhile, it will promote the teaching reform and improve the level of education in our country.

Analysis on Humanistic Education of Medical Students

Medical students are the major force of future medical scientific research and clinical work, and itis of great necessity for medical students to have humanistic education, which is also an inevitable way of improving medical students＇ clinical practice quality. Social progress demands that medical students should not only have excellent professional skills, but also be able to think about problems from medical,social, moral and ethics perspectives, establishing the people-oriented patient-centered noble medical ethics, having a good ability to communicate with people.

Teaching and practice of pharmaceutical comprehensive study in China

Pharmaceutical comprehensive study(PCS) is a new system of experimental teaching in China, which integrates multidisciplinary pharmaceutical knowledge and covers the basic process of new drug discovery. To explore the feasibility of this experiment teaching system and mode, we developed PCS as an elective course. The PCS is designed with two sections: pharmaceutical comprehensive design(PCD) and pharmaceutical comprehensive experiment(PCE). The PCD section includes literature review, comprehensive project design and oral examination. PCE can be divided into four parts: synthesis, quantitative determination, pharmacodynamic evaluation, and formulation and quality determination. Course grade was determined by experimental performance, written report, literature review, new project design and oral examination. The learning interest, experimental ability, theoretical level and literature retrieval ability, team spirit and interpersonal skills have been all significantly improved among students taking this course. A survey was administered at the end of the semester to the enrolled students. The responses were reported as percentages, and the feedback was positive. The course was highly recommended by the teaching inspection committee. This new course plays an important role in developing students’ creativity and comprehensive ability. It could help students understand the focus and features of every secondary discipline, as well as establish scientific and reasonable knowledge system. Most students can better understand the process of drug research after this course.

The reinterpretation of experiment methodology in education

The scientificalization1 of educational research methods was always the most predominant in the two tides of educational experiment in China in the twentieth century,the result of which was unexpectedly dissatisfactory,because researchers misunderstood the connotation of scientificalization in such a degree that resulted in the worship for methods and thought of replacement.If researchers reflect dialectically on the classic codes of experiment,and aim at reconstructing the viewpoint of experiment in education in the dimensions of ideas and pattern,they would guide the research on education by an“ideal type”,decently intervene the“logic of practice”with the“logic of theory”,so that the theorists and practitioners in education can finally coexist and co-develop.