As a creative and effective teaching method adopted by many countries, cooperative learning is one of the most widespread and fruitful areas in modern education theory. With the introduction of the concept of cooperat...As a creative and effective teaching method adopted by many countries, cooperative learning is one of the most widespread and fruitful areas in modern education theory. With the introduction of the concept of cooperative learning among College oral English teaching, students could undergo all-round training in English proficiency, cooperative ability, self-learning ability and sense of competition. This paper mainly focuses on how to make full use of cooperative leaning in College oral English teaching, and tries to verify that cooperative leaning is a practical and effective teaching mode which could enhance the College oral English classroom teaching quality.展开更多
Since the discovery of Carnpylobacter-like organisms (Helicobacter pylori) more than two decades ago the possibility of a relationship with gastric cancer has been postulated, tested and supposedly proven. There hav...Since the discovery of Carnpylobacter-like organisms (Helicobacter pylori) more than two decades ago the possibility of a relationship with gastric cancer has been postulated, tested and supposedly proven. There have been numerous human studies of various designs from many countries around the world. Several meta-analyses have been published and more recently a small number of experimental animal studies were reported looking at the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Over the years, the human epidemiological studies have produced conflicting results; the metaanalyses have as one would expect produced similar pooled estimates; while the early experimental animal studies require replication. The exact mechanisms by which H pylori might cause gastric cancer are still under investigation and remain to be elucidated.展开更多
Misconceptions are common in the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).In this paper,we state the most commonly found misconceptions in clinical practice and deal with the use of 5-aminosalicylates and...Misconceptions are common in the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).In this paper,we state the most commonly found misconceptions in clinical practice and deal with the use of 5-aminosalicylates and thiopurines,to review the related scientificevidence,and make appropriate recommendations.Prevention of errors needs knowledge to avoid making such errors through ignorance.However,the amount of knowledge is increasing so quickly that one new danger is an overabundance of information.IBD is a model of a very complex disease and our goal with this review is to summarize the key evidence for the most common daily clinical problems.With regard to the use of 5-aminosalicylates,the best practice may to be consider abandoning the use of these drugs in patients withsmall bowel Crohn's disease.The combined approach with oral plus topical 5-aminosalicylates should be the first-line therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis;once-daily treatment should be offered as a first choice regimen due to its better compliance and higher efficacy.With regard to thiopurines,they seem to be as effective in ulcerative colitis as in Crohn's disease.Underdosing of thiopurines is a form of undertreatment.Thiopurines should probably be continued indefinitely because their withdrawal is associated with a high risk of relapse.Mercaptopurine is a safe alternative in patients with digestive intolerance or hepatotoxicity due to azathioprine.Finally,thiopurine methyltransferase(TPMT)screening cannot substitute for regular monitoring because the majority of cases of myelotoxicity are not TPMT-related.展开更多
This paper is based on the interviews that the author carried out between 2005 and 2006 on the Nholowemwizana custom in Plumtree, Zimbabwe. Here the author deploys the concept of cultural violence following the peace ...This paper is based on the interviews that the author carried out between 2005 and 2006 on the Nholowemwizana custom in Plumtree, Zimbabwe. Here the author deploys the concept of cultural violence following the peace researcher Johan Galtung, who suggested speaking of cultural violence as aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science (Galtung, 1969, pp. 167-191). Using the example of the Nholowemwizana custom among the Kalanga people, the paper will highlight the extent to which women in this society have been exposed to cultural, gender based violence and direct sexual violence. However literature on Nholowemwizana is scarce in Zimbabwe. As such the paper will borrow from literature on cultural violence in general. The paper also acknowledges the fact that not all culture is violent, and that in some certain aspects of culture that permit gender based violence especially in African societies. The starting point for this paper is the question of what role cultural arguments have played in the abuse of women through the Nholowemwizana custom.展开更多
Objectives Even though guidelines are available to guide dysphagia identification and management practice,there is still a gap between evidence and practice,which requires improvement.The purpose of this study was to ...Objectives Even though guidelines are available to guide dysphagia identification and management practice,there is still a gap between evidence and practice,which requires improvement.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using tailored,multifaceted strategies to improve evidence-based post-stroke dysphagia identification and management practice in a community hospital.Methods Guided by the Knowledge to Action framework,the tailored,multifaceted strategies were developed and implemented for 5 months in a community hospital using a before-and-after study design.These strategies consisted of training intervention,policy intervention,and audit and feedback intervention.Nurses’level of knowledge and adherence,were collected in March 2019 and again in January 2020.Patients’quality of life and satisfaction were evaluated during the pre-intervention period(between February 2019 and April 2019)and the post-intervention period(between November 2019 and January 2020).Results A total of 55 patients with post-stroke dysphagia(28 in the pre-intervention period and 27 in the post-intervention period)and 17 registered nurses were recruited.Following implementation,there were statistically significant improvements in patients’outcomes(quality of life and satisfaction)and nurses’outcomes(level of knowledge and adherence).Conclusions This study assists in closing the research-practice gap by using tailored,multifaceted strategies to increase the use of evidence-based nursing care for dysphagia identification and management practices.展开更多
Often conceived as metaphysical approach, in the XX Century, philosophy is object of a crusade antimetaphysical in the movement of Logical Positivism. I will try to demonstrate that a philosophical perspective is conc...Often conceived as metaphysical approach, in the XX Century, philosophy is object of a crusade antimetaphysical in the movement of Logical Positivism. I will try to demonstrate that a philosophical perspective is conceivable even in the scientific conception of the world elaborated by the neopositivists. I discuss this point of view with attention to the turn represented by pragmatic philosophy of Neurath, which represents a crucial passage for the future of philosophy. In this vision, the science is not conceivable without philosophy, namely without an open and pluralist scientific philosophy. The philosophy--so--is not insufficient too for the perspective of scientific conception of the world.展开更多
Thomas S. Kuhn is one of the leading philosophers and historians of science that investigated in-depth cases of simultaneous discoveries in science. Although his analysis of the discovery of energy conservation and ox...Thomas S. Kuhn is one of the leading philosophers and historians of science that investigated in-depth cases of simultaneous discoveries in science. Although his analysis of the discovery of energy conservation and oxygen did not focus sharply on the priority disputes involved, it is within such contexts that controversy about which scientist was the first to make a discovery takes place. Evidently, Kuhn's recourse to historical case studies is a clear departure from the standpoint of traditional mainstream philosophies of science (namely, logical positivism and falsificationism), which cavalierly dismissed such concerns as irrelevant to philosophical reconstructions of science Challenges to orthodox logistic approaches were prompted by the realisation that the two dominant traditions mentioned above, in their excessive preoccupation with "the logical skeleton of science", have lost contact with real science. As a contribution to what Michael Polanyi referred to as post-critical philosophy, the present study reanalyses the tension-generating potentials of bipolar values shared by members of scientific communities. It traces the origins of the rebellion against logic-dominated philosophies of science, and identifies different post-positivist approaches that have eme^rged over the years which legitimise broadening the frontiers of the philosophy of science. Consequent upon that, some conflicting values or norms shared by members of scientific communities and how they affect the quest for scientific knowledge are underscored. Using as a case study the acrimonious priority dispute between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz concerning the discovery of calculus, the paper demonstrates that excessive concern for recognition which sometimes leads to protracted priority disputes tends to bring out the worst kind of behaviours towards colleagues even from the greatest scientists. We submit, by way of conclusion, that despite the heroic (almost god-like) reputation of such scientists, they are human and, therefore, subject to the vicissitudes of emotional turbulence just like everyone else.展开更多
For the explosive development of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic technologies brought by the advancement of precision medicine strategy, shared decision-making could improve the quality of clinical decision-making...For the explosive development of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic technologies brought by the advancement of precision medicine strategy, shared decision-making could improve the quality of clinical decision-making and promote the transformation of clinical research evidence in TCM. Paying attention to patients' narrative needs and strengthening medical humanistic concerns could improve clinical outcome and patient satisfaction. We described the origins and development of evidence-based medicine, narrative medicine and shared decision-making, and analyzed the existing problems in TCM clinical decision-making. Further, we put forward the model of shared decision-making between clinicians and patients under the guidance of narrative evidence-based medicine concepts and methods.展开更多
objective: to study the problem oriented (PBL) teaching method application in surgery theory teaching effect. Methods: according to the student id number of single and double the surgical theory study stage of the...objective: to study the problem oriented (PBL) teaching method application in surgery theory teaching effect. Methods: according to the student id number of single and double the surgical theory study stage of the 160 cases of medical students divided into two groups, the number into the control group (80 cases), double number into the experimental group (80 cases), traditional teaching method and PBL teaching method, respectively with the method of questionnaire survey to evaluate the two teaching methods. Results: after the introduction of PBL method in the experimental teaching, the students' classroom situation, knowledge situation, learning efficiency index score significantly higher than the control group, and the ability training all indicators were significantly higher than that of control group (P 〈 0.05). Conclusion: the introduction of PBL in surgery theory teaching method, the feasibility of high, can provide a good decision for surgical theory teaching.展开更多
Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of a...Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of argument is one of the approaches. The key reason of its appearance was the criticism of formal logic in the late 20th century. Researchers consider the argument from the different point of view. Formal dialectics and pragma-dialectics were based on dialectics. Contemporary rhetorical theories of argument were created on the rhetorical grounds; theory of speech acts on the basis of practical philosophy etc.. This paper is devoted to some theoretical problems of informal logic which was formed on the logic background in the late 70's. In spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books on informal logic published over the last thirty years, logicians has not achieved consensus so far on many issues. Among the numerous problems are: what is the subject matter of informal logic? Does informal logic belong to the realm of logic? Is it applied epistemology? What is a real argument? And what are the criteria for evaluating of such arguments?展开更多
The study of the international literary relations in comparative literature includes not only the positivistic relations of different nations and different literary systems, but also the relations of variation among d...The study of the international literary relations in comparative literature includes not only the positivistic relations of different nations and different literary systems, but also the relations of variation among different literatures when it comes to the cross-civilization heterogeneity. Therefore, the positivistic approach and that of variation in the study of international literary relations constitute the two indispensable pillars in this field.展开更多
文摘As a creative and effective teaching method adopted by many countries, cooperative learning is one of the most widespread and fruitful areas in modern education theory. With the introduction of the concept of cooperative learning among College oral English teaching, students could undergo all-round training in English proficiency, cooperative ability, self-learning ability and sense of competition. This paper mainly focuses on how to make full use of cooperative leaning in College oral English teaching, and tries to verify that cooperative leaning is a practical and effective teaching mode which could enhance the College oral English classroom teaching quality.
文摘Since the discovery of Carnpylobacter-like organisms (Helicobacter pylori) more than two decades ago the possibility of a relationship with gastric cancer has been postulated, tested and supposedly proven. There have been numerous human studies of various designs from many countries around the world. Several meta-analyses have been published and more recently a small number of experimental animal studies were reported looking at the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Over the years, the human epidemiological studies have produced conflicting results; the metaanalyses have as one would expect produced similar pooled estimates; while the early experimental animal studies require replication. The exact mechanisms by which H pylori might cause gastric cancer are still under investigation and remain to be elucidated.
文摘Misconceptions are common in the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).In this paper,we state the most commonly found misconceptions in clinical practice and deal with the use of 5-aminosalicylates and thiopurines,to review the related scientificevidence,and make appropriate recommendations.Prevention of errors needs knowledge to avoid making such errors through ignorance.However,the amount of knowledge is increasing so quickly that one new danger is an overabundance of information.IBD is a model of a very complex disease and our goal with this review is to summarize the key evidence for the most common daily clinical problems.With regard to the use of 5-aminosalicylates,the best practice may to be consider abandoning the use of these drugs in patients withsmall bowel Crohn's disease.The combined approach with oral plus topical 5-aminosalicylates should be the first-line therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis;once-daily treatment should be offered as a first choice regimen due to its better compliance and higher efficacy.With regard to thiopurines,they seem to be as effective in ulcerative colitis as in Crohn's disease.Underdosing of thiopurines is a form of undertreatment.Thiopurines should probably be continued indefinitely because their withdrawal is associated with a high risk of relapse.Mercaptopurine is a safe alternative in patients with digestive intolerance or hepatotoxicity due to azathioprine.Finally,thiopurine methyltransferase(TPMT)screening cannot substitute for regular monitoring because the majority of cases of myelotoxicity are not TPMT-related.
文摘This paper is based on the interviews that the author carried out between 2005 and 2006 on the Nholowemwizana custom in Plumtree, Zimbabwe. Here the author deploys the concept of cultural violence following the peace researcher Johan Galtung, who suggested speaking of cultural violence as aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science (Galtung, 1969, pp. 167-191). Using the example of the Nholowemwizana custom among the Kalanga people, the paper will highlight the extent to which women in this society have been exposed to cultural, gender based violence and direct sexual violence. However literature on Nholowemwizana is scarce in Zimbabwe. As such the paper will borrow from literature on cultural violence in general. The paper also acknowledges the fact that not all culture is violent, and that in some certain aspects of culture that permit gender based violence especially in African societies. The starting point for this paper is the question of what role cultural arguments have played in the abuse of women through the Nholowemwizana custom.
基金This work was supported by the Postgraduate Independent Project of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(No.2017-JYB-XS-085).
文摘Objectives Even though guidelines are available to guide dysphagia identification and management practice,there is still a gap between evidence and practice,which requires improvement.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using tailored,multifaceted strategies to improve evidence-based post-stroke dysphagia identification and management practice in a community hospital.Methods Guided by the Knowledge to Action framework,the tailored,multifaceted strategies were developed and implemented for 5 months in a community hospital using a before-and-after study design.These strategies consisted of training intervention,policy intervention,and audit and feedback intervention.Nurses’level of knowledge and adherence,were collected in March 2019 and again in January 2020.Patients’quality of life and satisfaction were evaluated during the pre-intervention period(between February 2019 and April 2019)and the post-intervention period(between November 2019 and January 2020).Results A total of 55 patients with post-stroke dysphagia(28 in the pre-intervention period and 27 in the post-intervention period)and 17 registered nurses were recruited.Following implementation,there were statistically significant improvements in patients’outcomes(quality of life and satisfaction)and nurses’outcomes(level of knowledge and adherence).Conclusions This study assists in closing the research-practice gap by using tailored,multifaceted strategies to increase the use of evidence-based nursing care for dysphagia identification and management practices.
文摘Often conceived as metaphysical approach, in the XX Century, philosophy is object of a crusade antimetaphysical in the movement of Logical Positivism. I will try to demonstrate that a philosophical perspective is conceivable even in the scientific conception of the world elaborated by the neopositivists. I discuss this point of view with attention to the turn represented by pragmatic philosophy of Neurath, which represents a crucial passage for the future of philosophy. In this vision, the science is not conceivable without philosophy, namely without an open and pluralist scientific philosophy. The philosophy--so--is not insufficient too for the perspective of scientific conception of the world.
文摘Thomas S. Kuhn is one of the leading philosophers and historians of science that investigated in-depth cases of simultaneous discoveries in science. Although his analysis of the discovery of energy conservation and oxygen did not focus sharply on the priority disputes involved, it is within such contexts that controversy about which scientist was the first to make a discovery takes place. Evidently, Kuhn's recourse to historical case studies is a clear departure from the standpoint of traditional mainstream philosophies of science (namely, logical positivism and falsificationism), which cavalierly dismissed such concerns as irrelevant to philosophical reconstructions of science Challenges to orthodox logistic approaches were prompted by the realisation that the two dominant traditions mentioned above, in their excessive preoccupation with "the logical skeleton of science", have lost contact with real science. As a contribution to what Michael Polanyi referred to as post-critical philosophy, the present study reanalyses the tension-generating potentials of bipolar values shared by members of scientific communities. It traces the origins of the rebellion against logic-dominated philosophies of science, and identifies different post-positivist approaches that have eme^rged over the years which legitimise broadening the frontiers of the philosophy of science. Consequent upon that, some conflicting values or norms shared by members of scientific communities and how they affect the quest for scientific knowledge are underscored. Using as a case study the acrimonious priority dispute between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz concerning the discovery of calculus, the paper demonstrates that excessive concern for recognition which sometimes leads to protracted priority disputes tends to bring out the worst kind of behaviours towards colleagues even from the greatest scientists. We submit, by way of conclusion, that despite the heroic (almost god-like) reputation of such scientists, they are human and, therefore, subject to the vicissitudes of emotional turbulence just like everyone else.
文摘For the explosive development of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic technologies brought by the advancement of precision medicine strategy, shared decision-making could improve the quality of clinical decision-making and promote the transformation of clinical research evidence in TCM. Paying attention to patients' narrative needs and strengthening medical humanistic concerns could improve clinical outcome and patient satisfaction. We described the origins and development of evidence-based medicine, narrative medicine and shared decision-making, and analyzed the existing problems in TCM clinical decision-making. Further, we put forward the model of shared decision-making between clinicians and patients under the guidance of narrative evidence-based medicine concepts and methods.
文摘objective: to study the problem oriented (PBL) teaching method application in surgery theory teaching effect. Methods: according to the student id number of single and double the surgical theory study stage of the 160 cases of medical students divided into two groups, the number into the control group (80 cases), double number into the experimental group (80 cases), traditional teaching method and PBL teaching method, respectively with the method of questionnaire survey to evaluate the two teaching methods. Results: after the introduction of PBL method in the experimental teaching, the students' classroom situation, knowledge situation, learning efficiency index score significantly higher than the control group, and the ability training all indicators were significantly higher than that of control group (P 〈 0.05). Conclusion: the introduction of PBL in surgery theory teaching method, the feasibility of high, can provide a good decision for surgical theory teaching.
文摘Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of argument is one of the approaches. The key reason of its appearance was the criticism of formal logic in the late 20th century. Researchers consider the argument from the different point of view. Formal dialectics and pragma-dialectics were based on dialectics. Contemporary rhetorical theories of argument were created on the rhetorical grounds; theory of speech acts on the basis of practical philosophy etc.. This paper is devoted to some theoretical problems of informal logic which was formed on the logic background in the late 70's. In spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books on informal logic published over the last thirty years, logicians has not achieved consensus so far on many issues. Among the numerous problems are: what is the subject matter of informal logic? Does informal logic belong to the realm of logic? Is it applied epistemology? What is a real argument? And what are the criteria for evaluating of such arguments?
文摘The study of the international literary relations in comparative literature includes not only the positivistic relations of different nations and different literary systems, but also the relations of variation among different literatures when it comes to the cross-civilization heterogeneity. Therefore, the positivistic approach and that of variation in the study of international literary relations constitute the two indispensable pillars in this field.