[Objective] The aim was to study whether recombinant Human Lactoferrin has toxic effect on Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat to provide reference for further safety evaluation.[Method] Recombinant Human La...[Objective] The aim was to study whether recombinant Human Lactoferrin has toxic effect on Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat to provide reference for further safety evaluation.[Method] Recombinant Human Lactoferrin and its digested products were taken as tested compound,cow Lactoferrin was used for contrast.Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat were cultured and IC50 values were tested by MTT,and cytotoxic dose-response relationship was tested.[Result]Target toxicity was not found from recombinant Human Lactoferrin on hepatocytes and nephrocytes,in accordance with sub-chronic toxicity test.[Conclusion] This study is of reference value for further safety evaluation of recombinant Human Lactoferrin and safety of evaluation method of GM food.展开更多
Multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process for enriching semi-volatile organic acids from their individual aqueous solutions was performed by using a hollow fiber-based air gap membrane distillation (AGMD...Multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process for enriching semi-volatile organic acids from their individual aqueous solutions was performed by using a hollow fiber-based air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module with the function of internal heat recovery. Aqueous solutions of glyoxylic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyrnvic acid, malonic acid and glutaric acid were used as model feed. For a feed of 1% (mass fraction), each acid could be enriched for 8--20 times, which depended on the surface tension of the concentrate. The operation performance of MEMD process was characterized by permeation flux J, performance ratio PR and acid rejection rate R. The effects of cold feed-in temperature, heated feed-in temperature, feed-in volumetric flow rate and feed-in concen- tration on MEMD performance were experimentally evaluated. Maximum values of J, PR and R were 4.8 L/(h-m2), 9.84 and 99.93%, respectively. Moreover, MEMD process demonstrated a fairly good stability in a long-term experiment lasting for 30 d when aqueous solution of 4% (mass fraction) lactic acid was used as a feed.展开更多
An inter-laboratory comparison of the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity in shellfish was carried out among 25 Chinese laboratories to examine the overall performance for PSP testing ...An inter-laboratory comparison of the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity in shellfish was carried out among 25 Chinese laboratories to examine the overall performance for PSP testing in China, and to analyze the main factors affecting the performance of this method. The toxic scallop Patinopecten yessoensis collected from coast of Bohai Sea, China, was used as a test sample in the comparison study. The results were reported and evaluated using robust statistical methods. The z scores showed that 80%, 8%, and 12% of laboratories reported satisfactory results, unsatisfactory results, and questionable results, respectively. This evaluation demonstrates that the PSP mouse bioassay is an appropriate method for screening and testing PSP toxicity in shellfish. However, it was found that the experience and skill of technicians, as well as the body weight and health status of mice being used significantly affected the accuracy of the method.展开更多
A series of 2D model tests were conducted to assess the foundation stability of composite vertical breakwaters. In this paper, the results from the experimental study are presented conjointly with a formula to estimat...A series of 2D model tests were conducted to assess the foundation stability of composite vertical breakwaters. In this paper, the results from the experimental study are presented conjointly with a formula to estimate the stability number of foundation, which is the most important parameter for evaluation of foundation stability of such structures. The influences of wave height, wave period and the berm width on the stability of compo^ite breakwaters with different armor stone sizes were investigated. Forty-five tests were performed to cover the influences of these parameters. According to the present research, berm width is a significant parameter concerning erosion of armor foundation. As the berm width increases, the amount of berm erosion decreases. Comparisons are made between results of present study and the estimated stability number proposed by Kimura et al. (1994), which is extension of Tanimoto formula. Results show that the later formula underestimates the stability number. However, by applying an enhancement factor about 1.7 meters to Kimura et al. formula, results correlated with the present experimental results..展开更多
Thermal mass is currently evaluated with "admittance" which is the ability of the element to exchange heat with the environment and is based on specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density. The aim of th...Thermal mass is currently evaluated with "admittance" which is the ability of the element to exchange heat with the environment and is based on specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermal properties namely, density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity on thermal mass. The objective of the study is to carry out laboratory experiments by measuring such thermal properties of concrete mixes with various percentages of GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag), PFA (pulverized fuel ash), and SF (silica fume) and RCA (recycled coarse aggregates). The results obtained from these tests would contribute to the evaluation of how such thermal properties influence the thermal admittance and hence the thermal mass performance of sustainable concrete elements in a building system.展开更多
A set of water powered excavation test system was developed for the comprehensive performance testing and evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill indoors. The whole system contains hydraulic power section, e...A set of water powered excavation test system was developed for the comprehensive performance testing and evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill indoors. The whole system contains hydraulic power section, electronic control system, test and data acquisition system, and assistant devices, such as guideway and drilling bench. Parameters of the water powered percussive rock drill can be obtained by analyzing testing data, which contain impact energy, front and back cavity pressure, pressure and flow in each working part, drilling velocity, frequency and energy efficiency etc. The system is applied to test the self-designed water powered percussive rock drill SYYG65. The parameters of water powered percussive rock drill with impact pressure of about 8.9 MPa are 58.93 J for impact energy, and 8.97% for energy efficiency, which prove the effectiveness of system.展开更多
Network measurement is an important approach to understand network behaviors, which has been widely studied. Both Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Interact Control Messages Protocol (ICMP) are applied in networ...Network measurement is an important approach to understand network behaviors, which has been widely studied. Both Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Interact Control Messages Protocol (ICMP) are applied in network measurement, while investigating the differences between the measured results of these two protocols is an important topic that has been less investigated. In this paper, to compare the differences between TCP and ICMP when they are used in measuring host connectivity, RTT, and packet loss rate, two groups of comparison programs have been designed, and after careful evaluation of the program parameters, a lot of comparison experiments are executed on the Internet. The experimental results show that, there are significant differences between the host connectivity measured using TCP or ICMP; in general, the accuracy of connectivity measured using TCP is 20%- 30% higher than that measured using ICMP. The case of RTT and packet loss rate is complicated, which are related to path loads and destination host loads. While commonly, the RTF and packet loss rate" measured using TCP or ICMP are very close. According to the experimental results, some advices are also given on protocol selection for conducting accurate connectivity, RTF and packet loss rate measurements.展开更多
An experimental analysis is performed to evaluate Rogowski coil performance for PD (partial discharge) location on overhead CC (covered-conductor) distribution lines. The measuring set-up is arranged in high volta...An experimental analysis is performed to evaluate Rogowski coil performance for PD (partial discharge) location on overhead CC (covered-conductor) distribution lines. The measuring set-up is arranged in high voltage laboratory. A multi-end measuring method is chosen as a technique to locate PD source point on the line. A power transformer is used to energize one end of the CC line by the AC voltage source. The performance of Rogowski-coil is tested in noisy environment. The tests are carried out conceming different measurement conditions such as off-line and on-line PD measuring systems. The results obtained from the laboratory measurements confirm the capability of the Rogowski-coil in order to measure and locate the high frequency PD source on the CC line in consistent with energizing AC source. Chirp detector is used as a signal-processing tool in order to extract the PD signals and then apply the locator algorithm.展开更多
Although extensive studies have demonstrated that many drought-responsive genes confer drought toler- ance to plants, comparisons of the drought tolerance capa- bilities conferred by different genes under various natu...Although extensive studies have demonstrated that many drought-responsive genes confer drought toler- ance to plants, comparisons of the drought tolerance capa- bilities conferred by different genes under various natural conditions have seldom been reported. We evaluated and compared the effects of two sets of transgenes, the drought- responsive genes (AtDREBIB and AtCBL1) and the root architecture-regulated genes (iaaM and AtCKX), on drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum plants subjected to different conditions. The expression of AtCKX3 driven by a root- specific promoter PYKIO (designated hereafter as PIO; PIO:AtCKX3), 35S:AtCKX3, or PlO:iaaM promoted root growth and development. Compared to plants harboring PIO:AtCKX3, 35S:AtCKX3, PlO:iaaM, or the empty vector, those carrying 35S:AtDREB1B, 35S:AtCBLl, or 35S:iaaM exhibited increased drought tolerance under laboratory- controlled conditions. Conversely, in field conditions, plants transformed with 35S:AtDREB1, 35S:AtCBL1, or 35S:iaaM were sensitive to drought stress. Under field conditions, drought stress dramatically reduced the growth and seed production of plants harboring 35S:AtDREBIB, 35S:A tCBL1, 35S:iaaM, or the empty vector, whereas it had little effect on plants carrying PIO:AtCKX3, 35S:AtCKX3, or PlO:iaaM. This study demonstrates that a plant's tolerance to drought stress changes with environmental conditions, and our results indicates that manipulating the expression of genes that control root architecture may be important for engineering plants with improved drought tolerance in natural conditions.展开更多
Hypertension is associated with at least 7.6 million annual deaths worldwide.While pharmacotherapy may provide good control for blood pressure,it sometimes induces adverse effects.Meanwhile,acupuncture has been used f...Hypertension is associated with at least 7.6 million annual deaths worldwide.While pharmacotherapy may provide good control for blood pressure,it sometimes induces adverse effects.Meanwhile,acupuncture has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,such as hypertension,coronary artery disease,and stroke,but its mechanisms of actions remain poorly understood.The efficacy of acupuncture depends on multiple constituent elements including acupoints,manipulation skills,and implementation programs,which are termed as acupuncture prescription.This review summarized the previous information of experimental use of acupuncture on animals including species,hypertension models,acupoints selection,acupoint location,stimulation protocols,and evaluation of effectiveness to provide useful guidance for researchers when performing acupuncture in animal experiments.展开更多
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are an emerging class of polymer actuation devices and have extensive application prospect in the field of robotics because of their light weight, high efficiency and large deform...Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are an emerging class of polymer actuation devices and have extensive application prospect in the field of robotics because of their light weight, high efficiency and large deformation. A cone DEA is manufactured and its working principle is analyzed. To obtain the deformation of elastomer and movement of DEA in advance, a finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed first. According to the working principle, two working equilibrium points of DEA, corresponding to the displacements of DEA with voltage off and on, are obtained and validated by experiments, thus work output in a workcycle is computed. Experiments show that the actuator can respond quickly when voltage is applied and can return to its original position rapidly when voltage is released. Simulation results agree well with experimental ones and the feasibility of DEA simulation is proved, and causes for the small difference between them in displacement output are analyzed. The performance of the actuator is improved from the aspects of both displacement and force output. A diamond four-bar linkage mechanism is used as the preload part and a displacement output of 17 mm is obtained. The force output of one actuating unit is about 1.77 N, so three actuating units are assembled in parallel and the force output is heightened to as high as 5.07 N.展开更多
The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-s...The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500μm width and depth, as well as total length 30ram. Experiments were conducted with heat flux up to 80.212 W/cm2, mass velocity ranging from 373.33 to 1244.44 kg/m2s, vapor quality ranging from 0.06 to 0.9. The wall temperature of heat sink heated could be controlled at around 50℃. Heat transfer coefficient could be up to 180 kW/mZK. Two dominating flow patterns were observed by analyzing boiling curves. The heat trans- fer characteristics of nucleate boiling and convective boiling were presented in the study. Revised correlations of R134a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink were carded out with the consideration of nucleate boiling and convective boiling mechanisms.展开更多
We experimentally assess the bit error rate(BER) performance of an intensity modulation/direct detection(IM/DD) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system based on discrete Hartley transform(DHT) ...We experimentally assess the bit error rate(BER) performance of an intensity modulation/direct detection(IM/DD) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system based on discrete Hartley transform(DHT) precoding in single-mode fiber(SMF) link for 2.5 Gbit/s quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK) OFDM symbol rate.The experimental results show that for the optical OFDM system based on DHT-precoding,the receiver sensitivity at the BER of 10-4 after 100 km SMF transmission is about 1.5 dBm better than that of the original QPSK OFDM signal,and the DHT-precoded OFDM QPSK signal can achieve approximately 1.3 dB of peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR) reduction.展开更多
基金Supported by Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects (2008ZX08007-001)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study whether recombinant Human Lactoferrin has toxic effect on Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat to provide reference for further safety evaluation.[Method] Recombinant Human Lactoferrin and its digested products were taken as tested compound,cow Lactoferrin was used for contrast.Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat were cultured and IC50 values were tested by MTT,and cytotoxic dose-response relationship was tested.[Result]Target toxicity was not found from recombinant Human Lactoferrin on hepatocytes and nephrocytes,in accordance with sub-chronic toxicity test.[Conclusion] This study is of reference value for further safety evaluation of recombinant Human Lactoferrin and safety of evaluation method of GM food.
文摘Multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process for enriching semi-volatile organic acids from their individual aqueous solutions was performed by using a hollow fiber-based air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module with the function of internal heat recovery. Aqueous solutions of glyoxylic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyrnvic acid, malonic acid and glutaric acid were used as model feed. For a feed of 1% (mass fraction), each acid could be enriched for 8--20 times, which depended on the surface tension of the concentrate. The operation performance of MEMD process was characterized by permeation flux J, performance ratio PR and acid rejection rate R. The effects of cold feed-in temperature, heated feed-in temperature, feed-in volumetric flow rate and feed-in concen- tration on MEMD performance were experimentally evaluated. Maximum values of J, PR and R were 4.8 L/(h-m2), 9.84 and 99.93%, respectively. Moreover, MEMD process demonstrated a fairly good stability in a long-term experiment lasting for 30 d when aqueous solution of 4% (mass fraction) lactic acid was used as a feed.
基金Supported by a thesis research project of General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (No. 2010IK168)
文摘An inter-laboratory comparison of the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity in shellfish was carried out among 25 Chinese laboratories to examine the overall performance for PSP testing in China, and to analyze the main factors affecting the performance of this method. The toxic scallop Patinopecten yessoensis collected from coast of Bohai Sea, China, was used as a test sample in the comparison study. The results were reported and evaluated using robust statistical methods. The z scores showed that 80%, 8%, and 12% of laboratories reported satisfactory results, unsatisfactory results, and questionable results, respectively. This evaluation demonstrates that the PSP mouse bioassay is an appropriate method for screening and testing PSP toxicity in shellfish. However, it was found that the experience and skill of technicians, as well as the body weight and health status of mice being used significantly affected the accuracy of the method.
文摘A series of 2D model tests were conducted to assess the foundation stability of composite vertical breakwaters. In this paper, the results from the experimental study are presented conjointly with a formula to estimate the stability number of foundation, which is the most important parameter for evaluation of foundation stability of such structures. The influences of wave height, wave period and the berm width on the stability of compo^ite breakwaters with different armor stone sizes were investigated. Forty-five tests were performed to cover the influences of these parameters. According to the present research, berm width is a significant parameter concerning erosion of armor foundation. As the berm width increases, the amount of berm erosion decreases. Comparisons are made between results of present study and the estimated stability number proposed by Kimura et al. (1994), which is extension of Tanimoto formula. Results show that the later formula underestimates the stability number. However, by applying an enhancement factor about 1.7 meters to Kimura et al. formula, results correlated with the present experimental results..
文摘Thermal mass is currently evaluated with "admittance" which is the ability of the element to exchange heat with the environment and is based on specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermal properties namely, density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity on thermal mass. The objective of the study is to carry out laboratory experiments by measuring such thermal properties of concrete mixes with various percentages of GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag), PFA (pulverized fuel ash), and SF (silica fume) and RCA (recycled coarse aggregates). The results obtained from these tests would contribute to the evaluation of how such thermal properties influence the thermal admittance and hence the thermal mass performance of sustainable concrete elements in a building system.
基金Project(2006AA06Z134) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(50934006, 50904079) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A set of water powered excavation test system was developed for the comprehensive performance testing and evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill indoors. The whole system contains hydraulic power section, electronic control system, test and data acquisition system, and assistant devices, such as guideway and drilling bench. Parameters of the water powered percussive rock drill can be obtained by analyzing testing data, which contain impact energy, front and back cavity pressure, pressure and flow in each working part, drilling velocity, frequency and energy efficiency etc. The system is applied to test the self-designed water powered percussive rock drill SYYG65. The parameters of water powered percussive rock drill with impact pressure of about 8.9 MPa are 58.93 J for impact energy, and 8.97% for energy efficiency, which prove the effectiveness of system.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant60273070and60403031,and theNational high-Technology (863) Programunder grant2005AA121560
文摘Network measurement is an important approach to understand network behaviors, which has been widely studied. Both Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Interact Control Messages Protocol (ICMP) are applied in network measurement, while investigating the differences between the measured results of these two protocols is an important topic that has been less investigated. In this paper, to compare the differences between TCP and ICMP when they are used in measuring host connectivity, RTT, and packet loss rate, two groups of comparison programs have been designed, and after careful evaluation of the program parameters, a lot of comparison experiments are executed on the Internet. The experimental results show that, there are significant differences between the host connectivity measured using TCP or ICMP; in general, the accuracy of connectivity measured using TCP is 20%- 30% higher than that measured using ICMP. The case of RTT and packet loss rate is complicated, which are related to path loads and destination host loads. While commonly, the RTF and packet loss rate" measured using TCP or ICMP are very close. According to the experimental results, some advices are also given on protocol selection for conducting accurate connectivity, RTF and packet loss rate measurements.
文摘An experimental analysis is performed to evaluate Rogowski coil performance for PD (partial discharge) location on overhead CC (covered-conductor) distribution lines. The measuring set-up is arranged in high voltage laboratory. A multi-end measuring method is chosen as a technique to locate PD source point on the line. A power transformer is used to energize one end of the CC line by the AC voltage source. The performance of Rogowski-coil is tested in noisy environment. The tests are carried out conceming different measurement conditions such as off-line and on-line PD measuring systems. The results obtained from the laboratory measurements confirm the capability of the Rogowski-coil in order to measure and locate the high frequency PD source on the CC line in consistent with energizing AC source. Chirp detector is used as a signal-processing tool in order to extract the PD signals and then apply the locator algorithm.
基金This work was supported by the National Nat- ural Science Foundation of China (31171921, 31101527 and 31471851), the National High Technology Research and Develop- ment Program of China (2011AA100204) and Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20110008120024).
文摘Although extensive studies have demonstrated that many drought-responsive genes confer drought toler- ance to plants, comparisons of the drought tolerance capa- bilities conferred by different genes under various natural conditions have seldom been reported. We evaluated and compared the effects of two sets of transgenes, the drought- responsive genes (AtDREBIB and AtCBL1) and the root architecture-regulated genes (iaaM and AtCKX), on drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum plants subjected to different conditions. The expression of AtCKX3 driven by a root- specific promoter PYKIO (designated hereafter as PIO; PIO:AtCKX3), 35S:AtCKX3, or PlO:iaaM promoted root growth and development. Compared to plants harboring PIO:AtCKX3, 35S:AtCKX3, PlO:iaaM, or the empty vector, those carrying 35S:AtDREB1B, 35S:AtCBLl, or 35S:iaaM exhibited increased drought tolerance under laboratory- controlled conditions. Conversely, in field conditions, plants transformed with 35S:AtDREB1, 35S:AtCBL1, or 35S:iaaM were sensitive to drought stress. Under field conditions, drought stress dramatically reduced the growth and seed production of plants harboring 35S:AtDREBIB, 35S:A tCBL1, 35S:iaaM, or the empty vector, whereas it had little effect on plants carrying PIO:AtCKX3, 35S:AtCKX3, or PlO:iaaM. This study demonstrates that a plant's tolerance to drought stress changes with environmental conditions, and our results indicates that manipulating the expression of genes that control root architecture may be important for engineering plants with improved drought tolerance in natural conditions.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China:the Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanism of the Specificity of Acupoints(973 Program,No.2012CB518501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China:the Regulatory Mechanism of AS-Neuron Crosstalk With Energy for Promoting Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampus Treated by Acupuncture(No.81202743)+1 种基金Deacetylation Modification in Personalized Medicine for Acupuncture-Based Weight-Loss(No.81303019)Mechanistic Study of STAT5-miR-193b Pathway in Obesity and Weight Loss by Acupuncture(No.81273838)
文摘Hypertension is associated with at least 7.6 million annual deaths worldwide.While pharmacotherapy may provide good control for blood pressure,it sometimes induces adverse effects.Meanwhile,acupuncture has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,such as hypertension,coronary artery disease,and stroke,but its mechanisms of actions remain poorly understood.The efficacy of acupuncture depends on multiple constituent elements including acupoints,manipulation skills,and implementation programs,which are termed as acupuncture prescription.This review summarized the previous information of experimental use of acupuncture on animals including species,hypertension models,acupoints selection,acupoint location,stimulation protocols,and evaluation of effectiveness to provide useful guidance for researchers when performing acupuncture in animal experiments.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50605031)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK2008395), China
文摘Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are an emerging class of polymer actuation devices and have extensive application prospect in the field of robotics because of their light weight, high efficiency and large deformation. A cone DEA is manufactured and its working principle is analyzed. To obtain the deformation of elastomer and movement of DEA in advance, a finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed first. According to the working principle, two working equilibrium points of DEA, corresponding to the displacements of DEA with voltage off and on, are obtained and validated by experiments, thus work output in a workcycle is computed. Experiments show that the actuator can respond quickly when voltage is applied and can return to its original position rapidly when voltage is released. Simulation results agree well with experimental ones and the feasibility of DEA simulation is proved, and causes for the small difference between them in displacement output are analyzed. The performance of the actuator is improved from the aspects of both displacement and force output. A diamond four-bar linkage mechanism is used as the preload part and a displacement output of 17 mm is obtained. The force output of one actuating unit is about 1.77 N, so three actuating units are assembled in parallel and the force output is heightened to as high as 5.07 N.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51376019)
文摘The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500μm width and depth, as well as total length 30ram. Experiments were conducted with heat flux up to 80.212 W/cm2, mass velocity ranging from 373.33 to 1244.44 kg/m2s, vapor quality ranging from 0.06 to 0.9. The wall temperature of heat sink heated could be controlled at around 50℃. Heat transfer coefficient could be up to 180 kW/mZK. Two dominating flow patterns were observed by analyzing boiling curves. The heat trans- fer characteristics of nucleate boiling and convective boiling were presented in the study. Revised correlations of R134a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink were carded out with the consideration of nucleate boiling and convective boiling mechanisms.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61302112)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves(Southeast University,Ministry of Education,China)(No.K201214)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY13F050005)the Key Industrial Project of Special Major Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province(No.2012C11016-2)
文摘We experimentally assess the bit error rate(BER) performance of an intensity modulation/direct detection(IM/DD) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system based on discrete Hartley transform(DHT) precoding in single-mode fiber(SMF) link for 2.5 Gbit/s quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK) OFDM symbol rate.The experimental results show that for the optical OFDM system based on DHT-precoding,the receiver sensitivity at the BER of 10-4 after 100 km SMF transmission is about 1.5 dBm better than that of the original QPSK OFDM signal,and the DHT-precoded OFDM QPSK signal can achieve approximately 1.3 dB of peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR) reduction.