论“家产析分契约”的性质和作用--兼评英国家庭史研究中的“变革与延续之争”

盛行于英国近代早期的家产析分契约(strict settlement)是地产主因对普通法继承规则不满而自行设计的一种家产分配方案。通过对其背景和实践的综合考察可发现,与之前的家产分配方案一样,家产析分契约明显也具有矛盾的性质,它反映了地产主既想保全家产,又要为弱势家庭成员考虑的矛盾心态。然而,过渡时期的特殊社会背景又赋予了它新的特性,地产主在坚持原则的基础上,开始利用新兴资本主义的理念和经济手段努力调整其家产分配方式,有效地调和了长久以来存在的各种矛盾。

西夏分家析产问题述论

西夏人对分家的认知和实践是西夏社会变迁的一个缩影。文章以西夏法典、传世文献和黑水城社会文书互相印证,对西夏分家析产问题进行讨论。分家主要有两个内容:一是户籍独立,子辈家庭经过父母同意,通过宴请等形式获得家族和法律的承认并取得独立户籍。二是家产析分,具体有两种情况:一是有子家庭的家产析分,亲子有优先继承权;无亲子时,家产由养子继承。一是户绝家庭的家产继承,未嫁女和节亲人有优先继承权;无女和无节亲人时,家产当由官取。在西夏,被析分的家产主要是与日常密切相关的生产生活资料。随着分家的完成,新的个体家庭作为法律承认的独立组织单位开始承担相应的职责。

英国中世纪及近代早期的家产分配方案

在中世纪及近代早期的英国,家产继承主要依据普通法继承规则。在当时的生产关系下,这一规则主要是维护封建主阶层的整体利益,而较少顾及亲情。但人毕竟是有感情的,封建主在分配家产时常常综合考虑,以限嗣继承(Entail)、托管(Uses)、家产析分契约(Strict Settlement)等变通手段对普通法继承规则加以修正。这些变通手段反映了封建主在情感与理智之间摇摆不定的心态,地产继承制度也在这种摇摆中曲折发展。一部继承法变迁史表明,制度的变迁常常是人们心理冲突的外化形式。

涉县连泉村抗战时期契约文书所见若干问题

邯郸学院收藏的太行山文书中,涉县连泉村抗日战争时期的契约文书约有14件,虽然数量偏少,但种类多样。其中8件物产典当与买卖契约文书显示出典卖的物产以土地为主,其次是房产,但交易的数量普遍较少,典卖价格可能由土地贫瘠和收成情况决定,且主要以粮食为交换物;6件家产分单,分三次订立,多次析产说明原来的共有财产并未彻底分清,这样可以避免分家后的家道中落。契约订立的参与者基本都是同村村民,且物产交易双方以异姓为主,体现出土地买卖较为自由,并未受到宗法关系等的束缚和限制。而中人的承担者中会有立契者的亲族,特别是反映在过继文书中。此外,这批契约文书也显示出刘氏和赵氏两个家族的不同发展轨迹。

Which Central and Eastern European country has the greatest potential for housing market recovery？

This paper is concentrated on analyzing the CEE （Central and Eastern European） countries housing and lending market development in 2002-2009. These countries experienced real estate boom and bust phases during that time and the aim of this paper is to understand which of these countries have the greatest potential for housing market recovery. The study has conducted comparable analysis of these countries and their real estate and lending market. The data was collected from central banks, national statistic offices and real estate companies. The results suggest that countries with higher housing debt had stronger real estate booms and the current bust-cycle has caused much steeper decline in prices. This paper attempts to look at the CEE housing markets from the developer＇s or investor＇s point of view and may be useful for banks and other financial institutions which are related to housing market and lending.

How Long Can China＇s Economy Keep Growing？

Since 2010, there has been renewed discussion on China＇s economic future. After 30 years of breakneck economic growth, China＇s position in the world economy is more important than ever and people must understand how China＇s economic dominance will change the world economy. Some economists who are bearish about China＇s future believe that China＇s growth engine will lose fire in the next two or three years. To address their predictions about China＇s future, the author will address three themes： （11） Why did China manage to grow so rapidly？ （2） How long will China keep growing？ （3） Can China＇s economy keep growing in the future？ By analyzing the theory of inadequate consumer demand in China and by evaluating the general patterns of China＇s basic advantages in education, technology and human capital and industrial upgrading, the author explicitly argue why it is unlikely for China to fall into the ＂middle-income trap. ＂