To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practiced in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presuma...To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practiced in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components. The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generation were important in determining kinship status for male agnates （genetically related relatives）. For female agnates, however, only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important as genetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture （i.e., seniority in generation and age） played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family： for collateral （indirect） agnates, genetic relatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal （direct） agnates, its importance was overridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerable amount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systems in dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act as a selective force in Chinese families展开更多
Objectives:To investigate the focuses and trends of the studies on pediatric palliative care(PPC)and provide directions for future research.Methods:Relevant papers about PPC published from 2004 to 2018 were analyzed u...Objectives:To investigate the focuses and trends of the studies on pediatric palliative care(PPC)and provide directions for future research.Methods:Relevant papers about PPC published from 2004 to 2018 were analyzed using bibliometric analysis methods,including co-word analysis,biclustering analysis,and strategic diagram analysis.The included papers were divided into three groups based on the publication time,including 2004-2008,2009-2013,and 2014-2018.Results:A total of 1132 papers were published between 2004 and 2018,and there were 293 papers published between 2004 and 2008,396 between 2009 and 2013,and 443 between 2014 and 2018.There were 42 high-frequency MeSH terms/MeSH subheadings in papers published between 2004 and 2018,including 12 between 2004 and 2008,13 between 2009 and 2013,and 17 between 2014 and 2018.Conclusion:Studies on PPC were making progress,with the increasing number,expanding scope,and uneven global distribution.Integration palliative care into pediatrics,cancer treatments in pediatric oncology,education methods on PPC,and establishment of professional teams were the major themes during 2004e2008,then the themes changed into establishing interventions to enhance the quality of life of the patients and parents,building professional-family relationship,and investigating attitude of health personnel in PPC during 2009-2013 and subsequently turned into communication skills,end-oflife decision making,and guidelines making on PPC during 2014-2018.Underdeveloped and protential themes including effective approaches to deal with the ethical dilemmas,training programs on communication skills,family support and guideline making are worth studying in the future.展开更多
In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality e...In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.展开更多
Because the policy of delay retirement is facing demand differences widely, research workers retirement needs and the basic law from the micro perspective will become increasingly important. Based on the demographic c...Because the policy of delay retirement is facing demand differences widely, research workers retirement needs and the basic law from the micro perspective will become increasingly important. Based on the demographic characteristics, family relationships, social and economic factors and professional environment, such as in four dimensions, the article has reviewed the individual retirement decisions affecting factors and its mechanism of action, and summed up the consensus theory and some controversy. In future research, we need to strengthen the cross disciplines and integration, to explore more available research variables, provide a new starting point for further theoretical research and policy making.展开更多
The Merchant of Venice （1914）, as one of the greatest works by Shakespeare, is a comedy. It addresses various themes. It is much more than a study of the struggles between Christians and Jews; it also deals with lov...The Merchant of Venice （1914）, as one of the greatest works by Shakespeare, is a comedy. It addresses various themes. It is much more than a study of the struggles between Christians and Jews; it also deals with love and self-sacrifice, hatred and revenge, and friendship and marriage. It is a victory of Christians against Jews. But, at a more profound level, the play is ultimately a tragedy which functions as a cautionary exposure on the social problems of prejudice, hypocrisy and the family relationships. The paper begins by addressing the prejudice that is a dominant theme throughout the play. It also contends that the hypocrisy is prevalent in Venetian society. Then, Shylock, as the tragic hero in the play is analyzed. The final part deals with the problem of family relationships. By exposing grave deficiencies in Venetian Society, the play obliges us to make a critical moral judgment on humanity and establish correct philosophy of life and values展开更多
The paper argues that the rise of China may well be the most significant trend today redefining the geopolitics of Asia and the world beyond. However, economic, political, and security cooperation between China and Ni...The paper argues that the rise of China may well be the most significant trend today redefining the geopolitics of Asia and the world beyond. However, economic, political, and security cooperation between China and Nigeria has grown exponentially in the last decades, presenting new opportunities and challenges for Nigeria and Africa as whole. Essentially, this significant development about China has been linked to its ＂opening-up policy,＂ which has taken effect since the 1980s. The contemporary waves of diplomatic relations between China and Nigeria appear to be mutually beneficial to a reasonable extent. China views Nigeria as a gateway to the West African region, which has become a key focus of China＇s trade and economic strategy in Africa. More interestingly, the past four decades have been a critical period for Chinese people to seek harmonious, scientific, and sustainable development at home and strengthen cooperation and embrace globalization with the outside world. Nigeria, like many other African countries, has gratitude in counting China as one of its friends in the global village. The year 2013 marks the 42na anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People＇s Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. These bilateral ties have witnessed sustained, rapid and unprecedented development. Based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit, respect and trust, especially under the framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation known as FOCAC, China and Nigeria have enjoyed fruitful cooperation in economy, trade, investment, human resources development, and cultural exchanges and coordination in international affairs. This study looks into this great relationship and tries to outline the path that leads into the future.展开更多
文摘To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practiced in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components. The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generation were important in determining kinship status for male agnates （genetically related relatives）. For female agnates, however, only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important as genetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture （i.e., seniority in generation and age） played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family： for collateral （indirect） agnates, genetic relatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal （direct） agnates, its importance was overridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerable amount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systems in dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act as a selective force in Chinese families
文摘Objectives:To investigate the focuses and trends of the studies on pediatric palliative care(PPC)and provide directions for future research.Methods:Relevant papers about PPC published from 2004 to 2018 were analyzed using bibliometric analysis methods,including co-word analysis,biclustering analysis,and strategic diagram analysis.The included papers were divided into three groups based on the publication time,including 2004-2008,2009-2013,and 2014-2018.Results:A total of 1132 papers were published between 2004 and 2018,and there were 293 papers published between 2004 and 2008,396 between 2009 and 2013,and 443 between 2014 and 2018.There were 42 high-frequency MeSH terms/MeSH subheadings in papers published between 2004 and 2018,including 12 between 2004 and 2008,13 between 2009 and 2013,and 17 between 2014 and 2018.Conclusion:Studies on PPC were making progress,with the increasing number,expanding scope,and uneven global distribution.Integration palliative care into pediatrics,cancer treatments in pediatric oncology,education methods on PPC,and establishment of professional teams were the major themes during 2004e2008,then the themes changed into establishing interventions to enhance the quality of life of the patients and parents,building professional-family relationship,and investigating attitude of health personnel in PPC during 2009-2013 and subsequently turned into communication skills,end-oflife decision making,and guidelines making on PPC during 2014-2018.Underdeveloped and protential themes including effective approaches to deal with the ethical dilemmas,training programs on communication skills,family support and guideline making are worth studying in the future.
文摘In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.
文摘Because the policy of delay retirement is facing demand differences widely, research workers retirement needs and the basic law from the micro perspective will become increasingly important. Based on the demographic characteristics, family relationships, social and economic factors and professional environment, such as in four dimensions, the article has reviewed the individual retirement decisions affecting factors and its mechanism of action, and summed up the consensus theory and some controversy. In future research, we need to strengthen the cross disciplines and integration, to explore more available research variables, provide a new starting point for further theoretical research and policy making.
文摘The Merchant of Venice （1914）, as one of the greatest works by Shakespeare, is a comedy. It addresses various themes. It is much more than a study of the struggles between Christians and Jews; it also deals with love and self-sacrifice, hatred and revenge, and friendship and marriage. It is a victory of Christians against Jews. But, at a more profound level, the play is ultimately a tragedy which functions as a cautionary exposure on the social problems of prejudice, hypocrisy and the family relationships. The paper begins by addressing the prejudice that is a dominant theme throughout the play. It also contends that the hypocrisy is prevalent in Venetian society. Then, Shylock, as the tragic hero in the play is analyzed. The final part deals with the problem of family relationships. By exposing grave deficiencies in Venetian Society, the play obliges us to make a critical moral judgment on humanity and establish correct philosophy of life and values
文摘The paper argues that the rise of China may well be the most significant trend today redefining the geopolitics of Asia and the world beyond. However, economic, political, and security cooperation between China and Nigeria has grown exponentially in the last decades, presenting new opportunities and challenges for Nigeria and Africa as whole. Essentially, this significant development about China has been linked to its ＂opening-up policy,＂ which has taken effect since the 1980s. The contemporary waves of diplomatic relations between China and Nigeria appear to be mutually beneficial to a reasonable extent. China views Nigeria as a gateway to the West African region, which has become a key focus of China＇s trade and economic strategy in Africa. More interestingly, the past four decades have been a critical period for Chinese people to seek harmonious, scientific, and sustainable development at home and strengthen cooperation and embrace globalization with the outside world. Nigeria, like many other African countries, has gratitude in counting China as one of its friends in the global village. The year 2013 marks the 42na anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People＇s Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. These bilateral ties have witnessed sustained, rapid and unprecedented development. Based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit, respect and trust, especially under the framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation known as FOCAC, China and Nigeria have enjoyed fruitful cooperation in economy, trade, investment, human resources development, and cultural exchanges and coordination in international affairs. This study looks into this great relationship and tries to outline the path that leads into the future.
