This paper explores the political challenges posed by the recent influx of Chinese outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） into the European Union （EU）. Chinese OFDI has increased substantially in recent years. C...This paper explores the political challenges posed by the recent influx of Chinese outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） into the European Union （EU）. Chinese OFDI has increased substantially in recent years. Chinese direct investment is still minute in the EU, but it is growing fast, and the strong upward trajectory is likely to continue in the years to come. This surge represents challenges and opportunities for EU countries. In the current context of economic and debt crisis in Europe, whether China is seen as a saviour or a predator, the question of a Faustian bargain made by European countries by courting and hosting Chinese investment needs to be asked. The benefits of foreign direct investment （FDI） for the host economy are well known, but Chinese OFDI may come with implicit strings attached and could potentially act as a Trojan Horse, affecting European norms and policies. The influx of Chinese OFDI can create an unhealthy transatlantic competition with security ramifications, which should therefore be addressed. It is interesting to find the right balance between ensuring the benefits from Chinese FDI （from job creation to productivity gains） and protecting from its harmful effects.展开更多
It was under extremely complex background at home and abroad that the Communist Party of China proposed to form a coalition government. Domestically, the Kuomintang was faced with military defeat and political crisis ...It was under extremely complex background at home and abroad that the Communist Party of China proposed to form a coalition government. Domestically, the Kuomintang was faced with military defeat and political crisis while the strength of the Communist Party of China grew increasingly. Besides, the Constitutionalism Movement launched by democratic parties failed. Internationally, the proposal of a coalition government was inspired politically by some European countries and promoted by the US-Soviet policies towards China. It had a significant impact on domestic and international situation at that time and pointed out the direction of Chinese political model for Chinese people.展开更多
My research paper tries to investigate certain pertinent questions which are very important for the solution of today＇s problems which we are facing in a globalised world. They are as follows： （1） By following Jai...My research paper tries to investigate certain pertinent questions which are very important for the solution of today＇s problems which we are facing in a globalised world. They are as follows： （1） By following Jain principles, how one can promote and preserve rights of the individual; （2） In what ways Jain teachings prescribed preventive measures against the violation of human rights; （3） Chronology of Indian political thought and Comparison between Jain and Gandhian human rights. Today, we are facing the problems of infringement, misuse of rights in all walks of our life. We are confronting with the problems of social, economic, and political rights, discrimination between men and women in third world countries. Inequality is rampant. To establish equality-protection, promotion, and preservation of human rights is utmost important need of the day. It is one of ways that by following Jain teachings and principles we can be able to establish equality of rights and peace in the contemporary world. So my research paper will be aptly related with the Congress main theme, the politics in the world of inequality. My paper is an interpretative study which is viewed from the socio-political dimension not from the religious or metaphysical point of view.展开更多
After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international confl...After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.展开更多
The language policy in Ghana＇s educational system has become an issue of debate in recent years. A change in the language policy from the local languages as the medium of instruction to English for the first three ye...The language policy in Ghana＇s educational system has become an issue of debate in recent years. A change in the language policy from the local languages as the medium of instruction to English for the first three years of primary school in the year 2002 was reversed in 2004. It is obvious that the language policy adopted does not reflect in improvement in school achievement. The debate must go beyond the use of English or the local languages for the first three years of primary education to address the real issues that hinder school achievement. This paper examines the factors that hinder school achievement in Ghana and other developing countries. The paper argues that the problem of poor academic performance in Ghana is not due to the language policy adopted. The paper points out that the language policy is just a veil that the politicians use to perpetuate the use of English as the language of rule in the higher domains in order to preserve the privileges with which this language is associated. The paper concludes that politicians in Ghana use the language policy in education as a means to perpetuate elite closure.展开更多
For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequentl...For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequently, women have strongly resolved to renegotiate their relevance through the adoption and utilization of various initiatives. At the forefront, one of these initiatives early in time was Margaret Ekpo （1914-2006）, a Nigerian female political activist who unilaterally began radical movements in parts of Nigeria to transform the political consciousness of the Nigerian women, and to reverse gender-related inequalities in the country. This paper sets out to evaluate her approaches to what could be described as political re-engineering. It develops a framework drawing from theories of conflict resolution and the principles of liberalism and feminism. Findings show that despite of the limited formal education and political ideologies to which she was exposed to, she was able to rise above the prevailing challenges of her time to build a firm pedestal upon which many women politicians in Nigeria have stood to launch themselves to political limelight. The study concludes that the principles of liberalism and a desire to foster the political development of Nigeria account for Margaret Ekpo＇s venture into the political field.展开更多
Since the 2008 international financial crisis, international political and economic disorder has become obvious. Major reasons are the decline of US-led Western developed economies' global influence; US and other ...Since the 2008 international financial crisis, international political and economic disorder has become obvious. Major reasons are the decline of US-led Western developed economies' global influence; US and other Western countries inaction or ineffective actions; power diffusion allowing non-state actors to intervene; a global governance short of needed rules; and mainstream economic theory's overemphasis on market roles. International disorder is a long-term process posing a potential threat to China's national interests. The situation challenges China to create an international economic and trade order, thereby shaping itself as prophet of global free trade, shaper of international economic and trade rules, and trendsetter for globalization.展开更多
Rail transport in most developing countries, is usually the least developed mode. For instance, in Nigeria the vibrant fortune of rail transport operations and development has been on decline since mid 1970s.The devel...Rail transport in most developing countries, is usually the least developed mode. For instance, in Nigeria the vibrant fortune of rail transport operations and development has been on decline since mid 1970s.The developmental gap in rail transport in Nigeria is responsible for a significant level of access denial to a safer, affordable and environmentally-friendly mode of transport, to the younger generation of Nigerians. Through a critique of past railways developmental projects and policies, this paper was able to identify the principal factors responsible for its intangible contributions to the socio-economic development of Nigeria. It further highlighted the role（s） politics of policies inconsistency and somersault plays, to the detriment of realization of a vibrant railway system in Nigeria. The findings revealed that discontinuity and incoherence in policy implementation by successful governments, policy reversal as well as uncoordinated national transport policy goal and objectives as clogs in the wheel of progress of railways development in Nigeria. In conclusion, the paper hinged the rapid development of the rail industry in Nigeria on institutional paradigm shift, whereby the rail authority will enjoy a reasonable level of autonomy in decision making, finance and investment in rail operations, infrastructure supply and technological advancement in Nigeria.展开更多
This paper explores the status of Jerusalem as viewed by Edward Said in his political works particularly in his article ＂The Current Status of Jerusalem＂ written in 1995 and published posthumously in 2011 in Jerusal...This paper explores the status of Jerusalem as viewed by Edward Said in his political works particularly in his article ＂The Current Status of Jerusalem＂ written in 1995 and published posthumously in 2011 in Jerusalem Quarterly, the only Arab journal that focuses exclusively on the city of Jerusalem＇s history, political status, and future. In his article, Said raises various issues regarding Jerusalem and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. The article depicts Israel＇s policy of Judaizing Jerusalem and its attempts to make Jerusalem its eternal capital. Said tries to expose the Israeli meretricious strategies regarding Jerusalem which begin by projecting an image of what it wants the world to believe and then translating that false image into reality. Said also underscores the fact that both Palestinians and the pan-Arab nation have failed to counteract the Israeli policy of selling to the world the notion of Jerusalem belonging exclusively to Israel, a failure that has enabled Israel to tighten its grip on the Holy City and to curb the Palestinians＇, the Arabs＇ and the Muslims＇ attempts to counterattack on the level of media information. In Said＇s view, the only hope for the future is a decent and fair coexistence between the two peoples based upon equality and self-determination. For him, the separation between the Palestinians and the Israelis since 1948 has not led to successful outcomes; a one state---rather than a binational-state solution is, therefore, the more possible way of resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict.展开更多
On December 2,2014,the World Family Summit＋10 was held in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.It was jointly organized by National Health and Family Planning Commission（NHFPC）and World Family Organization,with the theme of＂...On December 2,2014,the World Family Summit＋10 was held in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.It was jointly organized by National Health and Family Planning Commission（NHFPC）and World Family Organization,with the theme of＂Families in BalanceBuilding the Future We Want＂.Liu Yandong,Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC and Vice Premier of the State Council delivered a keynote speech.Gu Xiulian,展开更多
Global governance largely grows out of the externalities in state governance. At present, global governance and state governance are integrated into a kind of ＂holistic governance＂ based on their interaction and int...Global governance largely grows out of the externalities in state governance. At present, global governance and state governance are integrated into a kind of ＂holistic governance＂ based on their interaction and interpenetration. Our understanding of their interplay can be traced back to ideas that developed from ancient Greek and Roman times to the early 20th century. More recently, from the second half of the 20^th century, theories of the interaction between global and state governance essentially revolved around the externalities in state governance and efforts to overcome those externalities by designing an ideal world. Today, the interaction between global and state governance is of great practical significance, serving to inspire the establishment of a global order based on sharing, integration and symbiotic harmony. However, we should also be aware that this interaction may be converted by great powers to the service of their own interests. At present, China can help reshape the global governance order of the 21st century by strengthening its own development, promoting benign interaction between global and state governance, actively harnessing the potential of its state governance capacity and sharing its experience and ideas.展开更多
Identity is the ＂sameness＂ and belonging of identification. In a real sense, cultural identity is often related to ethno-cultural identity, while political identity and national identity are more often inseparable. ...Identity is the ＂sameness＂ and belonging of identification. In a real sense, cultural identity is often related to ethno-cultural identity, while political identity and national identity are more often inseparable. Cultural identity lays particular stress on the group destiny of a people or ethnic group from which its members cannot withdraw. Political identity, on the other hand, highlights the subjective values and intentions chosen, judged and assessed by the members of society. Since modem times, politics, as the surface of the social structure, has demonstrated increasingly serious conflict and perplexity, and the decline of the political identity has gradually developed into a common social phenomenon. Considering the high complementarity and the mutual stimulation between cultural identity and political identity, we should take cultural identity as the pivot for our entry into the actual practice of community politics, with a view to promoting institutional innovations, making interest adjustments, and intensifying the community members＇ sense of belonging. These are exceptionally meaningful for strengthening the political identity of a community.展开更多
Given the fact that the final conclusions on Mao are hard to draw, this paper endeavors to provide a pertinent critique, making full use of available archives, documents, and data and discarding as much bias and preju...Given the fact that the final conclusions on Mao are hard to draw, this paper endeavors to provide a pertinent critique, making full use of available archives, documents, and data and discarding as much bias and prejudice as possible, of Mao Ze-dong＇s life, his role in the Chinese Revolution, and the various movements after the founding of the PRC, and the roots of his thoughts and theories.展开更多
The U.S. has long been viewed as a nation ＂ founded on a creed. ＂ While some IR paradigms present values as a counter to the interestbased approaches in the formation of foreign policy, most scholars agree that the ...The U.S. has long been viewed as a nation ＂ founded on a creed. ＂ While some IR paradigms present values as a counter to the interestbased approaches in the formation of foreign policy, most scholars agree that the two are not mutually exclusive. Beginning with the definition and classification of values, this paper tries to analyze the functioning mechanism of values in the U. S. foreign policy making as well as the limitation of the role of values. On one hand, based on U. S. foreign diplomatic actions in history, values function not only as a goal and ideal for US foreign policy, but also as the means for implementing its foreign policy. On the other hand, the US value-oriented diplomacy is confined by national interest, power, and tempered by events and bureaucratic politics.展开更多
文摘This paper explores the political challenges posed by the recent influx of Chinese outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） into the European Union （EU）. Chinese OFDI has increased substantially in recent years. Chinese direct investment is still minute in the EU, but it is growing fast, and the strong upward trajectory is likely to continue in the years to come. This surge represents challenges and opportunities for EU countries. In the current context of economic and debt crisis in Europe, whether China is seen as a saviour or a predator, the question of a Faustian bargain made by European countries by courting and hosting Chinese investment needs to be asked. The benefits of foreign direct investment （FDI） for the host economy are well known, but Chinese OFDI may come with implicit strings attached and could potentially act as a Trojan Horse, affecting European norms and policies. The influx of Chinese OFDI can create an unhealthy transatlantic competition with security ramifications, which should therefore be addressed. It is interesting to find the right balance between ensuring the benefits from Chinese FDI （from job creation to productivity gains） and protecting from its harmful effects.
文摘It was under extremely complex background at home and abroad that the Communist Party of China proposed to form a coalition government. Domestically, the Kuomintang was faced with military defeat and political crisis while the strength of the Communist Party of China grew increasingly. Besides, the Constitutionalism Movement launched by democratic parties failed. Internationally, the proposal of a coalition government was inspired politically by some European countries and promoted by the US-Soviet policies towards China. It had a significant impact on domestic and international situation at that time and pointed out the direction of Chinese political model for Chinese people.
文摘My research paper tries to investigate certain pertinent questions which are very important for the solution of today＇s problems which we are facing in a globalised world. They are as follows： （1） By following Jain principles, how one can promote and preserve rights of the individual; （2） In what ways Jain teachings prescribed preventive measures against the violation of human rights; （3） Chronology of Indian political thought and Comparison between Jain and Gandhian human rights. Today, we are facing the problems of infringement, misuse of rights in all walks of our life. We are confronting with the problems of social, economic, and political rights, discrimination between men and women in third world countries. Inequality is rampant. To establish equality-protection, promotion, and preservation of human rights is utmost important need of the day. It is one of ways that by following Jain teachings and principles we can be able to establish equality of rights and peace in the contemporary world. So my research paper will be aptly related with the Congress main theme, the politics in the world of inequality. My paper is an interpretative study which is viewed from the socio-political dimension not from the religious or metaphysical point of view.
文摘After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.
文摘The language policy in Ghana＇s educational system has become an issue of debate in recent years. A change in the language policy from the local languages as the medium of instruction to English for the first three years of primary school in the year 2002 was reversed in 2004. It is obvious that the language policy adopted does not reflect in improvement in school achievement. The debate must go beyond the use of English or the local languages for the first three years of primary education to address the real issues that hinder school achievement. This paper examines the factors that hinder school achievement in Ghana and other developing countries. The paper argues that the problem of poor academic performance in Ghana is not due to the language policy adopted. The paper points out that the language policy is just a veil that the politicians use to perpetuate the use of English as the language of rule in the higher domains in order to preserve the privileges with which this language is associated. The paper concludes that politicians in Ghana use the language policy in education as a means to perpetuate elite closure.
文摘For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequently, women have strongly resolved to renegotiate their relevance through the adoption and utilization of various initiatives. At the forefront, one of these initiatives early in time was Margaret Ekpo （1914-2006）, a Nigerian female political activist who unilaterally began radical movements in parts of Nigeria to transform the political consciousness of the Nigerian women, and to reverse gender-related inequalities in the country. This paper sets out to evaluate her approaches to what could be described as political re-engineering. It develops a framework drawing from theories of conflict resolution and the principles of liberalism and feminism. Findings show that despite of the limited formal education and political ideologies to which she was exposed to, she was able to rise above the prevailing challenges of her time to build a firm pedestal upon which many women politicians in Nigeria have stood to launch themselves to political limelight. The study concludes that the principles of liberalism and a desire to foster the political development of Nigeria account for Margaret Ekpo＇s venture into the political field.
文摘Since the 2008 international financial crisis, international political and economic disorder has become obvious. Major reasons are the decline of US-led Western developed economies' global influence; US and other Western countries inaction or ineffective actions; power diffusion allowing non-state actors to intervene; a global governance short of needed rules; and mainstream economic theory's overemphasis on market roles. International disorder is a long-term process posing a potential threat to China's national interests. The situation challenges China to create an international economic and trade order, thereby shaping itself as prophet of global free trade, shaper of international economic and trade rules, and trendsetter for globalization.
文摘Rail transport in most developing countries, is usually the least developed mode. For instance, in Nigeria the vibrant fortune of rail transport operations and development has been on decline since mid 1970s.The developmental gap in rail transport in Nigeria is responsible for a significant level of access denial to a safer, affordable and environmentally-friendly mode of transport, to the younger generation of Nigerians. Through a critique of past railways developmental projects and policies, this paper was able to identify the principal factors responsible for its intangible contributions to the socio-economic development of Nigeria. It further highlighted the role（s） politics of policies inconsistency and somersault plays, to the detriment of realization of a vibrant railway system in Nigeria. The findings revealed that discontinuity and incoherence in policy implementation by successful governments, policy reversal as well as uncoordinated national transport policy goal and objectives as clogs in the wheel of progress of railways development in Nigeria. In conclusion, the paper hinged the rapid development of the rail industry in Nigeria on institutional paradigm shift, whereby the rail authority will enjoy a reasonable level of autonomy in decision making, finance and investment in rail operations, infrastructure supply and technological advancement in Nigeria.
文摘This paper explores the status of Jerusalem as viewed by Edward Said in his political works particularly in his article ＂The Current Status of Jerusalem＂ written in 1995 and published posthumously in 2011 in Jerusalem Quarterly, the only Arab journal that focuses exclusively on the city of Jerusalem＇s history, political status, and future. In his article, Said raises various issues regarding Jerusalem and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. The article depicts Israel＇s policy of Judaizing Jerusalem and its attempts to make Jerusalem its eternal capital. Said tries to expose the Israeli meretricious strategies regarding Jerusalem which begin by projecting an image of what it wants the world to believe and then translating that false image into reality. Said also underscores the fact that both Palestinians and the pan-Arab nation have failed to counteract the Israeli policy of selling to the world the notion of Jerusalem belonging exclusively to Israel, a failure that has enabled Israel to tighten its grip on the Holy City and to curb the Palestinians＇, the Arabs＇ and the Muslims＇ attempts to counterattack on the level of media information. In Said＇s view, the only hope for the future is a decent and fair coexistence between the two peoples based upon equality and self-determination. For him, the separation between the Palestinians and the Israelis since 1948 has not led to successful outcomes; a one state---rather than a binational-state solution is, therefore, the more possible way of resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict.
文摘On December 2,2014,the World Family Summit＋10 was held in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.It was jointly organized by National Health and Family Planning Commission（NHFPC）and World Family Organization,with the theme of＂Families in BalanceBuilding the Future We Want＂.Liu Yandong,Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC and Vice Premier of the State Council delivered a keynote speech.Gu Xiulian,
文摘Global governance largely grows out of the externalities in state governance. At present, global governance and state governance are integrated into a kind of ＂holistic governance＂ based on their interaction and interpenetration. Our understanding of their interplay can be traced back to ideas that developed from ancient Greek and Roman times to the early 20th century. More recently, from the second half of the 20^th century, theories of the interaction between global and state governance essentially revolved around the externalities in state governance and efforts to overcome those externalities by designing an ideal world. Today, the interaction between global and state governance is of great practical significance, serving to inspire the establishment of a global order based on sharing, integration and symbiotic harmony. However, we should also be aware that this interaction may be converted by great powers to the service of their own interests. At present, China can help reshape the global governance order of the 21st century by strengthening its own development, promoting benign interaction between global and state governance, actively harnessing the potential of its state governance capacity and sharing its experience and ideas.
文摘Identity is the ＂sameness＂ and belonging of identification. In a real sense, cultural identity is often related to ethno-cultural identity, while political identity and national identity are more often inseparable. Cultural identity lays particular stress on the group destiny of a people or ethnic group from which its members cannot withdraw. Political identity, on the other hand, highlights the subjective values and intentions chosen, judged and assessed by the members of society. Since modem times, politics, as the surface of the social structure, has demonstrated increasingly serious conflict and perplexity, and the decline of the political identity has gradually developed into a common social phenomenon. Considering the high complementarity and the mutual stimulation between cultural identity and political identity, we should take cultural identity as the pivot for our entry into the actual practice of community politics, with a view to promoting institutional innovations, making interest adjustments, and intensifying the community members＇ sense of belonging. These are exceptionally meaningful for strengthening the political identity of a community.
文摘Given the fact that the final conclusions on Mao are hard to draw, this paper endeavors to provide a pertinent critique, making full use of available archives, documents, and data and discarding as much bias and prejudice as possible, of Mao Ze-dong＇s life, his role in the Chinese Revolution, and the various movements after the founding of the PRC, and the roots of his thoughts and theories.
文摘The U.S. has long been viewed as a nation ＂ founded on a creed. ＂ While some IR paradigms present values as a counter to the interestbased approaches in the formation of foreign policy, most scholars agree that the two are not mutually exclusive. Beginning with the definition and classification of values, this paper tries to analyze the functioning mechanism of values in the U. S. foreign policy making as well as the limitation of the role of values. On one hand, based on U. S. foreign diplomatic actions in history, values function not only as a goal and ideal for US foreign policy, but also as the means for implementing its foreign policy. On the other hand, the US value-oriented diplomacy is confined by national interest, power, and tempered by events and bureaucratic politics.
