Dicistroviruses comprise a newly characterized and rapidly expanding family of small RNA viruses of invertebrates. Several features of this virus group have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. In...Dicistroviruses comprise a newly characterized and rapidly expanding family of small RNA viruses of invertebrates. Several features of this virus group have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. In this review I provide an overview of the Dicistroviridae and describe progress made toward the understanding and practical application of dicistroviruses, including (i) construction of the first infectious clone of a dicistrovirus, (ii) use of the baculovirus expression system for production of an infectious dicistrovirus, (iii) the use of Drosophila C virus for analysis of host response to virus infection, and (iv) correlation of the presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus with honey bee colony collapse disorder. The potential use of dicistroviruses for insect pest management is also discussed. The structure, mechanism and practical use of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements has recently been reviewed elsewhere.展开更多
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in the development of target agents, most people who do not harbor a mutation do not benefit from these agents. Immunother...Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in the development of target agents, most people who do not harbor a mutation do not benefit from these agents. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body's immune system to improve the anti-tumor immunity effect, is a new therapeutic method for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and its ligand(PD-L1) belong to the CD28/B7 immunoglobulin super-family and are co-stimulatory molecules that show negative regulation effects. Combined with its ligand, PD-1 can modulate the tumor microenvironment, enabling tumor cells to escape host immune surveillance and elimination and play a key role in the clinical significance of NSCLC. An increasing number of clinical trials have suggested that immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, are beneficial and safe for NSCLC. Here, we review the brief history of PD-L1 as a biomarker, mechanism of action, and critical role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of NSCLC as well as the current research status and future directions.展开更多
基金This journal paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa,Project No. 6673, was supported by the Iowa State University Plant Sciences Institute, and the Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Research
文摘Dicistroviruses comprise a newly characterized and rapidly expanding family of small RNA viruses of invertebrates. Several features of this virus group have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. In this review I provide an overview of the Dicistroviridae and describe progress made toward the understanding and practical application of dicistroviruses, including (i) construction of the first infectious clone of a dicistrovirus, (ii) use of the baculovirus expression system for production of an infectious dicistrovirus, (iii) the use of Drosophila C virus for analysis of host response to virus infection, and (iv) correlation of the presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus with honey bee colony collapse disorder. The potential use of dicistroviruses for insect pest management is also discussed. The structure, mechanism and practical use of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements has recently been reviewed elsewhere.
文摘Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in the development of target agents, most people who do not harbor a mutation do not benefit from these agents. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body's immune system to improve the anti-tumor immunity effect, is a new therapeutic method for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and its ligand(PD-L1) belong to the CD28/B7 immunoglobulin super-family and are co-stimulatory molecules that show negative regulation effects. Combined with its ligand, PD-1 can modulate the tumor microenvironment, enabling tumor cells to escape host immune surveillance and elimination and play a key role in the clinical significance of NSCLC. An increasing number of clinical trials have suggested that immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, are beneficial and safe for NSCLC. Here, we review the brief history of PD-L1 as a biomarker, mechanism of action, and critical role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of NSCLC as well as the current research status and future directions.
