The lipid content and composition in tender, medium and coarse leaves of 3 mulberry varieties were analyzed. Tender leaf contained more lipid than medium and coarse leaves. Fatty acid composition of lipids also varied...The lipid content and composition in tender, medium and coarse leaves of 3 mulberry varieties were analyzed. Tender leaf contained more lipid than medium and coarse leaves. Fatty acid composition of lipids also varied with leaf maturity. Tender leaf contained more precursor fatty acids, medium leaf more unsaturated fatty acids and coarse leaf more saturated fatty acids. V-1 mulberry variety had more foliar lipid con- tent than S-36 and M-5. Lipid composition also varied among the 3 mulberry varieties. V-1 and S-36 leaves contained more unsaturated fatty acids and M-5 more saturated fatty acids. V instar silkworm was fed with the medium leaf of the 3 mulberry varieties, and the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the haemolymph, fatbody and excreta were analyzed. Lauric acid （12：0）, undetectable in the haemolymph, was recovered in significant quantity in the excreta. Saturated fatty acids （16：0 and 18：0） were higher in the haemolymph of larvae fed on M-5 while unsaturated fatty acids （18：2 and 18：3） were higher in those fed on S-36 and V-1 leaves. But, the percentage levels of 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acids in the leaf and haemolymph were swapped. While the leaf of M-5 mulberry variety had 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acid components at 1.93% and 16.8%, the larvae feeding on the leaf had 18：1 and 18：2 at 21.5% and 6.95% in the haemolymph. Similar correction in the percentages of the two unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the larvae feeding on the leaves of S-36 and V-1. Saturation of co -6 double bond of linoleic acid by a reductase in the lower end of the midgut was proposed.展开更多
In the global south wide range of studies highlight the limitations of the single-modelled public urban water system to meeting the endogenous water preferences of the urban population. Studies also touched on the com...In the global south wide range of studies highlight the limitations of the single-modelled public urban water system to meeting the endogenous water preferences of the urban population. Studies also touched on the complementary roles of private water actors to the single-modelled public water supply system in the urban water supply network. Multiple of urban water supply systems （multi-model） co-exist in the urban landscape of global south. However, it is unclear and largely inconclusive on the suitable and satisfactory urban water supply model that meets the water consumption needs of informal settlement dwellers in the global south. This study draws the experiences of households in the informal settlements using a case-study with cross-sectional survey strategy to assess the suitability of the multi-model urban water supply system for sustainable urban water supply in the informal settlements. A total of 292 households were randomly sampled alongside 35 purposively sampled private water actors and public water departments. The data were collected through face to face interviews. Findings show that water supply services of the multi-model water supply system are inevitably suitable for the water consumption needs of informal settlements’s dwellers. The operation of the multi-model water supply system is flexible and able to accommodate the diverse water consumption preferences and choices of the different socio-economic groups in the informal settlements. We observed that multiplicity of urban water supply system increases households’ access to water but does not necessarily improve the quality of water serve in the informal settlements. The paper recommended for the formalisation and adoption of the multi-model urban water supply system to meet the growing demand for improved water supply and services in the informal settlements.展开更多
The research examines the status of adoption of improved tobacco recommended varieties among smallholder farmers with a view to assess the impact of tobacco production on household income in the region. A survey appro...The research examines the status of adoption of improved tobacco recommended varieties among smallholder farmers with a view to assess the impact of tobacco production on household income in the region. A survey approach was used to collect data from a sample of 160 tobacco farmers who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. Results show that farmers have responded appreciably to intervention programme that promote the use of the tobacco recommended varieties with an adoption rate of 61.6%. Information flow from various tobacco companies was the significant factor influencing the decision of farmers to adopt the tobacco recommended varieties. Constraints in the adoption noted include poor germination of seeds, high demand of inputs, unreliable availability of seeds and inadequate knowledge on tobacco production. The mean household income from tobacco production （4,232,415 Tshs） was significantly higher than the mean income of other income sources cumulatively （211,333 Tshs） with an income advantage of 4,021,082 Tshs. The study concludes that farmers are responding appreciably to intervention programmes that promote the use of tobacco recommended varieties in the region. Also tobacco sub-sector has higher contribution on household total income as compared to other enterprises.展开更多
文摘The lipid content and composition in tender, medium and coarse leaves of 3 mulberry varieties were analyzed. Tender leaf contained more lipid than medium and coarse leaves. Fatty acid composition of lipids also varied with leaf maturity. Tender leaf contained more precursor fatty acids, medium leaf more unsaturated fatty acids and coarse leaf more saturated fatty acids. V-1 mulberry variety had more foliar lipid con- tent than S-36 and M-5. Lipid composition also varied among the 3 mulberry varieties. V-1 and S-36 leaves contained more unsaturated fatty acids and M-5 more saturated fatty acids. V instar silkworm was fed with the medium leaf of the 3 mulberry varieties, and the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the haemolymph, fatbody and excreta were analyzed. Lauric acid （12：0）, undetectable in the haemolymph, was recovered in significant quantity in the excreta. Saturated fatty acids （16：0 and 18：0） were higher in the haemolymph of larvae fed on M-5 while unsaturated fatty acids （18：2 and 18：3） were higher in those fed on S-36 and V-1 leaves. But, the percentage levels of 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acids in the leaf and haemolymph were swapped. While the leaf of M-5 mulberry variety had 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acid components at 1.93% and 16.8%, the larvae feeding on the leaf had 18：1 and 18：2 at 21.5% and 6.95% in the haemolymph. Similar correction in the percentages of the two unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the larvae feeding on the leaves of S-36 and V-1. Saturation of co -6 double bond of linoleic acid by a reductase in the lower end of the midgut was proposed.
文摘In the global south wide range of studies highlight the limitations of the single-modelled public urban water system to meeting the endogenous water preferences of the urban population. Studies also touched on the complementary roles of private water actors to the single-modelled public water supply system in the urban water supply network. Multiple of urban water supply systems （multi-model） co-exist in the urban landscape of global south. However, it is unclear and largely inconclusive on the suitable and satisfactory urban water supply model that meets the water consumption needs of informal settlement dwellers in the global south. This study draws the experiences of households in the informal settlements using a case-study with cross-sectional survey strategy to assess the suitability of the multi-model urban water supply system for sustainable urban water supply in the informal settlements. A total of 292 households were randomly sampled alongside 35 purposively sampled private water actors and public water departments. The data were collected through face to face interviews. Findings show that water supply services of the multi-model water supply system are inevitably suitable for the water consumption needs of informal settlements’s dwellers. The operation of the multi-model water supply system is flexible and able to accommodate the diverse water consumption preferences and choices of the different socio-economic groups in the informal settlements. We observed that multiplicity of urban water supply system increases households’ access to water but does not necessarily improve the quality of water serve in the informal settlements. The paper recommended for the formalisation and adoption of the multi-model urban water supply system to meet the growing demand for improved water supply and services in the informal settlements.
文摘The research examines the status of adoption of improved tobacco recommended varieties among smallholder farmers with a view to assess the impact of tobacco production on household income in the region. A survey approach was used to collect data from a sample of 160 tobacco farmers who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. Results show that farmers have responded appreciably to intervention programme that promote the use of the tobacco recommended varieties with an adoption rate of 61.6%. Information flow from various tobacco companies was the significant factor influencing the decision of farmers to adopt the tobacco recommended varieties. Constraints in the adoption noted include poor germination of seeds, high demand of inputs, unreliable availability of seeds and inadequate knowledge on tobacco production. The mean household income from tobacco production （4,232,415 Tshs） was significantly higher than the mean income of other income sources cumulatively （211,333 Tshs） with an income advantage of 4,021,082 Tshs. The study concludes that farmers are responding appreciably to intervention programmes that promote the use of tobacco recommended varieties in the region. Also tobacco sub-sector has higher contribution on household total income as compared to other enterprises.
