The late Permian–Triassic granites in southeastern China have important tectonic significance for the evolution of South China. Here, we present the detailed geochronological, geochemical and petrological analyses fo...The late Permian–Triassic granites in southeastern China have important tectonic significance for the evolution of South China. Here, we present the detailed geochronological, geochemical and petrological analyses for the Jinlongyan(JLY) granite in northwest Fujian Province, southeast China. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded a weighted average ^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 224.1 ±3.3 Ma. The granite is mainly comprised of K-feldspar,plagioclase, quartz, biotite and minor amphibole. It is characterized by enrichments in Rb, Th, REEs(total REE = 295.1–694.3 ppm), and HFSEs(e.g., Zr = 289–520 ppm, Hf = 9.3–15.0 ppm, Y = 36.2–68.2 ppm) but depletions in Ba, Sr, Eu and Ti. The granite is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and show a clear A-type granite geochemical signature with high SiO_2(70.89 wt%–75.76 wt%), total alkalis(Na_2O + K_2O = 7.51 wt%–8.72 wt%), Ga/Al ratios(10000 Ga/Al = 2.72–3.43). Insitu zircon Hf isotope analysis shows their eHf(t) values ranging from-7.2 to-3.2, with Mesoproterozoic T2DM ages(1308–1525 Ma). Whole-rock Nd isotope data show their eNd(t) values in the range of-9.5 to-9.1 and yield paleoproterozoic TDMages(1606–1985 Ma). These characteristics indicate that the JLY A-type granite magma was formed by the partial melting of Meso-Paleoproterozoic crust rocks in the Cathaysia Block. Our study of the JLY A-type granite, together with other Triassic A-type granitesin South China, defines an extensional environment in the late Triassic which probably was caused by the collision of the South China Block with Indochina Block.展开更多
The tafoni that develop in sandstone cliffs have attracted the interest of both scientists and the general public. A necklace-like tafone system, referred to here as beaded tafoni, has developed in the prominent cliff...The tafoni that develop in sandstone cliffs have attracted the interest of both scientists and the general public. A necklace-like tafone system, referred to here as beaded tafoni, has developed in the prominent cliffs of the Danxia landscapes within the Longhushan Global Geopark in the subtropical zone of South China. This paper presents a new model of the formation of this system of extraordinary beaded tafoni. The cliffs of the Danxia landscapes of the study area are composed of an alluvial conglomerate(i.e.,red beds). These Danxia landscapes have subrounded summits that are covered by vegetation and experience a nearly vertical water flow induced by gravity. Erosion and collapse of the outsized gravels and concentrated pebbles in the red beds give rise to the initial development of the beaded tafoni. The tafoni then become rounded and beaded as a result of reworking and decay by fluvial outwash. During storms, intense water flows run vertically down the cliffs and generate a whirling motion in the tafoni.Consequently, the inside walls of the tafoni gradually become wider and smoother. During the late development stage, the beaded tafoni tend to become indistinct or disappear because of the interconnection of the tafoni and subsequent merging with the bedding-controlled cavities.展开更多
Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States, has been found to contaminate groundwater. Atrazine is an endocrine disrupter in animals, and could possibly have carcinogenic effects in humans...Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States, has been found to contaminate groundwater. Atrazine is an endocrine disrupter in animals, and could possibly have carcinogenic effects in humans. A study involving farm families in four Kentucky Counties has been designed to assess exposure to atrazine through drinking water by a quick, reliable, and effective assay that could be performed in non-specialized laboratories. Data were obtained on farming practices and pesticide applications; and drinking water samples were collected from each household. Water consumption for the participants showed that 72% of the households consumed municipal water, 24% had private wells, and 4% used spring water as their source of drinking water. The analytical method used was based on Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. The results were obtained using a magnetic-particle-based analysis with spectrophotometric reading and showed presence of atrazine in more than 90% of the samples. Results showed that community drinking water sources had significantly higher atrazine concentrations compared to non-community sources （p-value 〈 0.01）. The results of this study may be used to conduct further exposure assessments for drinking water protection from pesticide contamination.展开更多
This paper introduces a proposal for reservoir volume calculation in rainwater harvesting systems. The proposed method can be used for reservoir volume design in rainwater harvesting systems and is based on three impo...This paper introduces a proposal for reservoir volume calculation in rainwater harvesting systems. The proposed method can be used for reservoir volume design in rainwater harvesting systems and is based on three important variables. These variables are water demand, system efficiency and repayment time. Several simulations were carried out in different scenarios considering typical values of both catchment area （for low-income and medium-income households） and water demand, with fixed water and tank costs. Results showed that the integrated analysis of demand, efficiency and repayment time may assist designers to determine a more adequate reservoir volume.展开更多
Feed restriction is a common practice to reduce post weaning digestive disorders in rabbits and to get carcasses with less fat. Hydric restriction is commonly used to induce feed restriction in growing rabbits. Two hy...Feed restriction is a common practice to reduce post weaning digestive disorders in rabbits and to get carcasses with less fat. Hydric restriction is commonly used to induce feed restriction in growing rabbits. Two hydric restriction times （2 h and 4 h per day, continuously） were used in our trial carried in good sanitary conditions. Thirty six rabbits were divided at weaning （28 days） into three groups： R2 with restricted access to drinking water from 35 days to 80 days age of 2 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.）, R4： access to drinking water 4 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m.） and T （control group） with unlimited access to drinking water. Six animals from each group were slaughtered at 80 days of age. Carcass measurements and meat quality were studied. Histological study for kidneys was carried out. Relative weight of gastrointestinal tract increases with the degree of restriction： 16.5, 18.4 and 18.9 for T, R4 and R2, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Perirenal fat was lower in restricted groups but differences were not statically significant. Scapular fat decreases of 2/3 or 1/3 respectively with limiting access to drinking water of 2 h or 4 h per day. Compared to control group （T）, meat of restricted groups contains more water： 70.3%, 70% and 69.3% respectively for R4, R2 and T （P 〈 0.01）. The same tendency was observed for proteins： 19.2%, 19.3% and 17.7% for groups R2, R4 and T. Fat decreases in meat of restricted animals： 8.4%, 8.2% and 8.1% respectively for T, R4 and R2 （P 〈 0.05）. Water restriction induced decrease of carcass and meat adiposity. There were no differences between pH post mortem and pH ultimate （after 24 h） between the three groups. Hydric restriction does not effect on kidney histology.展开更多
This study examined the impact of farmers＇ health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and es...This study examined the impact of farmers＇ health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and estimation of efficiency following maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） procedure available in Frontier 4.1 were used to analyze the data. Results from the analyses showed that malaria has the highest prevalence level among female farmers in the study area followed by typhoid fever. The causes of sicknesses vary from cold, stress, mosquito bites and bad drinking water. Furthermore, the results showed that sicknesses affect the productivity of farmers by reducing their work capacity. Also, the distance to source of drinking water from home, source of drinking water, age, body mass index of farmers are also found to significantly affect the physical work output of farmers in the study area. The result shows that the distribution of farmers was highly skewed with about 99% of the farmers having their efficiency above 0.61. This indicates that majority of the farmers are technically efficient in the allocation of resources to crop production, The result also shows that the average efficiency was about 82.9%. Thus, the farmers＇ level of efficiency can be improved if there is a shift in the fi＇ontier, i.e. if factors contributing to inefficiency are adequately controlled. The study recommends the need to invest more on human capital especially health for there to be an improvement in rural productivity. Also, rural development policies should include health policies especially for women since it has a great influence on the household and emphasis should also be on preventive rather than curative health services.展开更多
Water is an important resource for human being. However, it has been increasingly becoming the limited resource. Therefore, the debate of water issues has been centered in mechanisms to implement sustainable water man...Water is an important resource for human being. However, it has been increasingly becoming the limited resource. Therefore, the debate of water issues has been centered in mechanisms to implement sustainable water management. Hence, understanding the determinants of water demand might help design appropriate water management policies, however, they are not known in Mozambique. Due to the lack of knowledge about the determinants of water demand in Mozambique in general and in Sabi6 in particular, the present study was conducted to analyse the factors determining the water demand for irrigation and domestic use using a linear regression model and travel cost method, respectively. The results show that an increase in 1 h of irrigation time increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 362.04 m3 and an increase in one irrigation per week increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 1,065.61 m3. Additionally, the results show that an increase in 1% of time spent in water collection decreases the number of trips by 0.3% and an increase in 1% in the number of household members involved in water collection decreases the number of the water collection trips by 0.23%. Household having private taps have less number of trips collecting water compared to those collecting water from public taps and boreholes as well as rivers. Therefore, the water demand for irrigation is determined by time spent for irrigation per day and the number of irrigations per week, and water demand for domestic use is determined by time spent for water collection, number of household members involved in water collection, the volumes of the containers used to collect water, the number of containers used to collect water, the quantity of water consumed by the household as well as the main source of water （river, boreholes and public tap）.展开更多
Relationship between species＇ home range and their other biological traits remains poorly understood, especially in migratory birds due to the difficulty associated with tracking them. Advances in satellite telemetry...Relationship between species＇ home range and their other biological traits remains poorly understood, especially in migratory birds due to the difficulty associated with tracking them. Advances in satellite telemetry and remote sensing techniques have proved instrumental in overcoming such challenges. We studied the space use of migratory ducks through satellite telemetry with an objective of understanding the influence of body mass and feeding habits on their home-range sizes. We marked 26 indi- viduals, representing five species of migratory ducks, with satellite transmitters during two consecutive winters in three Indian states. We used kernel methods to estimate home ranges and core use areas of these waterfowl, and assessed the influence of body mass and feeding habits on home-range size. Feeding habits influenced the home-range size of the migratory ducks. Carnivorous ducks had the largest home ranges, herbivorous ducks the smallest, while omnivorous species had intermediate home-ranges. Body mass did not explain variation in home-range size. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on migratory ducks, and it has important implications for their conservation and management [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 616-621, 2014].展开更多
基金financially supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (41373024)Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry,Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences (201307)
文摘The late Permian–Triassic granites in southeastern China have important tectonic significance for the evolution of South China. Here, we present the detailed geochronological, geochemical and petrological analyses for the Jinlongyan(JLY) granite in northwest Fujian Province, southeast China. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded a weighted average ^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 224.1 ±3.3 Ma. The granite is mainly comprised of K-feldspar,plagioclase, quartz, biotite and minor amphibole. It is characterized by enrichments in Rb, Th, REEs(total REE = 295.1–694.3 ppm), and HFSEs(e.g., Zr = 289–520 ppm, Hf = 9.3–15.0 ppm, Y = 36.2–68.2 ppm) but depletions in Ba, Sr, Eu and Ti. The granite is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and show a clear A-type granite geochemical signature with high SiO_2(70.89 wt%–75.76 wt%), total alkalis(Na_2O + K_2O = 7.51 wt%–8.72 wt%), Ga/Al ratios(10000 Ga/Al = 2.72–3.43). Insitu zircon Hf isotope analysis shows their eHf(t) values ranging from-7.2 to-3.2, with Mesoproterozoic T2DM ages(1308–1525 Ma). Whole-rock Nd isotope data show their eNd(t) values in the range of-9.5 to-9.1 and yield paleoproterozoic TDMages(1606–1985 Ma). These characteristics indicate that the JLY A-type granite magma was formed by the partial melting of Meso-Paleoproterozoic crust rocks in the Cathaysia Block. Our study of the JLY A-type granite, together with other Triassic A-type granitesin South China, defines an extensional environment in the late Triassic which probably was caused by the collision of the South China Block with Indochina Block.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41772197, 41602113)Open Research Fund from the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Minerals (Shandong University of Science and Technology+1 种基金 Grant No. DMSM2017011)Jiangxi Provincial Graduate Innovation Fund Project (YC2018-S336)
文摘The tafoni that develop in sandstone cliffs have attracted the interest of both scientists and the general public. A necklace-like tafone system, referred to here as beaded tafoni, has developed in the prominent cliffs of the Danxia landscapes within the Longhushan Global Geopark in the subtropical zone of South China. This paper presents a new model of the formation of this system of extraordinary beaded tafoni. The cliffs of the Danxia landscapes of the study area are composed of an alluvial conglomerate(i.e.,red beds). These Danxia landscapes have subrounded summits that are covered by vegetation and experience a nearly vertical water flow induced by gravity. Erosion and collapse of the outsized gravels and concentrated pebbles in the red beds give rise to the initial development of the beaded tafoni. The tafoni then become rounded and beaded as a result of reworking and decay by fluvial outwash. During storms, intense water flows run vertically down the cliffs and generate a whirling motion in the tafoni.Consequently, the inside walls of the tafoni gradually become wider and smoother. During the late development stage, the beaded tafoni tend to become indistinct or disappear because of the interconnection of the tafoni and subsequent merging with the bedding-controlled cavities.
文摘Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States, has been found to contaminate groundwater. Atrazine is an endocrine disrupter in animals, and could possibly have carcinogenic effects in humans. A study involving farm families in four Kentucky Counties has been designed to assess exposure to atrazine through drinking water by a quick, reliable, and effective assay that could be performed in non-specialized laboratories. Data were obtained on farming practices and pesticide applications; and drinking water samples were collected from each household. Water consumption for the participants showed that 72% of the households consumed municipal water, 24% had private wells, and 4% used spring water as their source of drinking water. The analytical method used was based on Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. The results were obtained using a magnetic-particle-based analysis with spectrophotometric reading and showed presence of atrazine in more than 90% of the samples. Results showed that community drinking water sources had significantly higher atrazine concentrations compared to non-community sources （p-value 〈 0.01）. The results of this study may be used to conduct further exposure assessments for drinking water protection from pesticide contamination.
文摘This paper introduces a proposal for reservoir volume calculation in rainwater harvesting systems. The proposed method can be used for reservoir volume design in rainwater harvesting systems and is based on three important variables. These variables are water demand, system efficiency and repayment time. Several simulations were carried out in different scenarios considering typical values of both catchment area （for low-income and medium-income households） and water demand, with fixed water and tank costs. Results showed that the integrated analysis of demand, efficiency and repayment time may assist designers to determine a more adequate reservoir volume.
文摘Feed restriction is a common practice to reduce post weaning digestive disorders in rabbits and to get carcasses with less fat. Hydric restriction is commonly used to induce feed restriction in growing rabbits. Two hydric restriction times （2 h and 4 h per day, continuously） were used in our trial carried in good sanitary conditions. Thirty six rabbits were divided at weaning （28 days） into three groups： R2 with restricted access to drinking water from 35 days to 80 days age of 2 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.）, R4： access to drinking water 4 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m.） and T （control group） with unlimited access to drinking water. Six animals from each group were slaughtered at 80 days of age. Carcass measurements and meat quality were studied. Histological study for kidneys was carried out. Relative weight of gastrointestinal tract increases with the degree of restriction： 16.5, 18.4 and 18.9 for T, R4 and R2, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Perirenal fat was lower in restricted groups but differences were not statically significant. Scapular fat decreases of 2/3 or 1/3 respectively with limiting access to drinking water of 2 h or 4 h per day. Compared to control group （T）, meat of restricted groups contains more water： 70.3%, 70% and 69.3% respectively for R4, R2 and T （P 〈 0.01）. The same tendency was observed for proteins： 19.2%, 19.3% and 17.7% for groups R2, R4 and T. Fat decreases in meat of restricted animals： 8.4%, 8.2% and 8.1% respectively for T, R4 and R2 （P 〈 0.05）. Water restriction induced decrease of carcass and meat adiposity. There were no differences between pH post mortem and pH ultimate （after 24 h） between the three groups. Hydric restriction does not effect on kidney histology.
文摘This study examined the impact of farmers＇ health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and estimation of efficiency following maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） procedure available in Frontier 4.1 were used to analyze the data. Results from the analyses showed that malaria has the highest prevalence level among female farmers in the study area followed by typhoid fever. The causes of sicknesses vary from cold, stress, mosquito bites and bad drinking water. Furthermore, the results showed that sicknesses affect the productivity of farmers by reducing their work capacity. Also, the distance to source of drinking water from home, source of drinking water, age, body mass index of farmers are also found to significantly affect the physical work output of farmers in the study area. The result shows that the distribution of farmers was highly skewed with about 99% of the farmers having their efficiency above 0.61. This indicates that majority of the farmers are technically efficient in the allocation of resources to crop production, The result also shows that the average efficiency was about 82.9%. Thus, the farmers＇ level of efficiency can be improved if there is a shift in the fi＇ontier, i.e. if factors contributing to inefficiency are adequately controlled. The study recommends the need to invest more on human capital especially health for there to be an improvement in rural productivity. Also, rural development policies should include health policies especially for women since it has a great influence on the household and emphasis should also be on preventive rather than curative health services.
文摘Water is an important resource for human being. However, it has been increasingly becoming the limited resource. Therefore, the debate of water issues has been centered in mechanisms to implement sustainable water management. Hence, understanding the determinants of water demand might help design appropriate water management policies, however, they are not known in Mozambique. Due to the lack of knowledge about the determinants of water demand in Mozambique in general and in Sabi6 in particular, the present study was conducted to analyse the factors determining the water demand for irrigation and domestic use using a linear regression model and travel cost method, respectively. The results show that an increase in 1 h of irrigation time increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 362.04 m3 and an increase in one irrigation per week increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 1,065.61 m3. Additionally, the results show that an increase in 1% of time spent in water collection decreases the number of trips by 0.3% and an increase in 1% in the number of household members involved in water collection decreases the number of the water collection trips by 0.23%. Household having private taps have less number of trips collecting water compared to those collecting water from public taps and boreholes as well as rivers. Therefore, the water demand for irrigation is determined by time spent for irrigation per day and the number of irrigations per week, and water demand for domestic use is determined by time spent for water collection, number of household members involved in water collection, the volumes of the containers used to collect water, the number of containers used to collect water, the quantity of water consumed by the household as well as the main source of water （river, boreholes and public tap）.
文摘Relationship between species＇ home range and their other biological traits remains poorly understood, especially in migratory birds due to the difficulty associated with tracking them. Advances in satellite telemetry and remote sensing techniques have proved instrumental in overcoming such challenges. We studied the space use of migratory ducks through satellite telemetry with an objective of understanding the influence of body mass and feeding habits on their home-range sizes. We marked 26 indi- viduals, representing five species of migratory ducks, with satellite transmitters during two consecutive winters in three Indian states. We used kernel methods to estimate home ranges and core use areas of these waterfowl, and assessed the influence of body mass and feeding habits on home-range size. Feeding habits influenced the home-range size of the migratory ducks. Carnivorous ducks had the largest home ranges, herbivorous ducks the smallest, while omnivorous species had intermediate home-ranges. Body mass did not explain variation in home-range size. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on migratory ducks, and it has important implications for their conservation and management [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 616-621, 2014].
