For further understanding of self-heating of coal, we tested the reactions of seven different ranks of coal under inert atmosphere. In the test, 50-gram of coal sample ranged from 0.18 mm to 0.38 mm was put into a spe...For further understanding of self-heating of coal, we tested the reactions of seven different ranks of coal under inert atmosphere. In the test, 50-gram of coal sample ranged from 0.18 mm to 0.38 mm was put into a special designed copper reaction vessel and let pure nitrogen to flow into the coal sample from the bottom at a rate of 100 mL/min. The programmed temperature enclosure was run at a programmed rate of 0.8 ~C/min. The concentration of the carbon oxides and the coal temperature were tested. The results show that the coal reactions under inert atmosphere can generate CO and C02. The reactions under inert atmosphere are affected by coal ranks, initial pore structure of coal and sulfur content. For low ranks of coal, the productions of carbon oxides are piecewise. The coal temperature is lower than the surrounding temperature throughout the reactions under inert atmosphere, but it rises quickly and reaches a crossing point temperature in the later stage under dry-air atmosphere. Based on the analysis, it indicates the self-reaction of initial active groups exists in the self-heating of coal besides the reactions in the two parallel reactions model. Spontaneous combustion of coal is due to both the oxidation heat accumulation and the chain reaction. A new reaction model of self-heating of coal was orooosed.展开更多
r-learning,which is based on e-learning and u-learning,is defined as a learning support system that intelligent robots serve verbal and nonverbal interactions on ubiquitous computing environment.In order to guarantee ...r-learning,which is based on e-learning and u-learning,is defined as a learning support system that intelligent robots serve verbal and nonverbal interactions on ubiquitous computing environment.In order to guarantee the advantages of r-learning contents with no limits of timc and place and with nonverbal interaction which are not in e-learning contents,in recent years,assessment criteria for r-learning contents are urgently rcquired.Therefore,the reliable and valid assessment criteria were developed for nonverbal interaction contents in r-learning,and its detailed research content is as follows.First,assessment criteria for nonverbal interaction in r-learning contents will be specified into gesture,facial expression,semi-verbal message,distance,physical contact and time.Second,the validity of the developed assessment criteria will be proved by statistics.Consequently,the assessment criteria for nonverbal interaction contents will be helpful when choosing the better r-learning content and producing the better r-learning content,and the reliability of school education is improved ultimately.展开更多
基金Financial supports for this research provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50927403)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2011RC06)the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (No.BK2009004)
文摘For further understanding of self-heating of coal, we tested the reactions of seven different ranks of coal under inert atmosphere. In the test, 50-gram of coal sample ranged from 0.18 mm to 0.38 mm was put into a special designed copper reaction vessel and let pure nitrogen to flow into the coal sample from the bottom at a rate of 100 mL/min. The programmed temperature enclosure was run at a programmed rate of 0.8 ~C/min. The concentration of the carbon oxides and the coal temperature were tested. The results show that the coal reactions under inert atmosphere can generate CO and C02. The reactions under inert atmosphere are affected by coal ranks, initial pore structure of coal and sulfur content. For low ranks of coal, the productions of carbon oxides are piecewise. The coal temperature is lower than the surrounding temperature throughout the reactions under inert atmosphere, but it rises quickly and reaches a crossing point temperature in the later stage under dry-air atmosphere. Based on the analysis, it indicates the self-reaction of initial active groups exists in the self-heating of coal besides the reactions in the two parallel reactions model. Spontaneous combustion of coal is due to both the oxidation heat accumulation and the chain reaction. A new reaction model of self-heating of coal was orooosed.
基金Project(2011)supported by the research grant of the Chungbuk National University,South Korea
文摘r-learning,which is based on e-learning and u-learning,is defined as a learning support system that intelligent robots serve verbal and nonverbal interactions on ubiquitous computing environment.In order to guarantee the advantages of r-learning contents with no limits of timc and place and with nonverbal interaction which are not in e-learning contents,in recent years,assessment criteria for r-learning contents are urgently rcquired.Therefore,the reliable and valid assessment criteria were developed for nonverbal interaction contents in r-learning,and its detailed research content is as follows.First,assessment criteria for nonverbal interaction in r-learning contents will be specified into gesture,facial expression,semi-verbal message,distance,physical contact and time.Second,the validity of the developed assessment criteria will be proved by statistics.Consequently,the assessment criteria for nonverbal interaction contents will be helpful when choosing the better r-learning content and producing the better r-learning content,and the reliability of school education is improved ultimately.
