Railway seat inventory control strategies play a crucial role in the growth of profit and train load factor. The railway passenger seat inventory control problem in China was addressed. Chinese passenger railway opera...Railway seat inventory control strategies play a crucial role in the growth of profit and train load factor. The railway passenger seat inventory control problem in China was addressed. Chinese passenger railway operation features and seat inventory control practice were analyzed firstly. A dynamic demand forecasting method was introduced to forecast the coming demand in a ticket booking period. By clustering, passengers' historical ticket bookings were used to forecast the demand to come in a ticket booking period with least squares support vector machine. Three seat inventory control methods: non-nested booking limits, nested booking limits and bid-price control, were modeled under a single-fare class. Different seat inventory control methods were compared with the same demand based on ticket booking data of Train T15 from Beijing West to Guangzhou. The result shows that the dynamic non-nested booking limits control method performs the best, which gives railway operators evidence to adjust the remaining capacity in a ticket booking period.展开更多
A non-linear regression model is proposed to forecast the aggregated passenger volume of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway(HSR) line in China. Train services and temporal features of passenger volume are studied to ...A non-linear regression model is proposed to forecast the aggregated passenger volume of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway(HSR) line in China. Train services and temporal features of passenger volume are studied to have a prior knowledge about this high-speed railway line. Then, based on a theoretical curve that depicts the relationship among passenger demand, transportation capacity and passenger volume, a non-linear regression model is established with consideration of the effect of capacity constraint. Through experiments, it is found that the proposed model can perform better in both forecasting accuracy and stability compared with linear regression models and back-propagation neural networks. In addition to the forecasting ability, with a definite formation, the proposed model can be further used to forecast the effects of train planning policies.展开更多
The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is deter...The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is determining the infrastructure capacity. A variety of methodologies are used across Europe for the capacity estimation of railway infrastructure. This diversity has forced railway infrastructure managers to seek a new, common methodology. The UIC methodology is an easy way to calculate the capacity consumption. However, there the possibility to expound this methodology in different ways, which can result in different capacity consumptions. There isan advantage to improve this methodology and to set a clear and unified method of occupation time estimation. The fundamental improvement to UIC methodology is the definition of the occupation time by the trains. This paper gives a description of Slovak and UIC methodologies as a basis for a newly developed approach. The new way of estimation of the capacity consumption (occupation time) is based on a graphic approach. The new methodology concerns the estimation of the infrastructure occupation time and is a conceptual framework developed by the authors for an easier evaluation of occupation time in train traffic diagrams. The new methodology makes the UIC methodology more usable and enables more exact results to be obtained from infrastructure capacity examination.展开更多
Currently, 15% of the total Hungarian population is affected by either the elevated arsenic or ammonium concentration of drinking water, and 8% is affected by both compounds. The break-point chlorination is a well-kno...Currently, 15% of the total Hungarian population is affected by either the elevated arsenic or ammonium concentration of drinking water, and 8% is affected by both compounds. The break-point chlorination is a well-known method for ammonium removal, however, during the ammonium-removal process carcinogenic and mutagenic by-products (e.g., THM (trihalogenmethane) and AOX (absorbable organically bound halogens)) may be formed. In order to remove these harmful organic by-products, activated carbon adsorption has to be applied in the technology. The break-point chlorine dose is capable of oxidizing the As3+ to As5+. The oxidized form of arsenic can be easily converted to solid phase by adding coagulant (Fe(Ⅲ) or AI(Ⅲ) salt) to the water, and the formed iron/aluminium flocs can be removed by simple rapid sand filtration. Laboratory experiments were performed with raw water from two Hungarian settlements, where the water originated from a deep confined aquifer. In the studied settlements, six wells were in operation, and the supplied drinking water contained ammonium above the maximum allowable concentration, and the arsenic content was around the 10 μg/L standard value. It was found that higher chlorine dose (- 10 Cl2:NH4-N) was needed to achieve the breakpoint than the theoretical value (7.6). The amount of by-products was also measured during the experiments. The AOX concentrations were significantly higher (21.6 μg/L to 143μg/L) in all cases than the THM concentrations (9-18 μg/L). The needed coagulant doses were also studied in order to achieve the required arsenic concentrations. Fe(Ⅲ) coagulant was applied in all cases, and it was found that 1-1.5 mg/L Fe(Ⅲ) dose was sufficient to achieve 2-5 μg/L arsenic concentration in the treated water. Based on the results, it can be stated that the breakpoint chlorination combined with Fe(Ⅲ) coagulation is a potential technology to achieve the required ammonium and arsenic concentration at the studied settlements. However, activated carbon has to be installed in order to remove the harmful AOX compounds.展开更多
we have developed ferroelectric capacitor fabrication technique to realize low-voltage and high-density ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). High temperature deposited IrOxtop electrode reveals high crystallin...we have developed ferroelectric capacitor fabrication technique to realize low-voltage and high-density ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). High temperature deposited IrOxtop electrode reveals high crystalline quality which drastically reduces the degradation of ferroelectric film by preventing hydrogen diffusion into ferroelectric film. This improvement enables us to commercialize highly-reliable 1T 1C FRAM with memory density of 4 Mb or larger.展开更多
The authors consider a model of ferromagnetic material subject to an electric current, and prove the local in time existence of very regular solutions for this model in the scale of H^k spaces. In particular, they des...The authors consider a model of ferromagnetic material subject to an electric current, and prove the local in time existence of very regular solutions for this model in the scale of H^k spaces. In particular, they describe in detail the compatibility conditions at the boundary for the initial data.展开更多
Low volumetric energy density is a bottleneck for the application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S)battery.The low- density sulfur cooperated with the light-weight carbon sub- strate realizes electrochemical cycle stability,bu...Low volumetric energy density is a bottleneck for the application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S)battery.The low- density sulfur cooperated with the light-weight carbon sub- strate realizes electrochemical cycle stability,but leads to worse volumetric energy density.Here,nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4)nanofibers as novel substrate for sulfur not only anchor lithium polysulfides to enhance the cycle stability of sulfur cathode,but also contribute to the high volumetric capacity of the S/nickel ferrite composite.Specifically,the S/ nickel ferrite composite presents an initial volumetric capacity of 1,281.7mA h cm^-3-composite at 0.1C rate,1.9times higher than that of S/carbon nanotubes,due to the high tap density of the S/nickel ferrite composite.展开更多
基金Project(2009BAG12A10)supported by the State Technical Support Program of ChinaProject(71201009)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(RCS2009ZT009)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety,Beijing Jiaotong University,China
文摘Railway seat inventory control strategies play a crucial role in the growth of profit and train load factor. The railway passenger seat inventory control problem in China was addressed. Chinese passenger railway operation features and seat inventory control practice were analyzed firstly. A dynamic demand forecasting method was introduced to forecast the coming demand in a ticket booking period. By clustering, passengers' historical ticket bookings were used to forecast the demand to come in a ticket booking period with least squares support vector machine. Three seat inventory control methods: non-nested booking limits, nested booking limits and bid-price control, were modeled under a single-fare class. Different seat inventory control methods were compared with the same demand based on ticket booking data of Train T15 from Beijing West to Guangzhou. The result shows that the dynamic non-nested booking limits control method performs the best, which gives railway operators evidence to adjust the remaining capacity in a ticket booking period.
基金Project(2014YJS080) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘A non-linear regression model is proposed to forecast the aggregated passenger volume of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway(HSR) line in China. Train services and temporal features of passenger volume are studied to have a prior knowledge about this high-speed railway line. Then, based on a theoretical curve that depicts the relationship among passenger demand, transportation capacity and passenger volume, a non-linear regression model is established with consideration of the effect of capacity constraint. Through experiments, it is found that the proposed model can perform better in both forecasting accuracy and stability compared with linear regression models and back-propagation neural networks. In addition to the forecasting ability, with a definite formation, the proposed model can be further used to forecast the effects of train planning policies.
文摘The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is determining the infrastructure capacity. A variety of methodologies are used across Europe for the capacity estimation of railway infrastructure. This diversity has forced railway infrastructure managers to seek a new, common methodology. The UIC methodology is an easy way to calculate the capacity consumption. However, there the possibility to expound this methodology in different ways, which can result in different capacity consumptions. There isan advantage to improve this methodology and to set a clear and unified method of occupation time estimation. The fundamental improvement to UIC methodology is the definition of the occupation time by the trains. This paper gives a description of Slovak and UIC methodologies as a basis for a newly developed approach. The new way of estimation of the capacity consumption (occupation time) is based on a graphic approach. The new methodology concerns the estimation of the infrastructure occupation time and is a conceptual framework developed by the authors for an easier evaluation of occupation time in train traffic diagrams. The new methodology makes the UIC methodology more usable and enables more exact results to be obtained from infrastructure capacity examination.
文摘Currently, 15% of the total Hungarian population is affected by either the elevated arsenic or ammonium concentration of drinking water, and 8% is affected by both compounds. The break-point chlorination is a well-known method for ammonium removal, however, during the ammonium-removal process carcinogenic and mutagenic by-products (e.g., THM (trihalogenmethane) and AOX (absorbable organically bound halogens)) may be formed. In order to remove these harmful organic by-products, activated carbon adsorption has to be applied in the technology. The break-point chlorine dose is capable of oxidizing the As3+ to As5+. The oxidized form of arsenic can be easily converted to solid phase by adding coagulant (Fe(Ⅲ) or AI(Ⅲ) salt) to the water, and the formed iron/aluminium flocs can be removed by simple rapid sand filtration. Laboratory experiments were performed with raw water from two Hungarian settlements, where the water originated from a deep confined aquifer. In the studied settlements, six wells were in operation, and the supplied drinking water contained ammonium above the maximum allowable concentration, and the arsenic content was around the 10 μg/L standard value. It was found that higher chlorine dose (- 10 Cl2:NH4-N) was needed to achieve the breakpoint than the theoretical value (7.6). The amount of by-products was also measured during the experiments. The AOX concentrations were significantly higher (21.6 μg/L to 143μg/L) in all cases than the THM concentrations (9-18 μg/L). The needed coagulant doses were also studied in order to achieve the required arsenic concentrations. Fe(Ⅲ) coagulant was applied in all cases, and it was found that 1-1.5 mg/L Fe(Ⅲ) dose was sufficient to achieve 2-5 μg/L arsenic concentration in the treated water. Based on the results, it can be stated that the breakpoint chlorination combined with Fe(Ⅲ) coagulation is a potential technology to achieve the required ammonium and arsenic concentration at the studied settlements. However, activated carbon has to be installed in order to remove the harmful AOX compounds.
文摘we have developed ferroelectric capacitor fabrication technique to realize low-voltage and high-density ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). High temperature deposited IrOxtop electrode reveals high crystalline quality which drastically reduces the degradation of ferroelectric film by preventing hydrogen diffusion into ferroelectric film. This improvement enables us to commercialize highly-reliable 1T 1C FRAM with memory density of 4 Mb or larger.
文摘The authors consider a model of ferromagnetic material subject to an electric current, and prove the local in time existence of very regular solutions for this model in the scale of H^k spaces. In particular, they describe in detail the compatibility conditions at the boundary for the initial data.
基金supported by the New Energy Project for Electric Vehicles in National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFB0100200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21573114 and 51502145)
文摘Low volumetric energy density is a bottleneck for the application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S)battery.The low- density sulfur cooperated with the light-weight carbon sub- strate realizes electrochemical cycle stability,but leads to worse volumetric energy density.Here,nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4)nanofibers as novel substrate for sulfur not only anchor lithium polysulfides to enhance the cycle stability of sulfur cathode,but also contribute to the high volumetric capacity of the S/nickel ferrite composite.Specifically,the S/ nickel ferrite composite presents an initial volumetric capacity of 1,281.7mA h cm^-3-composite at 0.1C rate,1.9times higher than that of S/carbon nanotubes,due to the high tap density of the S/nickel ferrite composite.