晚明绍兴祁承㸁密园研究

山阴祁承㸁是中国历史上著名的藏书家和藏书理论家,其藏书楼澹生堂在中华藏书史上极负盛名,受到周恩来总理的重视。密园是祁氏营建的越中名园,澹生堂等藏书建筑便位于其中。在对文献材料研究和分析的基础上总结了密园的营造过程,基于对《密园前后记》内容的梳理,得到具有空间关系和景点类型的示意平面,结合地方研究与文献材料,对密园的位置和范围进行了初步推测,形成相对完善的密园复原平面图,并在此基础上对祁承㸁造园思想、密园造园意匠与特点进行简析。密园是晚明越中园林的营造范本,其营建见证了越中园亭由少转多、由朴转奢、由简转繁的过程,在晚明江南尤其是越中造园风格转变上起到了承上启下的作用。

幼龄乔砧富士密蔽低产园改造

目前,乔砧红富士多为密植栽培,667m~2栽80～110株,由于相应的技术没有跟上,仍延用传统稀植的管理方法,把树修剪成下部多主枝,同层纵横枝交叉的上强、下强和外强的树形结构,通风透光不良,以至在初果期或未结果时,已使果园出现密蔽和低产现象。现就生产实际中的这一问题,结合自己多年的实践体会谈一下这类果园的改造。

矮密枣园不同整形修剪方式对红枣产量和品质的影响研究

矮密枣园整形修剪技术是红枣获得丰产优质的一项关键技术。本文通过生产实践,对比分析了矮密枣园不同整形修剪模式与产量和品质的关系,总结出一套适宜矮密枣园的科学整形修剪技术。

幼龄乔砧富士密蔽低产园改造

目前,乔砧红富士多为密植栽培,亩栽80～110株,由于相应的技术没有跟上,仍延用传统稀植的管理方法,把树修剪成下部多主枝,横向纵横枝交叉的上强、下强和外强的树形结构,通风透光不良,以至在初果期甚至未结果时,已使果园出现密蔽和低产现象。现就生产实际中的这一问题,结合自己多年的实践体会和对这类果园采用的改造措施,作一辩证分析,供参考和指教。

Evaluation of Productivity and Light Quality in Two High Density Dwarf Rootstock Apple Orchards in Central China

[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.

Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly （Ceratitis capitata） in Fruit Orchards in Central Iraq

In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.

Evaluation of Ceranock Attract and Kill System to Control Mediterranean Fruit Fly （Ceratitis capitata） in Citrus Orchards of Iraq

Field experiments were conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards of Baghdad and Wasit governorates, Iraq, during 2013-2014 season. Control program was implemented in six citrus orchards of mixed citrus varieties： Orange, Citrus sinensis; Mandarin, C. reticulate; Lemon, C. lemon; and Bergamot, C. aurantium. Ceranock traps 240/ha were hanged in trees of two separate orchards in each location, with third orchard served as control. Delta and McPhail traps supplied with pheromone were used to monitor Medfly population density in treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity and presence in citrus orchards started during the first week of October coincide with the beginning of fruits ripening. The result indicated that Medfly population density in Wasit orchards was more than that of Baghdad orchards. The total trapped insects after two weeks of Ceranock were 59, 94, 142 and 205, 277, 765 adults for the firsst, second and the control orchards in the two locations, respectively. The percentage of fruit injuries were increased dramatically when fruits mature and its color turn to yellowish reaching of 35%, 56%, 21% and 32% in mandarin and orange fruits in Baghdad and Wasit orchards, respectively, compared with 3%, 4%, 4% and 5% in treated orchards, respectively. Calculated percentage of fruit damage indicated that reduction in injuries were 97% in mandarin and 96% in orange at Baghdad orchards and were 95% and 96%, respectively, in Wasit orchards. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in citrus orchards.

Activity of Insect Fauna during the Night in the Pa Orchards of Central Iraq

The study was carried out at three palm orchards, each of 2.5 hectare in AI-Madain palm orchards （30 km, South Baghdad） contains the palm varieties （Prem, Osta omran, Zahdi, Berhee, Khadrawi, Khastawi, Oueedi and Tebarzel） in 2010 season aiming to determine the population density of palm borers and to know other insect occurring in date palm orchards. Three light traps with solar energy （Magna Traps with lamps of 320-420 nm wavelength are produced by Russell IPM） were used as one trap in each orchard. The number of fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans and frond borer, Phonapate frontalis adults were calculated per week in each trap aiming to determine the population density of adults in the three orchards under this study. Results of using light traps （Magna Traps） indicated that the number of O. elegans adults catch per trap during the period from April to December 2010 were 254, 217 and 240 adult/trap in orchards No. l, 2 and 3, respectively, the higher population densities were 87,79 and 81 adult/trap per month, respectively reported in July. Also, the study indicated that the population density of frond borer, Phonapatefrontalis catch per trap during the period from April to December 2010 were 34, 58 and 54 adult/trap for orchards No. 1, 2 and 3, respectively, the higher population densities were 10, 21 and 15 adult/trap per month, respectively reported in June. Many insect groups were caught in light traps, the insect fauna composed of nineteen insect groups, 12 are coleoptera, 1 hemiptera, 1 hymenoptera, 1 homoptera, 2 dermaptera, and 2 orthoptera, the numbers of this insect were recorded per month a year round in palm orchards.

Potential Effects of Global Change to Urban Vegetation： Vulnerability and Adaptations

An urban area is a space with high population density which develops new, major and complex structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. In order to develop these structures and maintain population and its activity, the metabolism of urban areas needs a lot of external sources of energy and nutrients （water, food, materials...）, which produces heat waste, garbage, sewage and pollution which are some of the major problems for urban sites, and the related areas from it. This metabolism promotes major environmental changes in the urban areas, which promote stress on vegetation used in gardening. The main environmental factors that affect vegetation in urban areas are the same that have been defined in literature from long time ago, but now they are acting as the sum of complementary and synergic effects of these classical stresses at the same moment, in the same place, which happen due to the incredibly amount of energy that we place in the systems. This is called global change. Ecophysiological studies can provide objective information to be used as a tool to improve the vegetation management in urban areas from design to process, and consequently avoiding the potential vulnerabilities associated with global change. Present paper tries to show several examples about the plant response, measurement tools and vulnerabilities and adaptations to global change under urban conditions. It can be concluded that the large availability of vegetal material and the great technical development can be highlighted as strong points of gardening and urban landscaping while, as weak points, it could be mentioned the changing taste of consumers, which can force the introduction of new vegetal material with no time for adaptation, Urban gardening and landscaping can be considered to be exposed to global change, but in our opinion it is necessary to carry out more studies to determine the real degree of vulnerability of this activity to this complex kind of stress.

Relationships Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Soil Fertility Factors in Citrus Orchards Along an Altitudinal Gradient

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) symbionts are able to greatly affect soil fertility. However, the relationships between AM symbiosis development levels and citrus mycorrhizosphere soil fertility remain weakly known in field. In our study, AM colonization, spore density, hyphal length density, and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP) content in citrus(Robertson naval orange grafted on Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchards along an altitudinal gradient were investigated seasonally in southern China. The results showed that AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae fluctuated significantly in different seasons and altitudes. The highest AM colonization(83.03%) was observed in orchards at 200 m above sea level in summer, spore density(16.8 spores g-1soil) in orchards at 400 m in autumn, and hyphal length density(2.36 m g-1soil) in orchards at 600 m orchards in summer; while the lowest values(43.60%, 2.7 spores g-1soil and 0.52 m g-1soil of AM colonization, spore density, and hyphal length density, respectively) were all observed in orchards at 800 m in winter. Correlation analyses demonstrated that the soil properties such as soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, and p H were significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with either citrus total AM colonization or the abundances of spore and hyphae. GRSP was significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with soil organic matter and p H.Redundancy analysis supported that soil environmental factors such as altitude, GRSP, soil organic matter, and alkali-hydrolyzable N severely(Monte Carlo permutation tests, P = 0.002) influenced AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae in citrus orchards. Our data demonstrated that soil environmental factors are vital in determining AM symbiosis development in citrus orchards.