德国莱默尔E+L:智控系统助力行业绿色发展

德国莱默尔E+L公司以纺织业起家,始终致力于纺织、印刷薄膜、橡胶、轮胎、瓦楞纸、造纸等行业的纠偏导正及检测技术的研究,已成为全球这些领域的领导者。今年该公司在迎来了百年诞辰,步入名副其实的'百年企业'行列。相较于其他领域的技术,莱默尔E+L在纺织领域的产品技术是最具特点的。其拥有自主知识产权的创新产品技术受到了远信工业、立信门富士、互太(番禺)纺织、广东溢达、宁波申洲等众多行业优秀企业的认可。

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea(SCS) with the Pacific.The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation,heat and water budgets of the SCS.Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial.On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120° E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006,the characteristics of temperature,salinity and density distributions are analyzed.The velocity and volume transport through the Luzon Strait are calculated using the method of dynamic calculation.The major observed results show that water exchanges are mainly from the Pacific to the South China Sea in the upper layer,and the flow is relatively weak and eastward in the deeper layer.The net volume transport of the Luzon Strait during the observation period is westward,amounts to about 3.25 Sv.This result is consistent with historical observations.

Comparison of two methods for assessing leakage radiation dose around the head of the medical linear accelerators

Objective:The aim of this study was to measure the leakage by two methods with ion chamber and ready packs film,and to investigate the feasibility and the advantages of using two dosimetry methods for assessing leakage radiation around the head of the linear accelerators.Methods:Measurements were performed using a 30 cm3ion chamber;the gantry at 0°,the X-ray head at 0°,the field size at between the central axis and a plane surface at a FSD of 100 as a reference,a series of concentric circles having radii of 50,75,and 100 cm with their common centre at the reference point.The absorbed dose was measured at the reference point,and this would be used as the reference dose.With the diaphragm closed,the measurements were taken along the circumference of the three circles and at 45°intervals.Results:Leakage radiations while the treatment head was in the vertical position varied between 0.016%–0.04%.With the head lying horizontally,leakage radiation was the same order magnitude and varied between 0.02%–0.07%.In the second method,the verification was accomplished by closing the collimator jaws and covering the head of the treatment unit with the ready pack films.The films were marked to permit the determination of their positions on the machine after exposed and processed.With the diaphragm closed,and the ready packs films around the linear accelerator the beam turned on for 2500 cGy(2500 MU).The optical density of these films was measured and compared with this of the reference dose.Leakage radiation varied according to the film positions and the magnitude of leakage was between 0.005%–0.075%.Conclusion:The differences between the values of the leakage radiation levels observed at different measurement points do not only reflect differences in the effective shielding thickness of the head wall,but are also related to differences in the distances between the target and the measurement points.The experimental errors involved in dosimetric measurement also contribute to such differences.

Influence of Atmospheric Refraction on Horizontal Angle Surveying

Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.

Choice of reference surfaces for machined surface roughness in milling of SiC_p/Al composites

In order to choose the appropriate reference surface on the machined surface roughness of Si Cp/Al composites, the cutting experiments of Si Cp/Al composites were carried out, and the machined surface topography was measured by OLS3000 Confocal laser scanning microscope. The 3D measured data of machined surface topography were analyzed by the area power spectrum density. The result shows that the texture of machined surface topography in milling of Si Cp/Al composites is almost isotropic. This is the reason that the values of Rq at different locations on the same machined surface are obviously different. Through the comparison of performance of different filtering methods, the robust least squares reference surface can be used to extract the surface roughness of SiC p/Al composites effectively.

Secure Direct Communication Using Ensembles with the Same Compressed Density Matrix

In this paper, a quantum secure direct communication protocol using ensembles with the same density matrix is proposed. The two communication parties can realize the message transmission using this method through a quantum channel, each bit of information can be transmitted using an ensemble and read out through global measurement. The eavesdropping behavior can be detected through the channel diagnoses.

Ultrasonic echo denoising in liquid density measurement based on improved variational mode decomposition

The ultrasonic echo in liquid density measurement often suffers noise,which makes it difficult to obtain the useful echo waveform,resulting in low accuracy of density measurement.A denoising method based on improved variational mode decomposition(VMD)for noise echo signals is proposed.The number of decomposition layers of the traditional VMD is hard to determine,therefore,the center frequency similarity factor is firstly constructed and used as the judgment criterion to select the number of VMD decomposition layers adaptively;Secondly,VMD algorithm is used to decompose the echo signal into several modal components with a single modal component,and the useful echo components are extracted based on the features of the ultrasonic emission signal;Finally,the liquid density is calculated by extracting the amplitude and time of the echo from the modal components.The simulation results show that using the improved VMD to decompose the echo signal not only can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal to 20.64 dB,but also can accurately obtain the echo information such as time and amplitude.Compared with the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD),this method effectively suppresses the modal aliasing,keeps the details of the signal to the maximum extent while suppressing noise,and improves the accuracy of the liquid density measurement.The density measurement accuracy can reach 0.21%of full scale.

Analytical Model for Calculating Trapped Charge in a－Si：H and Its Relative Error Analysis

Using a Taylor series expansion for the Fermi-Dirac occupation function,an accurate analytical model is developed for calculating the trapped-charge density in a-Si: H considering deep and tail states simultaneously without simplification.This is followed by the investigation of the relative errors of the localized trapped charge density in a-Si:H at all temperatures as a function of the quasi-Fermi level in the band gap calculated from three published analytical models and our above model. The results suggest that the relative errors of all these models increase notably as Efn is very closed to Ec(e.g.,-0.01 eV< Efn-Ec).It is also noticed that the relative errors of all above models become larger normally the greater is the value of temperature.A detailed analysis indicates that each model has its own applicability with various temperatures and various positions of the Fermi level.

The Upper Mixed Layer during Coastal Upwelling Events on the Northern Portugal Shelf

The upper mixed layer (UML) depth obtained from temperature is very close to that from density:the maximum is about 15m. This indicates that temperature is a good indicator of mixed layer during measurements. When the surface heat flux is balanced by a cross-shore heat flux, the surface mixed layer depth obtained from the WM model (Weatherly and Martin, 1978),hPRT, is roughly the same as observed. The mixed layer depth calculated from the PWP model (Price, Weller and Pinkel, 1986) is close to the depth obtained from thermistor chain temperature data. The results show that both the WM model and PWP model can provide a good estimate of stratification in the study area during the cruise. The value of log( h/u3) is about 9.5 in the study area, which shows that the study area is strongly stratified in summer. Observations on the northern Portugal shelf reveal high variability in stability, giving rise to semi-diurnal, semi-monthly and diurnal oscillations, and long term variations. The fortnightly oscillations are highlighted by post-springs and post-neaps. The stirring of spring tide is reinforced by strong wind mixing which brings about complete vertical homogeneity everywhere. The semi-diurnal periodic stratification is very pronounced because the major axis of the tidal ellipse is orientated acrossshore, even though the tidal current is weak in this area, the maximum stratification is observed around the middle of ebb, and, the water at this time is much warmer. The diurnal oscillation results from the upper ocean response to heating and wind mixing when solar heating warms and stabilizes the upper ocean. There is a clear relationship between upper mixed layer depth and wind-stress magnitude at subtidal frequencies. Stronger winds result in a deeper surface mixed layer. Typically, the surface mixed layer depth lags the wind stress by 6 -12 h.

Formal Difference Analysis and Unification on p-Norm Distribution Density Functions

The cause of the formal difference of p-norm distribution density functions is analyzed, two problems in the deduction of p-norm formulating are improved, and it is proved that two different forms of p-norm distribution density functions are equivalent. This work is useful for popularization and application of the p-norm theory to surveying and mapping.

Thick Domain Walls in Lyra Geometry with Bulk Viscosity

In this paper, we evaluate the general solutions for plane-symmetric thick domain walls in Lyra geometry in presence of bulk viscous fluid. Expressions for the energy density and pressure of domain walls are derived in both cases of uniform and time varying displacement field β. Some physical consequences of the models are also given. Finally, the geodesic equations and acceleration of the test particle are discussed.

Relationship between joint development in rock and coal seams in the southeastern margin of the Ordos basin

To predict joint development characteristics of coal seams, joint characteristics of rock seams from 88field stations were observed and comparisons were made between joint characteristics of coal and rock seams at 10 coal outcrops. Additionally, detailed joint measurements of underground coal seams were taken at two coal mines. This study investigated the effects of seam thickness, lithology, and structure on joint development and established the relationship between joint development of coal and rock seams, which allowed predictions of predominant joint densities for the No.5 coal seam in the southeastern margin of the Ordos basin. The results show that outcrop and underground coal seams exhibit the same joint systems as rock seams. The joints are mainly upright. Predominant joints strike 55° on average, followed by joints striking 320°. The joint density of the coal seam is 18.7–22.5 times that of the sandstone seam at the same thickness. The predominant joint density of the No.5 coal seam, controlled by the structure, is 4–20 joints per meter. Joint densities exhibit high values at intersecting areas of faults and folds and decrease values in structurally stable areas. The permeability increases exponentially with increasing density of the predominant joints.

Limnological instrumentation in the middle of the 19^(th) century:the first temperature and density profiles measured in the Dead Sea

The first modem survey of the Dead Sea was performed by the Geological Survey of Israel in 1959-1960, and the report published remains the baseline study for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the lake. At the time the Dead Sea was a meromictic lake with a strong salinity gradient separating the deep waters （〉40 m depth） from the less saline surface waters. A few results of analyses of deeper water samples collected in the 1930s were reported, but overall we have very little information about the structure of the lake＇s water column before the 1959-1960 survey. However, it is little known that data on the physical and the chemical structure of the Dead Sea water column were obtained already in the middle of the 19~ century, and the information collected then is highly relevant for the reconstruction of the limnological properties of the lake in earlier times. The expedition of Lieutenant William Lynch （U.S. Navy） in 1848 reported the presence of a temperature minimum at a depth of-18 m, and also retrieved a water sample collected close to the bottom for chemical analysis. In 1864, the French Dead Sea exploration by the Duc de Luynes and his crew yielded detailed density and salinity profiles for a number of sampling stations. The results of these pioneering studies are discussed here, as well as the sampling equipment and measuring instruments used by the 1848 and the 1864 expeditions.

Impact of Mechanical Aeration on the Soil Resistance to Penetration and Density of Grassy Sward

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of mechanical perforation of a golf course grassy sward, subject to maintenance machinery traffic and golf players trampling on its compaction and density. The evolution of soil compaction state after aeration was also conducted in four stages of measurement. This operation aims to improve the structure and soil texture, which is also called ＂perforation＂ or ＂coring＂. The taken cores leaving on the soil holes of adjustable depth and density （350 holes/mE） are made with an aerator machine called Vertidrain. Soil resistance to penetration and density were determined at the initial state before aeration as well as 10, 20, and 30 days after aeration. Compared to the initial state, the results show that mechanical aeration greatly affects the grassy sward ground by reducing its resistance to penetration as 35% and 43% decrease in penetration resistance were noticed at 5 cm depth l0 and 20 days after aeration, respectively. Also, resistance to penetration decreased by 41% and 48% at 15 cm depth during the same two periods of time with a relatively constant moisture content. However, soil resistance to penetration at 5 and 15 cm depths only decreased by 21% and 26%, respectively. Regarding the soil density measured after aeration, a significant improvement at the 1% level with the method of variance analysis was observed compared to that at the initial state （e.g. 1.33 g·cm^-3） Indeed, the density was 1.29, 1.26 and 1.30 gcm^-3 10, 20 and 30 days after aeration, respectively.

Advanced approaches to high precision MEMS metrology based on interferometric,confocal,and tactile techniques

Geometrical features of micro-systems can be determined by either tactile or optical profiling techniques, which show different non-linear transfer characteristics. This has to be considered especially, if the instruments operate close to their physical limitations. Depending on the specific measuring task either point-wise or areal optical measurement may be advantageous. Hence, examples for both approaches are discussed. Furthermore, systematic effects, which are related to the measuring principle have to be taken into account, e.g. if sharp edges or slopes are present on the measuring object. As it is shown, for white-light interferometry these difficulties can be solved by a two-wavelength technique.

Fine Measurements and Analysis of Temperature Gradients in the Wells of the Jinsha River Groundwater Observational Network

Fine measurements have been conducted to temperatures and their gradients of six wells of the Jinsha River Groundwater Observational Network.The results show that the influence depths of sun radiation heat are 50m to 125m,average temperature gradients in the wells range from 0.11 to 2.81℃/hm and most are 1～2℃/hm,and the temperature gradients on varied depth sections of one well are highly changeable.Lithology of strata and their integrity,particularly high-angle crashed fault zones,have imposed major effects on the influence depths of sun radiation heat and temperature gradients of the wells.The micro dynamic characteristics of water temperature,such as coseismic effects,tidal effects and anomalies of the wells prior to earthquakes,probably depend,to a large degree,on the temperature gradients of the depths at which the water temperature sensors are settled.

Measurement of Moisture Inside the Hermetic Package of Semiconductor Device

The mositure content inside the hermetic package of semiconductor device has been quantitatively measured by using in-site sensor technique and computer-aided-test system.The principle and apparatus for measurement are introduced.The results show good repeatability and consistency.This technology can be used as a standard test for controlling the moisture content within semiconductor device package.

Application of High-Density Seismic Image in Nondestructive Exploration of Cut-off Cement-Soil Wall in Earth Dam

In order to quickly explore the quality of cut-off wall in dams, a new method of high-density seismic image was adopted and estimated by model and in-situ wall tests.The vibration exciter was employed and several parameters such as hypocentral distance, length of signal record and sampling space in signal collection were determined, which are 8 m, 0.25 ms and 128 ms respectively. Through time and frequency field signal analyses, it is concluded that, the smaller arrival times of reflected longitudinal and surface waves, and the higher their main frequencies, the higher the strength of the wall, vice versa. Accordingly the construction quality of the wall can be evaluated quickly by high-density seismic image.

Rehabilitation Soils with Date Palm Mulching Treatments

Kuwait is located in hyper arid desert environment. This geographical location and irrational human activities accelerate the expansion of land degradation problem. In order to rehabilitate the degraded areas it is necessary to use soil and water resources in sustainable manner. Owing to these reasons it is essential to use appropriate methods based on the scientific diagnostics of the problem. It is compulsory to identify, specify and test different efficient, cost-effective and environment friendly sound sustainable sand control measures such as, semi-circular bunds, square micro catchment and checker board palm leaves to rehabilitate degraded lands in Liyah refilled quarries. To evaluate the impact of rehabilitation method through mulching with date palm leaves soil samples were collected （control and rehabilitation sites with square micro catchment） prior to the implementation plan and post completion of the project （three years）. In this study will be highlighted on detail the results of using square micro catchment and with short brief descriptions on other water harvesting techniques. The results showed an improvement of physical soil properties after the application of these techniques. Soil fertility increased through increasing the quantity of fine and very fine sand. The soil moisture at the surface soil increased from 0.085% to 1.62% after the treatment. The untreated soil has high bulk density about 2 g/cm3 and low porosity about 27%. However, after the soil was ploughed and mulched the bulk density decreased to 0.03 g/cm3. And porosity improved 98%. This study conserved the irrigation water through reducing the proportion of soil evaporation, in addition to the creation of optimum condition for plant growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using organic mulch date palm leaves with water harvesting techniques on the physical and biological properties of degraded soil in Liyah area.

Experimental Confirmation on the Calibration Curves for Preston＇s Method

The Preston＇s method is considered as one of the most commonly employed methods to measure the wall shear stress. However, it is only possible to determine the wall shear stress from measured pressure differences of the Preston tube and undisturbed static pressure, combined with calibration curves, which depend on the Preston tube diameter, fluid density, and viscosity. Since its invention, no significant advancement in theory has been made, and calibration curves proposed by Preston, Patel and Bechert are still in use. In the present study, a need to measure surface shear stress over a circular cylinder prompted us to develop our original Preston tube system. The developed system has been calibrated by measuring the wall shear stress in the fully developed turbulent flow regime in a circular pipe. The present results generally confirm the previously reported calibration curves. A slight modification of the coefficients in the calibration equation shows further improvement.