洁净煤反向燃烧热风炉密集烤烟试验

考虑到空气能和生物质燃料尚不能改变目前烤烟燃料以燃煤为主形势,为实现烘烤供热无需人值班、烤房温度精准调控和节能环保,现结合空载试验和密集烤烟试验,对炉内流动传热燃烧过程进行优化,研发了一种洁净煤反向燃烧热风炉。装煤通道和清灰通道合并为进口用外炉门密封的操作通道。静压室侧壁缺口用内炉门堵封。正燃无烟煤放置在煤床顶面中心。排烟温度44～77℃,58～63℃稳温阶段炉内负压最大-8～-2 Pa。反烧炉能预装入800个净煤球,能完成约8天的烘烤燃烧供热任务;烤房温度变化幅度±0.2℃。反烧炉比金属炉相对节能26.4%、节能993 kg标煤/年台、运行费用节省1750元/年台。反烧炉烟气颗粒物、NOx和SO2排放低于《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB 9078—1996)标准。和金属炉相比,反烧炉干烟叶等级结构更优,内在质量略好,外观质量相当,糖碱比更合理、化学成分更协调。研究证实了反烧炉应用于密集烘烤工艺的可行性,为金属炉技术升级改造提供新方案。

Changes of Granule Structure and Enzyme Hydrolysability of Starch in Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves During Bulk Flue-curing

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the changes of granule struc- ture, characteristic and related enzymatic activity of starch in upper flue-cured tobac- co leaves during bulk flue-curing process, to provide theoretical basis for reasonably regulating the starch content in upper flue-cured tobacco leaves and improving the quality of upper flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Changes of amylase activity, enzyme hydrolysability and granule structure of starch in upper flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied during flue-curing process using conventional physical and chemical analysis and SEM. [Result] During the flue-curing process, the starch con- tent of tobacco leaves changed greatly at yellowing stage, and the activity of amy- lase presented the double-peak curve. The SEM observation results showed that most of the starch granules in fresh tobacco leaves were spheroidal and long cylin- drical, while some individuals were in irregular shape, with obvious groove-like in- vagination and layered structure on granule surface; during the flue-curing process, a large amount of starch granules showed layered structure on the surface at yellow- ing stage, and the long cylindrical starch granules were reduced greatly; at the end of flue-curing, there were barely any long cylindrical starch granule in flue-cured to- bacco leaves. Average long-axis-diameter of starch granules in fresh tobacco leaves was 3.21 μm, showing an overall gradually increasing trend during the flue-curing process, which was significantly enhanced at 38 and 42 ℃. The diameter of starch granules increased by more than 60% at the end of 42 ℃ and there was no re- markable difference after 47 ℃. During the flue-curing process, enzyme hydrolysabil- ity of starch in flue-cured tobacco leaves first increased, reached a peak at 38 ~C, and then decreased. [Conclusion] During the bulk flue-curing, the yellowing stage is the critical period for starch content, granule structure and characteristic changes of flue-cured tobacco leaves, it is of positive effects to improve the quality of upper flue-cured tobacco leaves by regulating the flue-curing conditions at yellowing stage.

洁净型煤反向燃烧供热装置

针对空气能热泵烤房和生物质成型燃料烤房初始投资高和烘烤能源成本高,金属炉和隧道炉正向燃烧能耗高和污染环境等问题,研发一种全部助燃空气均匀流过煤床且煤床顶面中心烟煤点火的洁净煤反向燃烧热风炉。反烧炉包括H 1.5m×Φ(0.9~1.1m)且呈桶状炉腹,炉腹侧壁开设W 0.56m×H1.5m操作口,通过操作口炉腹内腔和操作通道连通,炉条以下操作口为清灰口,清灰口用内炉门堵塞,操作通道右端口用外炉门密封,一次性预装约950个蜂窝煤球,能低成本地实现精准烘烤燃烧供热,无助燃风机烧损事故。2016—2017年30炉次烘烤试验证实反烧炉配套密集烘烤使用可行性。为"三高"燃煤热风炉更新提供新方案。

A Preliminary Study on Intensive Curing with Alcohol-based Fuels

The research investigated application effects of alcohol-based fuels in in- tensive curing. The results showed that alcohol-based fuels allow flexible adjustment of temperature and heat supplying. What＇s more, in treatment A, the cured tobac- cos are softer and brighter, with more oil content and higher proportion of first-class tobaccos. Per leaf weight increased by 0.13 g and output value per kang （a heat- able brick bed） deducting energy cost grew by 188.66 yuan. In addition, the con- tents of reducing sugar and potassium enhanced within the ranges of high-quality tobacco, and chemical components are more coordinated.

Study on Loading Leaves Density with Cage Clamp on Quality of Cured Tobaccos in Bulk-Curing Barn

In order to determine the best loading density of tobacco leaf with cage clamp in bulk-curing barns, a curing test was conducted on middle-part tobacco leaves. The results showed that for good appearance quality of cured tobacco, the loading density at 59.52 kg/m2 （4 000 kg/barn） was the best, fol owed by 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn） and 74.40 kg/m2 （5 000 kg/barn）. As leaf loading density increased, the contents of leaf nicotine and total nitrogen increased, sugar content had smal changes, the ratio of sugar to nicotine decreased and tended to be balanced and the content of neutral aroma substances was decreasing, but the difference among treatments was not significant. With the increase of loading density, the sensory quality of cured leaf was better. When leaf loading density was 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn）, apperance quality of cured leaf improved considerably, with prominent aro-ma. Therefore, the best loading density of tobacco leaf in cage clamp of bulk-curing barn would be 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn） .

一种散叶烘烤集装箱的研制与应用

烤烟的散叶烘烤具有操作便捷、劳动强底低等优点,但存在不能充分发挥密集烤房作用的缺点,为此,设计了一种烟叶堆放式散叶烘烤用集装箱装烟装置。该装置装烟量大、操作方便,能减轻劳动强度,提高生产效率,节能降耗,发挥出了密集烤房的最大作用。介绍了装置的结构特点、制作工艺,讨论了装置在实际应用中的优缺点,提出了改进设想。

Study on Curing Effect and the Waste Heat Recovering Equipment Design of Flue Gas of Bulk Curing Barn

In order to realize tobacco curing with energy saving and emission reduc- ing and lower cost, the waste heat recovering equipment was designed and built on blowing-upward type bulk curing barn. The comparative experiment of tobacco leaf curing was conducted between a bulk curing barn with waste heat of flue gas and conventional bulk curing barn. The results showed that the effect of saving coal in bulk curing barn with waste heat of flue gas was obvious than the contrast. The coal consumption quantity was 1.531 kg per kg of dry tobacco leaf. The saving coal in bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas was 0.181 kg per kg of dry tobacco leaf than the contrast and saving coal rate was 10.57%. The electricity consumption quantity was 0.593 kWh per kg of dry tobacco leaf. The saving elec- tricity quantity in bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas was 0.022 kWh/kg and the saving electricity rate was 3.58% than the contrast. The saving curing cost was 0.158 yuan per kg of dry tobacco leaf and saving cost rate 9.09% in bulk cur- ing barn with use waste heat of flue gas than the contrast. The appearance quality, grade structure and primary chemical composition had no significant difference be- tween bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas and the contrast.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Barns on Aroma Quality of Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves of K326

[Objective] This study was conducted to compare the aroma quality of up-per leaves of K326 flue-cured in different barns, and provide theoretical references for the development and optimization of bulk curing barn and the supporting tech-niques. [Method] The upper leaves of K326 were flue-cured in a commonness barn, a four-shelf bulk curing barn and a three-shelf bulk curing barn separately, and then the contents of aroma components and taste quality indices of the finished leaves were measured and compared. [Result] The contents of total aroma components, chromoplast pigment degradation products, phenylalanine aroma components and neophytadiene showed no significant differences in the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn and commonness barn, but were significantly or very significantly higher than those in the leaves flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn. The con-tents of carotenoid degradation products, Mail ard reaction products, cembranes aro-ma components and total aroma components （except neophytadiene） showed no significant difference among the three treatments. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that the sensory taste of the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn was the best, as the finished leaves had rich, delicate aroma, comfortable and clean aftertaste. The leaves flue-cured in commonness barn was better than those flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn in aroma quality, amount and aftertaste. [Conclusion] The four-shelf bulk curing barn had a large volume for tobacco leaf processing, but a similar baking environment to the commonness barn, which is conducive to the formation and accumulation of aroma components, so the finished leaves had similar appearance and quality with those flue-cured in commonness barn. The upper flue-cured leaves in three-shelf bulk curing bran had poorer quality than those flue-cured in the other two barns.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Baking under Different Tobacco Loading Patterns

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the baking cost and benefit under different tobacco loading patterns, and to further explore labor-and cost-saving measures for modern tobacco agriculture. [Method] The cost and benefit of baking under three different tobacco loading patterns in a bulk curing barn were analyzed from the perspectives of baking equipment cost, labor cost, energy consumption and comprehensive income. The upper, middle and lower tobacco leaves were detected. [Result] Compared with conventional loading pattern, loose-leaf stacking and needle- style tobacco clip loading patterns significantly reduced the labor costs and energy costs during tobacco curing. The comprehensive benefits of tobacco clip and looseleaf stacking loading patterns were higher than that of conventional loading pattern, and the benefits of dry tobacco was improved by 0.67 and 1.07 yuan/kg, respec- tively. The benefit of loose-leaf stacking loading pattern was higher than that of to bacco clip loading pattern, [Conclusion] Among the three loading patterns, the loading pattern of loose-leaf stacking is most worthy of popularization and application.

空气源热泵烤烟房温度波动特性实验研究

针对空气源热泵烤烟房有效烘烤加热时间短,烘烤温度波动大等问题,进行空气源热泵烤烟房温度波动特性实验研究,分析影响空气源热泵烤烟房温度波动的有关因素。实验表明:有PLC通电自检比无PLC通电自检的温度波动最低值低1.7℃;热泵开机延时30 s比热泵开机延时15 s的温度波动最低值低0.9℃;无电辅热比有12 kW电辅热的温度波动最低值低0.4℃;热泵烤烟房存在15~30 s的热泵过渡时间,热泵过渡时间越小,热泵烤烟房温度波动越小;在无PLC通电自检,热泵开机延时0 s,有12 kW电辅热工况下,热泵烤烟房有效烘烤加热效率在58℃取得极小值;烤烟控制器控温精度只影响热泵烤烟房温度波动的振幅。