富营,想说就说

“我喜欢‘会而议之’的说法!我喜欢‘只有参与者,没有旁观者’的宗旨。”

富碲马营矿[Ir(Te,Bi)_2]──马营矿的新变种

富碲马营矿产在纯橄榄岩铬矿体中。在铝矿石及矿体附近的砂矿中均可找到。呈粒状自形结构，直径0．01～0．15mm。与硫铱矿（IrS2）、双峰矿、高台矿、马营矿及（Fe，Ni）9Cu3Ir6S20等紧密共生。有的呈脉状，宽0．1～0．2mm，长1．2mm。金属光泽。不透明，钢灰色，粉末黑色。HM＝3．7。VHN50＝161kg／mm2（范围132～215kg／mm2）。无解理。无断口。性脆。计算密度为12．2g／cm3。反射色亮白带淡黄色调，内反射无，均质性，双反射与反射多色性无。5个电子探针分析数据平均为（％）：Cu0．3，Te32．9，Ir34．7，Pt2．7，Bi28．2，总量98．9。实验式根据原子数3计算为：（Ir(0．92)Pt(0．92)Cu(0．01)）；(1．00)Bi(0．68)Te(1．31)。简化后的理论式为Ir（Te，Bi）2，而（Ir：Bi：Te＝3：2：4）。6条富碲马营矿是强X射线衍射hki、d、I为：210，2．89（60）；311，1．95（100）；511，1．246（70）；520，1．204（60）；440，1．145（60）；533，0．9891（60）。根据X射线粉晶指标化求得马营矿为等轴晶系，空间群：Pa3，a＝0．6486（4）um，V＝0．2729nm3，Z＝4。富碲马营矿是本文作者对马营矿研究的继续与补充。

天津于桥水库主要环境问题及其防治对策

于桥水库是引滦入津工程重要调蓄水库,也是天津市人民生活饮用水和工农业生产用水的水源地。近10多年来,于桥水库流域和湖周的社会经济发展迅速,入库污染负荷急剧增加,水库水质也随之恶化。目前水库已处于重富营养状态,水质达Ⅴ类。运用控源和生态修复相结合的湖泊富营养化控制理论开展总体设计,提出了于桥水库污染综合治理的工程方案和对策。

王家厂水库水质理化特性及渔业评价

自2005年6-11月份与2006年3-12月份对王家厂水库的水质理化特性的变化进行了测定,并进行相应的渔业评价,结果表明:一、王家厂湖水清澈,透明度较高在101cm,溶解氧丰富,水呈弱碱性;二、水体中主要营养元素氮含量较高,磷偏低,氮磷比为76:1,明显缺磷;综合所有数据,可以发现,湖水的理化性质都比较好,能够进行良好的渔业发展,但是水体中各项营养指标显示王家厂水库已达到富营养化类型,为保持渔业的可持续发展,重点解决水体的富营养化问题已迫在眼前.

Study on the Changes of Physiological Indexes of Water Spinach in Eutrophication Water

[Objective] Effect of hypoxic water culture on physiological characteristic of water spinach and its hypoxia tolerance were studied.[Method] Water spinach was planted in soil and eutrophication water by means of floating bed,respectively,and the change of physiological indexes including chlorophyll,proline（Pro）,malondialdehyde（MDA）,soluble sugar and soluble protein in water spinach leaves at mature stage was researched,while the hypoxia tolerance of water spinach and the effect of plant density on water spinach growth were discussed in our paper.[Result] In the hypoxic eutrophication water,the content of total chlorophyll,malondialdehyde,soluble sugar and soluble protein in water spinach leaves was lower than that of soil culture,with higher proline content,which showed that water spinach had better tolerance to hypoxic eutrophication water;the higher the plant density,the lower the chlorophyll content in water spinach leaves,and there was no significant effect of plant density on proline and malondialdehyde content,while soluble protein content was higher under high plant density.[Conclusion] The best plant density of water spinach was 66 plants per floating bed with the area of 2 m2,which could provide theoretical basis for the application of water spinach in floating bed.

Preliminary Discussion on the Sea Water Quality Status in the 2008 Olympics Boat-sailing Field and Adjacent Area

A cruise of survey in the 2008 Olympics boat-sailing field and adjacent area was carried out on August 28^th, 2003. Preliminarily analysis on the eutrophication status was made on the basis of the content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）, dissolved inorganic phosphate （PO4-P）, dissolved oxygen（DO） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） as well. The results indicated that in most of the survey area, water quality was in accordance with the 1^st class National Seawater Standard except the average concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon which was beyond the 2^nd class National Seawater Standard. The concentrations of PO4-P as well as DIN were mainly influenced by the runoff or drainage from lands, with a comparatively higher concentration in the coastal areas from the Fushan Bay to the Shilaoren bathing beach. The distribution of eutrophication index （El） showed that part of the survey area was in a state of slight eutrophication The eutrophication was mostly influenced by the land runoff or drainage and related factors. The sea water quality of the Olympic boat-sailing field was fine and just slightly polluted on the whole.

Analysis on Aquatic Environment of an Artificial Lake and Control Measures to Its Pollution

[Objective] This study aimed to find out effective measures to solve land- scape water eutrophication. [Method] Based on an overview of the urban landscape water characteristics and pollution control situation, taking an example of the artificial lakes in a campus in Xi＇an, we comparatively analyzed the present pollution situation of Xiuyuan Lake and Mingyuan Lake, and provided controlling measures against eutrophication pollution, as well as restoration measures. [Result] All the indicators （TN, TP, Chl-a, NH3-N, CODMn） of the landscape water quality in both Xiuyuan Lake and Mingyuan Lake went severely beyond the Grade IV standards, presenting a state of heavy eutrophication. Nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrient salts carried by atmospheric precipitation and its runoff, as well as domestic garbage generated by human activities were primary exogenous pollutants of the artificial lakes. And the release of sediment pollutants was endogenous substances causing deterioration of water quality. [Conclusion] This paper presents some measures to control the pollution of artificial lakes, and provides scientific references for the construction, operation and management of artificial lakes, as well as maintenance of aquatic environment.

Controlling effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands in Taihu Lake area, China

Taihu Lake area is one of the most developed areas in agricultural production. Application of fertilizers and pesticides in large quantities greatly aggravate environmental pollution of this area, and water pollution has worsened to an unbearable condition. Two sampling farms (respectively 1 hm2) under rape-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation were selected as studied ecosystem and a 5-yr-old Poplar forest and 8-yr-old Metasequoia forest were chosen in the selected areas. By collecting samples of Nitrogen, Phosphorus in water, crops and underground of forest, the transfer and loss of N and P (main water pollutants) in faming ecosystem were studied, and the effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands was analyzed. The results indicated that the transfer and loss of N and P vary with means of rotation, types of crops and the amount of fertilizer application. Buffering forest belts betweens farmlands and ditches can effectively stop and purify such elements as N and P in soil runoffs, thus controlling non-point source pollution of agricultural lands. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 100 to 40, 50.05% losing N, 29.37% losing P can be absorbed by forest under rape-rice rotation and 30.98% N, 86.73% P can be absorbed by forest under wheat-rice rotation. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 150 to 40, 33.37% losing N, 19.58% losing P can be absorbed by the forest under rape-rice rotation, and under wheat-rice rotation 20.65% lost N and 57.82% lost P can be absorbed. There is only some purification effect when the width ration of farmland to forest belt is 200 to 40. Based on model of buffering forest belts, the width ratio of farmland to forest is determined between 100 to 40 and 150 to 40, because it not only can purify water, but also occupy less farmland. It is suggested that Poplars, with the characteristics of fast-growing and high value, are suitable to be planted as shelter-forest in Taihu Lake Watershed.

Lake Eutrophic Evaluation Based on Bee Immune Evolutionary Algorithm

In order to establish the lake eutrophic evaluation model for multiple indices,based on the gauge transformation,an index formula in the form of a logarithmic power function was proposed to design an eutrophic evaluation model for the ＂ normalized values＂ of multi-indexes.The parameters in the formula were also optimized by bee immune evolutionary algorithm（BEIEA）.The universal index formula was suitable to multiindices items for eutrophic evaluation.At the same time,the formula was applied to practical eutrophic evaluations in 10 regions of Dong Lake.The evaluation results were coincident with those obtained from the power function of weighted sums and also with actual conditions.It was shown that the bee immune evolutionary algorithm was suitable to the parameter optimization in the eutrophic evaluation model.

A Rapid Metagenomic DNA Extraction from Sediments: Potassium Dichromate SDS Method

[Objective] The objective of this study was to report an improved method for rapid DNA extraction from black-order sediments, without any purification step. [Methods] Sediments in eutrophic lake are complex ecosystems and soil microbes involved in anthropogenic nutrient cycling are very important. DNA-based molecular methods offer new tools for characterization of these mixed communities of mi- croorganisms. However, it is very difficult to remove humic substances, heavy met- als that co-existed with genome DNA representing the microbial community directly from these complex systems and can interfere with subsequent genetic analysis. The potassium dichromate solution was firstly used to remove humic substances. [Results] The steps of removing humic substances and DNA extraction were per- formed simultaneously that improved the speed of extraction to approximately 1 hour and the nucleic acids that were obtained with this method did not need to be washed with 70% ethanol and dissolved directly in sterile water for total bacterial 16S rDNA, nosZ gene of denitrifying bacteria, pmoA of methanotrophs, nifH of nitro- gen-fixing bacteria, amoA of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing ar- chaea molecular ecology analyses. [Conclusion] This method could provide a plat- form for preparing a fast sediments DNA extraction.

利用生物操纵技术控制藻类研究进展

近年来,湖泊富营养化日趋严重,湖泊藻类爆发频频发生,本文阐述了经典生物操纵技术和非经典生物操纵技术控制藻类的的原理及其处理方案。

Toxicity Effect of Hg^(2+) and Cr(VI) on Alga Growth in Eutrophic Water

[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga, which was separated from the eutrophic water, were put into the solutions of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） with different concentrations and their mixture solution, respectively. And the toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on the growth and propagation of alga in eutrophic water was observed. [ Result] The alga in eutrophic water performed rather sensitive to Cr（Ⅵ） and when its concentration was over 1 mg/L, threre was obvious effect on alga growth. The alga was not very sensitive to Hg^2＋ when its concentration was lower, but its toxicity became stronger and stronger when its concentration increased to some extent and the toxicity effect of Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth was just on the contrary. When the ion concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ on alga was lower than that of Cr（Ⅵ）. When the concentration was over 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ exceeded that of Cr（Ⅵ）. The toxicity of ion mixture solution of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） had synergism inhibition on alga, which could be performed only when the concentration was over 4 mg/L. [ Conclusion] The toxicity of heavy metal on alga not only related to the alga cell, but also related to the concentration of heavy metal ion.

A Study on Water Pollution and Bioremediation in Hedi Reservoir

Statistical work and analysis were made based on data of monitored wa- ter quality data in Hedi Reservoir during 2000-2010 and the results show that the content of nutritive salt was higher and water was moderate or light eutrophication. Based on status quo and practical survey research of the Reservoir, the causes for eutrophication deterioration were analyzed and countermeasures were proposed, providing scientific references for sustainable development of Hedi Reservoir.

Environmental abundance and microcystin-LR production ability of toxic Microcystis in Nanquan region of Lake Taihu

The variations of environmental abundance and microcystin-LR （MC-LR） production ability of toxic Microcystis in the Nanquan region of Lake Taihu are investigated by real-time quantitative PCR （RTQ-PCR） and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） from May to December in 2009. Simultaneously, degrees of water pollution and eutrophication are monitored. The results indicate that the water quality in the Nanquan region of Lake Taihu is in a moderate degree of pollution and eutrophication. Algal density exceeds the threshold of bloom from May to November. The environmental abundance of toxic Microcystis is more than 40% from May to October and then significantly declines to 5.66% due to the obvious reduction in the water temperature in December. From May to December, the MC-LR production ability of toxic Microcystis ranges from 1.661 to 9.293 μg/108cells. With the significant drops in water temperature and algal density, the MC-LR production ability of toxic Microcystis is obviously increased from November to December. It is concluded that the lake presents Microcystis bloom and the toxic Microcystis becomes dominant during most of the year. The environmental abundance and the MC-LR production ability of toxic Microcystis have a close relationship with water temperature. The effective control of toxic Microcystis should be considered in both the bloom period and the non-bloom period of winter since the MC-LR production ability of toxic Microcystis obviously increases in winter.

Mechanisms and assessment of water eutrophication

Water eutrophication has become a worldwide environmental problem in recent years,and understanding the mechanisms of water eutrophication will help for prevention and remediation of water eutrophication.In this paper,recent advances in current status and major mechanisms of water eutrophication,assessment and evaluation criteria,and the influencing factors were reviewed.Water eutrophication in lakes,reservoirs,estuaries and rivers is widespread all over the world and the severity is increasing,especially in the developing countries like China.The assessment of water eutrophication has been advanced from simple individual parameters like total phosphorus,total nitrogen,etc.,to comprehensive indexes like total nutrient status index.The major influencing factors on water eutrophication include nutrient enrichment,hydrodynamics,environmental factors such as temperature,salinity,carbon dioxide,element balance,etc.,and microbial and biodiversity.The occurrence of water eutrophication is actually a complex function of all the possible influencing factors.The mechanisms of algal blooming are not fully understood and need to be further investigated.

Lake Sediments from Dianchi Lake:A Phosphorus Sink or Source?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.

Chemical Criteria to Assess Risk of Phosphorus Leaching from Urban Soils

Soils from urban and suburban areas are normally enriched with phosphorus (P). Sixteen urban soils with a wide range of total P concentrations under typical urban land uses were sampled and analyzed for extractable P concentrations using water, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Meanwhile the soils were artificially leached in columns and P concentrations in the leachates were determined. With linear regression a two-stage linear relationship was found to exist between concentrations of P in the leachates …

Nutrients distribution and trophic status assessment in the northern Beibu Gulf, China

Using historical and 2010 field data, the distribution of nutrients in the northern Beibu Gulf of China is described. There was a decreasing trend in the concentration of nutrients from the north coast to offshore waters of the northern Beibu Gulf, reflecting the influence of inputs from land-based sources. High concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） and phosphate （PO4-P） occurred mainly at Fangchenggang Bay, Qinzhou Bay, and Lianzhou Bay. Four different methods were used to assess eutrophication. The trophic status of the Beibu Gulf was characterized using the single factor, Eutrophication index （El）, Trophic index （TRIX） and Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status （ASSETS） methods. Based on nutrient concentrations, 73.9% of DIN and 26.7% of PO4-P samples exceeded the fourth grade Seawater Quality Standard of China. Eutrophication index values varied widely, but higher levels of eutrophication were generally found in bays and estuaries. TRIX values ranged from 2.61 to 7.27, with an average of 4.98, indicating a mesotrophic and moderately productive system. A positive correlation between TRIX and harmful algal species richness and abundance was observed. The ASSETS model evaluates eutrophication status based on a Pressure-State-Response approach, including three main indices： influencing factors, overall eutrophic condition, and future outlook. The Beibu Gulf was graded as moderate using ASSETS. The single factor and Chinese nutrient index methods were considered inadequate for the assessment of trophic status. TRIX can be used as an indicator of trophic state and ASSETS showed good potential to assess eutrophication. The results of TRIX and ASSETS depend on threshold values. To establish these values, further research is required within the northern Beibu Gulf.

Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: "strategies" for nutrient uptake and growth outside the Redfield comfort zone

While many harmful algal blooms have been associated with increasing eutrophication, not all species respond similarly and the increasing challenge, especially for resource managers, is to determine which blooms are related to eutrophication and to understand why particular species proliferate under specific nutrient conditions. The overall goal of this brief review is to describe why nutrient loads are not changing in stoichiometric proportion to the "Redfield ratio", and why this has important consequences for algal growth. Many types of harmful algae appear to be able to thrive, and/or increase their production of toxins, when nutrient loads are not in proportion classically identified as Redfield ratios. Here we also describe some of the physiological mechanisms of different species to take up nutrients and to thrive under conditions of nutrient imbalance.

Phosphorus transport with runoff of simulated rainfall from purple-soil cropland of different surface conditions

We investigated the patterns of phosphorus transport from purple-soil cropland of 5° and 10° slopes with bare and vegetated surfaces,respectively.Each type of land was tested under a simulated moderate rainfall of 0.33 mm/min,a downfall of 0.90 mm/min,and a rainstorm of 1.86 mm/min.Runoff dynamics and changes in the export amount of phosphorus are influenced by the rainfall intensity,the slope and surface conditions of cropland.The vegetation diverts rain water from the surface into soil and helps the formation of a subsurface runoff,but has little influence on runoff process at the same sloping degree.Vegetated soil has a smaller phosphorous loss,particularly much less in the particulate form.A heavier rainfall flushes away more phosphorous.Rainwater percolating soil carries more dissolved phosphorous than particulate phosphorous.Understanding the patterns of phosphorous transport under various conditions from purple soil in the middle of Sichuan basin is helpful for developing countermeasures against non-point-source pollution resulting in the eutrophication of water bodies in this region that could,if not controlled properly,deteriorate the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir.