梁启超营寒素家风略考

梁启超多次教育子女要继承“清白寒素”家风。“清白”“寒素”本为品评人物之语,后逐渐演化为士人品格及家风观念。从家书中可以看出,梁启超对“清白寒素”的定义包括涵养品格、磨炼人格以及求学上进等理念,这对理解梁启超利用“寒士家风”培养子女成才具有深刻意义。

论陶渊明的寒素性质及其在文学上的体现

陶侃出身于南方土著豪族,在两晋时代以北方高门士族为核心的士族社会中,其家族没有获得正统士族身份。陶渊明本人的真正身份为寒素士人,并且因生活贫困,常以庶民自居,与门阀士族社会有相当隔阂。渊明的立身制行也是典型的寒素士人的特点,其文学创作则突破两晋士族社会贵族文学的趣味,直接继承汉魏以来寒素文学的传统。

简论寒素文人在两晋的处境

寒素文人是一个掌握文化、创造文化的阶层,而且是一个主要的阶层。在西晋的皇权政治中,为了平衡君权与势族之间的矛盾,又由于朝廷实行举寒素的政策,使得寒素文人可以凭借自己的经史文章跻身上层社会。但到了东晋,权力被门阀士族所把持,皇权政治被架空,寒素文人失去了进身之阶,境况更加艰难。

西晋时期的“拔寒素”

西晋时期实行的选举制度中,除了以九品中正制作为常举之外,还有诸如皇帝征聘、举贤良、方正、寒素等特举,常举与特举相互补充,为晋朝廷选拔所需人才。"拔寒素"是在"二品系资"之制固化之前,西晋政府为了再一次强调重视德、才之为选官重要标准的努力,旨在纠正九品中正制存在的弊端。中正全程参与并主导"寒素"的选拔,在此过程中不以出身、门第等"资"为限制,而是以乡论、清议的方式对候选者进行德、才的评定,似有恢复九品中正最初依德、才进行定品之意。

西晋后期玄学名士拔擢寒素研究

西晋中后期,寒门子弟很难得到公平迁转的机会。西晋朝廷采取措施,试图打破“门调户选”的现状。提拔有才能的寒素之士,符合许多有识之士的期待。西晋后期,玄学名士拔擢了一批出身低微的友人,使他们进入官僚队伍,但这些寒门人士并无政治才能。玄学名士并未实现世人“整齐人伦”的期待。他们以国家官职为禁脔,利用公权,为自己和友人提供便利。东晋的玄学名士不再擢举寒素,他们形成了一个封闭的利益共同体,垄断了清要职位。

论寒素诗人何逊对齐梁士族文风的接受与创变

何逊及其文学创作属于寒素文学谱系,受到南朝齐梁士族文学主导地位的影响,何逊未形成自觉的寒素文学传统创作意识,其诗学观念和风格有摹习与迎合士族文风的一面;同时南朝寒素受到了门阀制度压抑,这一因素又使何逊人生经历和情感体验较士族更为复杂深刻,推动何诗恢复寒素文学的抒情传统、更充分汲取民间新声因素、兼用今古两体进行创作等特质的形成。以何逊为代表的寒素诗人群体推动了南朝诗歌风貌多样化,有助于诗歌向近体转型。

论魏晋时期的寒素文人生活圈

魏晋时期,士族文人集团盛行,但由于门阀制度等级森严,普通的寒素文人很难挤入士族的圈子,寒素文人为了争取到自己的社会地位,也只能寻找自己的生活圈子。

论西晋乐府诗的雅化

西晋乐府诗集中出现于太康之前,与西晋诗人多"寒素"出身,追求以儒学、文章入仕有关。受西晋礼乐的影响,西晋乐府诗具有雅化的特点,既正视现实、重视道德,又极力追求词采繁富、刻划精工,体现着自觉为政教服务的精神。

唐代社会族群划分与变动研究

唐代是我们中古时期最后一个讲究门第和郡望的朝代,其时族群可划分为士族、小姓和寒素三类。士族含义有三:一是虏姓、郡姓和蕃姓;二是传统的世家大族;三是新族。小姓一直以来较少受到关注,其含义指以地方大姓和豪强为主的群体,小姓群体为了保住既有经济地位或进入士族,往往需要在政治上谋求出路。小姓文士承担了家族兴盛的任务,需要与寒素文士一样寄身科举之途;但他们多富于财,求仕心理相对平和,当然有时也会以此打通关节,谋取仕进利益。小姓和寒素阶层要想进入士族,最为主要的途径是通过科举考试之进士科成为衣冠户,享受免除赋役的特权,而士族则需要通过子弟进士登第保住既有的家族地位和特权,这就形成了唐代进士科越来越受重视的局面。

Dynamics of Essential Metal Elements Contents in Winter Oilseed Rape during Cold Acclimation

[Objective]The paper was to investigate the dynamics of essential metal elements（Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu）contents in winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.）during cold acclimation,and to reveal the effects and mechanisms of essential elements in cold resistance of oilseed rape.[Method]Three varieties with different cold resistance including Zhongshuang No.11（ZS,freezing sensitive variety）,Ganyouza No.1（GY）and Jinyuyou No.1（JYY,freezing tolerant varieties）were used in the study,and the changes of necessary metal elements in these oilseed rapes during cold acclimation were studied.[Result]The concentration of metal elements in oilseed rape had significant changes during cold acclimation,and the difference between varieties was significant.In plant roots,the concentrations of Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu were significantly increased,this might because that low temperature made the transpiration decreased,thus blocking the upward transport of elements.In plant shoots,the concentrations of Ca,Mg and Zn were significantly decreased,while the concentrations of Fe and Mn were significantly increased;the change extent of various elements in ZS variety was the largest.[Conclusion]Maintaining the stability of Ca,Mg and Zn concentrations and increasing Fe,Mn and Cu concentrations in plant shoots might be benefit for increasing the cold tolerance of winter oilseed rape.

Effects of Temperature and Nitrogen Input on Nitrogen Mineralization in Alpine Soils on Tibetan Plateau

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and nitrogen input on nitrogen mineralization in alpine soils on the Tibetan Plateau.[Method]An incubation experiment in the laboratory was conducted using three alpine soils.These soils were collected from the top 10 cm depth in three grassland types：alpine meadow in Haibei,alpine steppe in Naqu and alpine wetland in Dangxiong.[Result] Temperature significantly affected nitrogen mineralization in alpine soils of three grassland types.The mineralization rate in alpine steppe soil rose with the rise of temperature,while the mineralization rate in the alpine meadow soil and alpine wetland soil decreased with the rise of temperature.Nitrogen input had no significant effect on nitrogen mineralization in the alpine meadow soil,but significantly increased nitrogen mineralization in the alpine steppe soil and the alpine wetland soil.Grassland types significantly affected nitrogen mineralization in alpine grasslands.[Conclusion] The effects of temperature and nitrogen input on nitrogen mineralization in alpine soils on the Tibetan Plateau were significant.And those different effects depended on different types of grassland.

树不会被夏天淹没

看见过两棵树。那两棵树直到清明过去一周才隐隐地露出些绿意来,清瘦的树干,稀疏的小枝,隐隐透着寒意,像留在春天深处的最后一抹雪,有倪瓒画里的简净和淡泊。在春天的深处,这样寒素的树,身上有一种临大事而有静气的从容。跟人类的呼朋引伴相比,树的世界多少是有些疏离的。它们在季节里的变绿变红还是变黄,都有些各自为政的感觉。

Food Resource Partitioning in Alpine Weasel,Steppe Polecat and Upland Buzzard:Evidence from Stable Isotope Ratios

Based on mass balance theory and IsoSource program,stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios revealed that small mammals (plateau pika,root vole and plateau zokor) contributed 26.8% and 27.0% and 29.2% to alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard of carnivores as food respectively;adult passerine birds contributed 22.3%,47.7% and 69.1%,with hatchlings contributing 50.9%,25.6% and 1.70% to each respectively.δ 13 C values plotted against δ 15 N indicated significant partitioning in two-dimensional space among the three carnivores.It was reasonable to propose a food resource partitioning among alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard,which partially revealed their co-existence mechanisms.

B2 adrenergic receptors and morphological changes of the enteric nervous system in colorectal adenocarcinoma

To study the morphology of the enteric nervous system and the expression of beta-2 adrenergic (B2A) receptors in primary colorectal cancer.METHODSIn this study, we included forty-eight patients with primary colorectal cancer and nine patients for control tissue from the excision of a colonic segment for benign conditions. We determined the clinicopathological features and evaluated the immunohistochemical expression pattern of B2A receptors as well as the morphological changes of the enteric nervous system (ENS). In order to assess statistical differences, we used the student t-test for comparing the means of two groups and one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis for comparing the means of more than two groups. Correlations were assessed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient.RESULTSB2A receptors were significantly associated with tumor grading, tumor size, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), while there were no statistically significant associations with gender, CRC location and gross appearance (P > 0.05). We observed, on one hand, a decrease of the relative area for both Auerbach and Meissner plexuses with the increase of the tumor grading, and on the other hand, an increase of the relative area of other nervous elements not in the Meissner plexus or in the Auerbach plexus with the tumor grading. For G1 tumors we found that epithelial B2A area showed an inverse correlation with the Auerbach plexus areas [r(14) = -0.531, P < 0.05], while for G2 tumors, epithelial B2A areas showed an indirect variation with both the Auerbach plexus areas [r(14) = -0.453, P < 0.05] and the Meissner areas [r(14) = -0.825, P < 0.01]. For G3 tumors, the inverse dependence increased for both Auerbach [r(14) = -0.587, P < 0.05] and Meissner [r(14) = -0.934, P < 0.05] plexuses.CONCLUSIONB2A receptors play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis and can be utilized as prognostic factors. Furthermore, study of the ENS in colorectal cancer may lead to targeted molecular therapies.

Bacterial Cellulose Film Containing Flavonoids from ＂Sarapee＂ （Mammea siamensis） Flower Extract Against Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 292

Bacterial cellulose film containing Sarapee （Mammea siamensis） flower extract to against Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 292 was studied. Crude ethanol extract of flower from Sarapee was passed through the column chromatography in order to separate the flavonoid. The flavonoid content was about 7.97 mg/mL. Bacterial cellulose film produced by ,4cetobacter xylinum TISTR 975 in coconut juice and subsequently to application of a containing different concentration of flavonoid for 12 h and followed by freeze dry The bacterial cellulose film containing Sarapee extract using disc diffusion assay was tested for antimicrobial activity. The result showed that bacterial cellulose film containing 1.2 mg/mL of flavonoid was highly against to S. typhimurium TISTR 292 and the inhibition zone was about 31.07 mm. Investigations of the effect of coating time on incorporation of flavonoid into cellulose film showed that long coating time （12 h） had the inhibition zone closely to short coating time （8 h） with the value of 29.60-30.13 mm. Stored the bacterial cellulose film at room temperature for 7 and 14 days found that the ability to be against S. typhimurium TISTR 292 decreased after 14 days and the inhibition zone was about 22.63 mm. The percentage of ability was remaining about 75.4. This study suggests that the bacterial cellulose film has a potential for use as antimicrobial in food applications.

Uptake and Recovery of Soil Nitrogen by Bryophytes and Vascular Plants in an Alpine Meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.

Effect of instant moxibustion on the levels of prostaglandin and arginine vasopressin in the uterine tissues of dismenorrhea rats with cold-damp congealing and stagnation type

Objective To observe the effect of instant moxibustion on the levels of prostaglandin E_2（PGE_2）,prostaglandin F2α（PGE_（2α）） and arginine vasopressin（AVP） in the uterine tissues of dismenorrhea rats with cold-damp congealing and stagnation type and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,herble medicine group,pre-moxibustion group and instant moxibustion group,with 9 rats in each group.Cold-damp congealing and stagnation type primary dismenorrhea models were established by adopting（0±1）℃ ice waterextraction method combined with estradiol benzoate injection method.After modeling on the 8th day,in herble medicine group,Tongjingbao granules was given to the rats by intragastric administration.In pre-moxibustion group,mild moxibustion was carried out at ＂Shénquè＂（神阙 CV 8） and ＂Guānyuán＂（关元 CV 4） of the rats for 10 min at each acupoint.In instant moxibustion group,moxibustion as that in pre-moxibustion group was conducted for once after injection with oxytocin on the 11 th day.ELISA was adopted to detect the levels of PGE_2 and PGE_（2α） in the uterine tissues of rats,and radioimmunoassay was used for detection of AVP level in the uterine tissues of rats.Results Compared with the model group,the latent period of rats in herbal medicine group,premoxibustion group and instant moxibustion group obviously prolonged,the number of times of torsion reduced,and the total score of torsion decreased（P0.01）;compared with herbal medicine group,the latent period of rats in instant moxibustion group obviously prolonged,and the total score of torsion decreased（P0.05 or P0.01）;compared with pre-moxibustion group,the number of times of torsion of rats in instant moxibustion group reduced,and the total score of torsion decreased（P0.01）.Compared with blank group,the levels of PGE_（2α） and AVP and the ratio of PGE_（2α） and PGE_2 in the uterine tissues of rats in model group significantly increased（P0.01）,and the PGE_2 level significantly reduced（P0.01）;compared with model group,the PGE_（2α） level and the ratio of PGE_（2α） and PGE_2 in the uterine tissues of rats in herble medicine group,pre-moxibustion group and instant moxibustion group obviously reduced（P0.05 or P0.01）,the PGE_2 level obviously increased（P0.01）,and the AVP level in the uterine tissues of rats in pre-moxibustion group and instant moxibustion group obviously reduced（P0.05 or P0.01）;compared with herbal medicine group,the levels of PGE_（2α） and AVP and the ratio of PGE_（2α） and PGE_2 in the uterine tissues of rats in instant moxibustion group significantly reduced（P0.05 or P0.01）;compared with pre-moxibustion group,the PGE_（2α） level and the ratio of PGE_（2α） and PGE_2 in the uterine tissues of rats in instant moxibustion group obviously reduced（P0.05）,and the PGE_2 level obviously increased（P0.01）.Conclusion Both pre-moxibustion and instant moxibustion can obviously inhibit spasmodic uterine smooth muscle contraction of rats with dismenorrhea,regulate imbalanced levels of PGE_（2α） and PGE_2,reduce the AVP level,so as to improve the uterine hypoxia-ischemia,and play a role in alleviating pain.The efficacy of instant moxibustion was superior to that of pre-moxibustion.

“一个伟大父亲”的家教之道--《我们今天怎样做父亲》荐读

1.内容简介回望晚清民国,我们发现了一个教育的传奇:一个偏僻的小山村,一个寒素之家,竟然诞生出了中国近现代史上的伟大人物--梁启超;梁启超又进一步发扬家风,培养出了一大批梁家子弟,子女九人均龙跃凤鸣。其中最著名的是三个院士,1948年中国首次设立院士制度时,梁家的两个儿子思成、思永同时当选,思礼则于1987年、1993年分别当选为国际宇航科学院院士、中国科学院院士。

Significant carbon isotope excursions in the Cambrian and their implications for global correlations

The existing δ 13C data in the Cambrian from different regions of the world are analyzed here. There are four well-documented carbon isotope excursions with global significance. In ascending order, they are： （1） a large negative excursion, comparable to ＂BACE＂ （BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion） event, which occurs near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary with a magnitude of 4‰-10‰ （PDB）; （2） the ＂ZHUCE＂ （ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion） event, a distinct positive excursion （over 5%0） that can be recognized at the Fortunian Stage to Stage 2 transition; （3） another strong negative one, so-called ＂ROECE＂ （Redlichiid-Olenellid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion） event, shifting at the interval between Series 2 and Series 3, peaking at -3‰--5‰ （PDB）; （4） the famous Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion （SPICE）, which has been widely identified at the base of Furongian Series, Paibian Stage, with an amplitude about 4‰ （PDB）. The four sharp σ13C shifts correlate well with coeval paleoceanographic changes and bioevents. Besides, there are some σ13C excursions from a few sections in previous studies, and more data are required to identify whether they are global or regional ones.

Organic carbon isotope gradient and ocean stratification across the late Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform

Organic carbon isotope （δ-13 Corg） data from two well-preserved sections across a shallow-to-deep water transect of the late Edi- acaran-Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform in South China show significant temporal and spatial variations. In the shallow-water Jiulongwan-Jijiapo section, δ-13Corg values of the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation range from -29‰ to -24%0. In the deep-water Longbizui section, δ-13Corg values from time-equivalent strata of the Dengying Formation are mostly between -35‰ and -32‰）. These new data, in combination with δ-13Corg data reported from other sections in South China, reveal a 6‰-8‰ shallow-to-deep water δ-13Corg gradient. High δ-13Corg values （〉-30‰） occur mostly in shallow-water carbonate rocks, whereas low δ-13Corg values （〈-32‰） dominate the deep-water black shale and chert. The large temporal and spatial δ-13Corg variations imply limited buffering effect from a large dissolved organic carbon （DOC） reservoir that was inferred to have existed in Edi- acaran-Early Cambrian oceans. Instead, δ-13C-org variations between platform and basin sections are more likely caused by dif- ferential microbial biomass contribution to total organic matter. High δ-13Corg values （〉-30‰） documented from shallow-water carbonates are within the range of typical Phanerozoic δ-13Corg data and may record the isotope signature of organic matter from primary （photosynthetic） production. In contrast, low δ-13Corg values （〈-32‰） from deep-water sections may have resulted from higher chemoautotrophic or methanotrophic biomass contribution to bulk organic matter in anoxic environments. The δ-13Corg data provide indirect evidence for ocean stratification and episodic chemocline fluctuations in the Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform.