从《切韵》残卷看真、寒、歌三部的演变

本文从《切韵》残卷中找出真、寒、歌三部的不同时代的反切用字,并从纵向和横向对比,发现大部分反切在分化发生以前到分化以后,其反切下字基本没有变化,开口字切开口字,合口字切合口字,十分整齐。这说明时音已经有区别了,只是《切韵》系统为了综合古音和方音才没有进行分化。这也再一次证明了《切韵》音系是综合古今南北的结论。

Dynamics of Above-and Below-ground Biomass and C,N,P Accumulation in the Alpine Steppe of Northern Tibet

The temporal dynamics of the biomass, as well as the carbon （C）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P） concentrations and accumulation contents, in above- and below-ground vegetation components were determined in the alpine steppe vegetation of Northern Tibet during the growing season of 2OLO. The highest levels of total biomass （311.68 g m-2）, total C （115.95 g m-2）, total N （2.60 g m-2）, and total P （0.90 g m-2） accumulation contents were obtained in August in 2010. Further, biomass and nutrient stocks in the below-ground components were higher than those of the above-ground components. The dominant species viz., Stipa purpurea and Carex moorcrofli had lower biomass and C, N, P accumulations than the companion species which including Oxytropis. spp., Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Aster tataricus L., and SO on.

Species-area relationship within and across functional groups at alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau,China

The species-area relationship （SAR） is one of the most fundamental concepts in community ecology and is helpful for biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have systematically addressed this topic for different alpine grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau, China. We explored whether the plant composition of different functional groups affects the manner in which species richness inereases with increasing area at scales ≤ 1.0 m^2. We also compared species richness （S） within and across forbs, legumes, sedges and grasses, with sampling subplot area （A） increasing from 0.0625 m^2 to 1.0 m^2 between alpine meadow and steppe communities. We applied a logarithmic function （S = b0 ＋ b1 ln A） to determine the slope and intercept of SAR curves within and across functional groups. The results showed that the logarithmic relationship holds true between species richness and sampling area at these small scales. Both the intercept and slope of the logarithmic forbs-area curves are significantly higher than those for the three other functional groups （P 〈 0.05）. Forb accounts for about 91.9 % of the variation in the intercept and 75.0% of the variation in the slope of the SAR curve when all functional groups＇ data were pooled together. Our results indicated that the different SAR patterns should be linked with species dispersal capabilities, environmental filtering, and life form composition within alpine grassland communities. Further studies on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functions should specify the differential responses of different functional groups to variations in climate and anthropogenic disturbances.

Response of Ecosystem Respiration to Experimental Warming and Clipping at Daily Time Scale in an Alpine Meadow of Tibet

The alpine meadow, as one of the typical vegetation types on the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most sensitive terrestrial ecosystems to climate warming. However, how climate warming affects the carbon cycling of the alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau is not very dear. A field experiment under controlled experimental warming and clipping conditions was conducted in an alpine meadow on the Northern Tibetan Plateau since July 2008. Open top chambers （0TCs） were used to simulate climate warming. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of ecosystem respiration （Reco） and its temperature sensitivity to experimental warming and clipping at daily time scale. Therefore, we measured Reco once or twice a month from July to September in 2010, from June to September in 2011 and from August to September in 2012. Air temperature dominated daily variation of Reco whether or not experimental warming and clipping were present. Air temperature was exponentially correlated with Reco and it could significantly explain 58-96% variation of Redo at daily time scale. Experimental warming and clipping decreased daily mean Reco by 5.8-37.7% and -11.9-23.0%, respectively, although not all these changes were significant. Experimental warming tended to decrease the temperature sensitivity of Reco, whereas clipping tended to increase the temperature sensitivity of Reco at daily time scale. Our findings suggest that Reco wasmainly controlled by air temperature and may acclimate to climate warming due to its lower temperature sensitivity under experimental warming at daily time scale.

Quantifying land degradation in the Zoige Basin,NE Tibetan Plateau using satellite remote sensing data

Considerable efforts have been dedicated to desertification research in the arid and semi-arid drylands of central Asia. However,there are few quantitative studies in conjunction with proper qualitative evaluation concerning land degradation and aeolian activity in the alpine realm. In this study,spectral information from two Landsat-5 TM scenes(04.08.1994 and 28.07.2009,respectively) was combined with reference information obtained in the field to run supervised classifications of eight landscape types for both time steps. Subsequently,the temporal and spatial patterns of the alpine wetlands/grasslands evolutions in the Zoige Basin were quantified and assessed based on these two classification maps. The most conspicuous change is the sharp increase of ~627 km^2 degraded meadow. Concerning other land-covers,shallow wetland increases ~107 km^2 and aeolian sediments(mobile dunes and sand sheets) have an increase of ~30 km^2. Considering the deterioration,an obvious decrease of ~440 km^2 degraded wetland can be observed. Likewise,decrease of deep wetland(~78 km^2),humid meadow(~80 km^2) and undisturbed meadow(~88 km^2) were determined. These entire evolution matrixes undoubtedly hint a deteriorating tendency of the Zoige Basin ecosystem,which is characterized by significantly declined proportion of intact wetlands,meadow,rangeland and a considerable increase ofdegraded meadow and larger areas of mobile dunes. In particular,not only temporal alteration of the landcover categories,the spatial and topographical characteristics of the land degradation also deserves more attention. In the alpine rangelands,the higher terraces of the river channels along with their slopes are more liable to the degradation and desertification. This tendency has significantly impeded the nomadic and agriculture activities. The set of anthropozoogenic factors encompassing enclosures,overgrazing and trampling,rodent damaging and exceedingly ditching in the wetlands are assumed to be the main controlling mechanisms for the landscape degradation. A suite of strict protection policies is urgent and indispensable for self-regulation and restoration of the alpine meadow ecosystem. Controlling the size of livestock,less ditching in the rangeland,and the launching of a more strict nature reserve management by adjacent Ruoergai,Maqu and Hongyuan Counties would be practical and efficacious in achieving these objectives.

Polyphenols Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extracts from the Aerial Part of Rock Rose （Hefianthemum nummularium） Species

This study aimed to evaluate polyphenols content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract from rock rose （Helianthemum nummularium （L.） Mill.）. Plant material has been harvested in July from Romanian Carpathian Mountains. The ethanolic extract （70%, v/v） was prepared from the aerial part of rock rose species. High performance thin layer chromatography （HPTLC） analysis of ethanol extract and subsequently hydrolysed sample indicated that quercetin glycosides were the major polyphenolic compounds, and kaempferol derivates, chlorogenic and gallic phenylcarboxylic acids are also being present in the polar extracts. Chemiluminescence assay in luminol/H：O2 system indicated very high antioxidant activity of the ethanolic type of extract （ICs0 = 1.27 ~tg/mL）, while microbiological studies （cylinder method in plates） indicated certain antimicrobial activity （measuring from 12.5 mm to 21.5 mm of the diameter of the inhibition zone） of the propylene glycol （20%, v/v） standardized extract （5 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL sample） against several standard bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Salmonella enterritidis ATCC 13076, respectively. Therefore, based on the augmented antioxidant effect of the rock rose polar extracts, there can be found numerous applications in the pharmaceutical industry, but also in non-pharmaceutical fields, for example in cosmetic and hygiene products areas, due to certain antimicrobial properties.

Efficacy observation on warm needing plus cupping at back for 40 cases of facial paralysis

Objective To observe clinical effect of warm needing plus cupping at back on facial paralysis. Methods Forty cases of peripheral facial paralysis were firstly treated with warm needling. Cuánzhú （攒竹 BL 2）, Yángbái （阳白 GB 14）, Sīzhúkōng （丝竹空 TE 23）, Sìbái （四白 ST 2）, Tīnghuì （听会 GB 2）, Yìfēng （翳 风 TE 17）, Dìcāng （地仓 ST 4）, Jiáchē （颊车 ST 6）, Yíngxiāng （迎香 LI 20） and Hég （合谷 LI 4） were selected and warm needling was applied at Tīnghuì （听 会 GB 2）. Needles were retained for 30 min, once a day. Cupping at back was then applied at bilateral Fèishū （肺俞 BL 13）, Píshū （脾俞 BL 20）, Shènshū （肾 俞 BL 23） in the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang for 10 min, once a day for first five days and then once every other day. Ten days of treatment were taken as a treatment course with one day interval between courses. The efficacy was observed after two treatment courses. Results Twenty-six cases were cured, ten cases were markedly effective, three cases were effective and one case was failed. The total effective rate was 97.5% （39/40）. Conclusion From theory of coldness to treat facial paralysis, efficacy is significant with warm needling and cupping at the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang.

Artificial Management Improves Soil Moisture, C, N and P in an Alpine Sandy Meadow of Western China

Regeneration of degraded grassland ecosystems is a significant issue in restoration ecology globally. To understand the effects of artificial management measures on alpine meadows, we surveyed topsoil properties including moisture, organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents five years after fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices in a sandy meadow in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, northwestern China. Both the fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices significantly increased soil moisture storage, SOC, total N, available N, total P, and available P, as compared to the unmanaged control. Fencing plus reseeding was more effective than fencing alone for improving soil C, N, and P contents. These suggested that rehabilitation by reseeding and fencing generally had favorable effects on the soil properties in degraded sandy alpine meadows, and was an effective approach for restoration of degraded meadow ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

SHRIMP zircon age for a K-bentonite in the top of the Laobao Formation at the Pingyin section,Guizhou,South China

The Lower Cambrian on the Yangtze Platform in South China （internationally equivalent to the Nerreneuvian and 2nd series of the Cambrian） is valuable for understanding the early evolution of life, the global biogeochemical circles, and the major changes of the ocean. In particular, a precise radiometric calibration of the Lower Cambrian of this region is a critical realm in its multidisciplinary studies. A SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology study of the K-bentonite in the topmost Laobao Formation at the Pingyin section, Guizhou, South China yielded an age of 536±5 Ma （MSWD -- 0.75）, suggesting that the K-bentonite here can be correlated with the intensely studied K-bentonite within the middle Zhongyicun Member （Bed 5） of the Zhujiaqing For- mation at the Meishucun section in Yunnan. Such a regional correlation result reveals that the Bed 5 K-bentonite also extends into deeper-water environments rather than being deposited merely in the shallow platform interior of the Yangtze Platform. The age of the K-bentonite at the Pingyin section also implies that its overlying polymetallic Ni-Mo layer should be younger than 536e5 Ma. Hence the previous placement of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at this layer is inappropriate. Combined with the results of stratigraphic correlations, it is suggested that the K-bentonites in the middle Zhongyicun Member of the Zhujiaqing Formation （or the equivalents） and the base of the Shiyantou Formation （or its equivalents）, together with the polymetallic Ni-Mo layer, serve as three important marker beds. Their self-consistent radiometric ages have established an im- proved geochronologic framework for the Lower Cambrian in South China.

Parameterizing soil organic carbon's impacts on soil porosity and thermal parameters for Eastern Tibet grasslands

This study investigates the stratification of soil thermal properties induced by soil organic carbon (SOC) and its impacts on the parameterization of the thermal properties. Soil parameters were measured for alpine grassland stations and North China flux stations, with a total of 34 stations and 77 soil profiles. Measured data indicate that the topsoils of alpine grasslands contain high SOC contents than underlying soil layers, which leads to higher soil porosity values and lower thermal conductivity and bulk density values in the topsoils. However, this stratification is not evident at the lowland stations due to low SOC contents. Evaluations against measured data show that three thermal conductivity schemes used in land surface models severely overestimate the values for soils with high SOC content (i.e. topsoils of alpine grassland), but they are better for soils with low SOC content. A new parameterization is then developed to take the impacts of SOC into account. The new one can well estimate the soil thermal conductivity values in both low and high SOC content cases, and therefore, it is a potential candidate of thermal conductivity scheme to be used in land surface models.