包世臣《答三子问》中察拟观的审美价值

包世臣一生致力于帖学,对摹帖也有着独到的见解,其察拟观包括"熟""悟""广"三个方面的内蕴。"熟"是指对所摹碑帖内容熟悉,继而再对其技法深入熟悉,以达到运书自如,形似神似的效果;"悟"即顿悟,触类旁通,创作出好的作品要以悟为主,心领神悟,集各家所长为己有;"广"要求临帖遍学诸家,达到将各书家笔法体势纯熟运用的境界,书写时方可触手尽变。学书经历了这三方面,行书方能挥洒自如,自在吞吐,书写出万般妙态。

Potential impacts of enhanced tropical cyclone activity on the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation and East Asian monsoon in the mid-Piacenzian warm period

Tropical cyclones(TCs)not only passively respond to climate change,but also play an important role in vertical mixing of the upper ocean and in driving oceanic heat transport.Using a fully coupled climate model,the authors investigate the potential effect of TC-induced vertical mixing on the El Nino–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and East Asian monsoon in the mid-Piacenzian,during which global TCs are estimated to have been stronger.Sensitivity experiments indicate that the TC-induced oceanic mixing over global storm basins leads to additional warming over the eastern tropical Pacific and a deeper thermocline in the mid-Piacenzian,whereas it dampens the interannual variability of ENSO.Regarding the East Asian monsoon circulations,low-level(850 hPa)summer and winter winds are intensified in response to enhanced vertical mixing,with a southward/westward shift of the western North Pacific high and westerly jet in summer and a deepened East Asian trough in winter.These climatic features are largely reproduced in the experiment with enhanced vertical mixing only over the central-eastern North Pacific.These results may shed light on TC feedbacks associated with vertical mixing and advance our understanding on mid-Piacenzian climate.

Calculation of Scale of Fluctuation and Variance Reduction Function

The scale of fluctuation is one of the vital parameters for the application of random field theory to the reliability analysis of geotechnical engineering. In the present study, the fluctuation function method and weighted curve fitting method were presented to make the calculation more simple and accurate. The vertical scales of fluctuation of typical layers of Tianjin Port were calculated based on a number of engineering geotechnical investigation data, which can be guidance to other projects in this area. Meanwhile, the influences of sample interval and type of soil index on the scale of fluctuation were analyzed, according to which, the principle of determining the scale of fluctuation when the sample interval changes was defined. It can be obtained that the scale of fluctuation is the basic attribute reflecting spatial variability of soil, therefore, the scales of fluctuation calculated according to different soil indexes should be basically the same. The non-correlation distance method was improved, and the principle of determining the variance reduction function was also discussed.

Accurate level set method for simulations of liquid atomization

Computational fluid dynamics is an efficient numerical approach for spray atomization study, but it is challenging to accurately capture the gas-liquid interface. In this work, an accurate conservative level set method is intro- duced to accurately track the gas-liquid interfaces in liquid atomization. To validate the capability of this method, binary drop collision and drop impacting on liquid film are investigated. The results are in good agreement with experiment observations. In addition, primary atomization （swirling sheet atomization） is studied using this method. To the swirling sheet atomization, it is found that Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the azimuthal direction causes the primary breakup of liquid sheet and complex vortex structures are clustered around the rim of the liq- uid sheet. The effects of central gas velocity and liquid-gas density ratio on atomization are also investigated. This work lays a solid foundation for further studvin~ the mechanism of s^rav atomization.

Reconstruction Model of Ocean Observing Complex Virtual Instrument

With the newly proposed Global Ocean Observing Integration, ocean observing scope has been expanded from the region to the global, therefore the need of large-scale ocean observing system integration has become more and more urgent. Currently, ocean observing systems enabled ocean sensor networks are commonly developed by different organizations using specific technologies and platforms, which brings several challenges in ocean observing instrument （OOI） access and ocean observing system seamless integration. Furthermore, the development of ocean observing systems often suffers from low efficiency due to the complex prograrmning and debugging process. To solve these problems, a novel model, Complex Virtual Instrument （CVI） Model, is proposed. The model provides formal definitions on observing instrument description file, CVI description file, model calculation method, development model and interaction standard. In addition, this model establishes mathematical expressions of two model calculation operations, meanwhile builds the mapping relationship between observing instrument description file and CVI description file. The CVI based on the new model can achieve automatic access to different OOIs, seamless integration and communication for heterogeneous environments, and further implement standardized data access and management for the global unified ocean observing network. Throughout the development, integration and application of such CVI, the rationality and feasibility of the model have been evaluated. The results confirm that the proposed model can effectively implement heterogeneous system integration, improve development efficiency, make full usage of reusable components, reduce development cost, and enhance overall software system quality. We believe that our new model has great significance to promote the large-scale ocean observing system integration.

Mechanism of dust removal by a standing wave electric curtain

In this paper,the mechanisms of particle movement on an electric curtain are examined.Intermittent bursts in which particles leaping from a surface of an electric curtain are demonstrated both by numerical simulation and experimental observation.The hopping and surfing modes during particle removal are shown to depend on the particle electric charge and its initial position.The particles initially located on the top of electrode have a large electric charge tend to assume a hopping mode.Transverse movement of the particle initially located between the electrodes is analyzed,and the particle traps along the electric curtain surface are also observed.

Joint Multifractal Analysis of Scaling Relationships Between Soil Water-Retention Parameters and Soil Texture

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure （avG, cm- 1） and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution （n） of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture （sand, silt, and clay contents） were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter c^vG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter ~vG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.