对流-导热耦合作用下保温层对寒区水工隧洞衬砌结构力学特性的影响

以新疆布伦口水电站引水隧洞为例,考虑对流-导热作用,通过现场监测成果和有限元仿真计算,分析引水隧洞在不同位置铺设不同厚度的保温层对衬砌结构热-力耦合特性的影响。结果表明,表面铺设时,保温层厚度与衬砌的冻胀力呈负相关,且当厚度在0.06 m以上时,二次衬砌的冻胀力变为压应力;保温层厚度与衬砌的横向位移呈正相关,与纵向位移呈负相关。夹层铺设时,保温层厚度与二次衬砌的冻胀力呈正相关,与一次衬砌的冻胀力呈负相关;随着保温层厚度的增加,二次衬砌的最大主应力变为拉应力,不利于二次衬砌的安全稳定;随着保温层厚度的增加,一次、二次衬砌的横向位移差值增大近4倍,纵向位移差值增大10倍以上。

基于对流-导热耦合模型的寒区水工隧洞围岩温度场分布规律研究

在高海拔寒冷地区,温度场是影响水工隧洞围岩稳定的重要因素。为了研究不同环境条件下水工隧洞温度场的特性及其变化规律,以新疆某寒区水工隧洞为依托,基于现场监测数据,采用有限元仿真计算,对不同自然通风温度和不同风速下的水工隧洞围岩温度场及其演化规律进行系统分析。结果表明:自然通风温度对隧洞轴向和径向围岩温度都有明显的影响,但随着时间的增加,通风温度对轴向和径向围岩温度的影响逐渐减小,自然通风150 d影响径向围岩深度在10 m左右,在围岩径向0~2 m温度变化最大。通风风速从1 m/s增加到4 m/s,隧洞轴向和径向围岩温度逐渐下降,并且随着轴向和径向距离的增加围岩的温度变化幅度在减小。

对流-导热作用下寒区水工隧洞衬砌热力耦合分析

寒区水工隧洞在通风条件下产生的温度变化会影响衬砌结构力学性能,进而影响水工隧洞的安全运行。以新疆布伦口水电站水工隧洞为依托,基于现场监测数据,采用有限元法对在不同风温、风速下隧洞不同深度处衬砌结构的热学、力学耦合特性进行深入分析。结果表明:不同风温下水工隧洞洞口衬砌温度低于洞内衬砌温度,洞口衬砌温度变化幅度大于洞内衬砌温度变化幅度;随着通风时间增加,一次衬砌与二次衬砌压应力均先减小后增大,最大压应力均位于拱腰处;不同风速下一次衬砌与二次衬砌最大温差为8.40℃,沿水工隧洞轴向与径向距离的增加,温度逐渐升高,风速、风温影响逐渐减小,最大温度拉应力位于拱腰,一次衬砌为0.12 MPa,二次衬砌为0.32 MPa;在不同风温和不同风速下,一次衬砌与二次衬砌位移均呈水平收缩、竖直隆起趋势。研究成果可为寒区水工隧洞衬砌优化设计提供理论参考。

基于对流-导热耦合模型的无压引水隧洞围岩温度场研究

为了研究无压引水隧洞温度场的变化规律,以新疆某无压引水隧洞为依托,采用有限元数值模拟,对无压引水隧洞运行时围岩温度场进行详细分析。结果表明:隧洞顶部径向围岩在0~2m范围内温度先降低后升高。围岩最低温度开始出现在隧洞顶部围岩洞壁处,随后慢慢向径向距离0.7m处转移,约-2.2℃。通水水温对隧洞围岩的温度有重要影响,可以在一定程度上减小通风对隧洞围岩温度的影响。设置衬砌保温层结构能够有效的避免围岩因为负温发生冻胀破坏。

On the combined heat transfer of natural convection, radiation and conduction in the non-gray semitransparent thermal fibrous insulation

A detailed numerical modeling is performed to investigate heat transfer in high-porous, high-temperature non-gray semitransparent silica insulation materials. Radiation between fibers, conduction within fibers and convection from the fibers to the surrounding fluid are considered. Macroscopic (porous media) modeling is used to determine the velocity, pressure and temperatures fields for fibrous insulation with a random packing geometry under natural convection. Based on a non-gray application of the solution to the radiative transfer equation, the value of the refractive index(n,m)is used to generate macroscopic average radiative properties such as extinction coefficient, scattering albedo and phase function. Key features of the macroscopic model include two-dimensional effects,non-gray radiative exchange, and the relaxation of the local thermodynamic non-equilibrium. The effectiveness of this numerical model is validated by the previous experimental data.

对流－导热耦合数值解法在电子设备冷却中的应用

采用对流－导热耦合数值解法对矩形通道的强迫冷却进行了分析，讨论了壁面导热对矩形通道中换热系数的影响，并用此方法对电子设备冷却中广泛使用的冷板结构进行分析，最后对分析与实验结果进行了比较．

寒区引水隧洞保温层设置及保温效果研究

为研究寒区引水隧洞开挖完成后保温层的设置方式及保温效果,以新疆某寒区引水隧洞为依托,通过有限元数值模拟研究了引水隧洞保温层的设置方式、设计厚度参数的比选,分析了外界温度变化与保温层设计参数的关系曲线。结果表明:保温层设置在二衬表面效果优于设置在初衬与二衬之间;通过改变保温层厚度可以在一定程度上增加保温的效果;应该结合外界环境的温度选择合适的保温层厚度与衬砌厚度。

保温层对寒区隧洞衬砌结构温度的影响

保温层是寒区隧洞安全运行的关键,保温层的设计对寒区水工隧洞至关重要。为分析保温层对隧洞衬砌结构温度的影响及保温效果,以新疆某引水隧洞为依托,基于现场温度监测数据,考虑对流-导热耦合作用的影响,采用有限元数值模拟方法,研究不同厚度、不同位置的保温层对隧洞衬砌结构温度变化的影响。研究结果表明,随着保温层厚度的增大,隧洞衬砌结构的温度变化逐渐趋于平缓。当保温层敷设厚度为0.06m及以上时,隧洞一衬、二衬温差最小,一衬、二衬温差与保温层的厚度呈负相关。从保温效果来看,表面铺设法与夹层铺设法相比,表面铺设法防冻害效果优于夹层铺设法。

Numerical simulation on thermal accumulation of cemented tailings backfill

Based on the collaborative exploitation of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources, the thermal accumulation process of cemented tailings backfill(CTB) was studied by numerical simulation. The effects of thermal accumulation time, slurry proportions and temperature conditions on the thermal accumulation of backfill are analyzed, the influence of the heat conduction between backfill and surrounding rock, the heat convection between backfill and airflow on thermal accumulation were compared simultaneously. The results show that the total thermal accumulation capacity increases by approximately 85% within 10-90 d. The influence of surrounding rock temperature and initial temperature on total thermal accumulation capacity is more significant and it is approximately 2 times of the influence of slurry proportions under the conditions of this study. It is clear that the rise of surrounding rock temperature and the decrease of initial temperature can improve the thermal accumulation capacity more effectively. Moreover, the heat conduction accounts for a considerable proportion in the process of thermal accumulation, the average heat conduction capacity is approximately 25 times of the heat convection capacity. This study can provide the theoretical basis and application reference for the optimization of thermal accumulation process of CTB in the exploitation of geothermal resources.

Combining the Radiative, Conductive and Convective Heat Flows in and around a Skylight

Normal skylights bring light into the spaces located below them. By the use of IR （infrared radiation） transmissive polymer films and IR-emitting and absorbing gases, an advanced version of the skylight may supply passive cooling and thermal insulation to the room located below it. This novel radiative skylight can, in its cooling mode, lead heat from the room below, to the cool skies located above the skylight. When cooling is no longer needed or attainable, the skylight will in its cooling mode provide the room with an optimal amount of thermal resistance. This article is a progress reporting on the modeling of the skylight. The main work is done to combine the different heat transfer methods into one single model by the use of the commercial program Comsol 4.1. The results show that a cooling effect of 100 W/ma is achievable when the skylight is compared with a similar skylight containing only air.

Stability-Controllable Second-Order DifferenceScheme for Convection Term

A new finite difference scheme-SCSD scheme has been proposed based on CD (Central Difference)scheme and SUD (Secondr-order Upwind Difference) scheme. Its basic feature is controIlable convectivesfability and always second-order accuracy (Stability-Controllable Second-order Difference ). It hasbeen proven that this scheme is convective-stable if the grid Peclet number .The advanage of this new scheme has been discussed based on the modified wavenumber analysis byusing Fourier transform. This scheme has been applied to the 2-D incompressible convective-diffusiveequation and 2-D compressible Euler equation, and corresponding finite difference equations have beenderived. Numerical examples of 1-D Burgers equation and 2-D transport equation have been presentedto show its good accuracy and controllable convective stability

Laminar Natural Convective Heat Transfer in theEnclosed Evacuated Collector Tube with East-West Symmetric Heat Input

Heat transfer in the evacuated collector tube is a three-dimensional laminar natural convection prob-lem driven by buoyancy. Because of its complexity, no effective theoretical model is available despiteof limited experimental work which is confined to one aspect- The present work aims to depict theconvective heat transfer inside a tweended inclined tube with East-West symmetric heat input us-ing numerical methods. Based on reasonable assumptions, governing equations of the inside fluid areestabllshed. The corresponding discretizated equations are solved by employing numerical methods.The calculated results are displayed for velocity and temperature profiles on different cross-sectionalplanes, which present the flow pattern characterized by upflow and dowallow along the axial direc-tion and adherent flow along the peripheral direction, and the heat transfer process from the wall tothe center. Furthermore, the transient Nusselt number and average temperature level are shown anddiscussed. Finally, the parametric effects of the tube radius and the heat input on the flow and heattransfer are also given.

Natural Convective Heat and Mass Transfer of Water with Corrosion Products at Super-Critical Pressures under Cooling Conditions

A numerical study is reported of laminar natural convective heat and mass transfer on a vertical cooled plate for water containing metal corrosion products at super-critical pressures. The influence of variable properties at super-critical pressures on natural convection has been analyzed. The difference between heat and mass transfer under cooling or heating conditions is also discussed and some correlations for heat and mass transfer under cooling conditions are recommended.

基于CFD的座舱盖加温疲劳试验台设计方案优选

在对较大面积座舱盖进行长时间高低温频繁转换的加温疲劳试验时,实现座舱盖外表面温度场的均匀分布是保障试验可靠性的关键所在,也是设计疲劳试验台需要解决的技术难题。本文以座舱盖加温疲劳试验台为研究对象,以相互耦合的航向温差和展向温差定义温度场均匀性,考察不同设计参数对温度场均匀性的影响。选取环形通道的试验段和前过渡段为计算区域,并建立了三维非稳态对流-导热模型,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法开展座舱盖加温疲劳试验台设计参数的方案优选,详细分析了入口温度控制周期、试验段的特征尺寸、入口流量和前过渡段特征角度对温度场均匀性的影响。研究发现:改变入口温度控制周期不会对座舱盖外表面温度分布产生显著影响,而调整试验段的特征尺寸可以明显改变航向温差和展向温差;此外,增大入口流量可以有效提高座舱盖外表面的温度场均匀性,通过改变前过渡段特征角度可以明显改善由风挡温度引起的温差超标问题,研究结果可为座舱盖加温疲劳试验台的设计方案优选提供理论支持。

Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Plate Channel Filled with Solid Particles

A numerical study of fluid flow and convective heat transfer in a plate channel filled with solid (metallic)particles is presented in this paper.The study uses the thermal equilibrium model and a newly developed numerical model which does not assume idealized local thermal equilibrium between the solid particles and the fluid.The numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental data in reference[2].The paper investigates the effects of the assumption of local thermal equilibrium versus non-thermal equilibrium,the thermal conductivity of the solid particles and the particle diameter on convective heat transfer.For the conditions studied,the convective heat transfer and the temperature field assuming local thermal equilibrium are much different from that for the non-thermal equilibrium assumption when the difference between the solid and fluid thermal conductivities is large. The relative values of the thermal conductivities of the solid particles and the fluid also have a profound effect on the temperature distribution in the channel.The pressure drop decreases as the particle diameter increases and the convective heat transfer coefficient may decrease or increase as the particle diameter increases depending on the values of ε,λs,λf,λd,αv, ρu.

Non－Darcian and Anisotropic Anisotropic Effects on Natural Convection in Horizontal Porous Media Enclosure

Natural convection heat transfer in a horizontal enclosure filled with anisotropic porous media,being isothermally heated at bettom and cooled at top while the vertical walls being adiabatic, is numerically studied by applying the Brinkman model-a modified form of Darcy model giving consideration to the viscous effect. The results show that:(1)a larger permeability ratio (K*) causes a lower flow intensity in the enclosure and a smaller Nusselt number, all Nusselt numbers approach unity in the limit of K* → ∞;a larger thermal conductivity ratio (λ*) causes a stranger distortion of isotherms in the enclosure and a higher flow velocity near the walls, all the Nusselt numbers approach unity in the limit of λ*→0; the permeability and thermal conductivity ratios generally have opposing effects on the Nusselt number. (2) an increasing Darcy number decreases the flow intensity and heat transfer rates,which is more significant at a lower permeability ratio. In particular, with K*0.25, the Nusselt number for Da=10-3 would differ from that of Darcy flow up to an amount of 30%, an analysis neglecting the non-Darican effect will inevitably be of considerable error.

Estimation of Exhaust Gas Temperature of the Rocket Nozzle using Hybrid Approach

In this paper the theoretical model is built for ZEpHyR(ZARM Experimental Hybrid Rocket) main engine which is being developed at ZARM institute,Bremen,Germany.The theoretical model is used to estimate the temperature of exhaust gas.The Conjugate Gradient Method(CGM) with Adjoint Problem for Function Estimation iterative technique is used to solve the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem(IHCP) to estimate the heat flux and internal wall temperature at the throat section of the nozzle.Bartz equation is used to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient.The exhaust gas temperature is determined using the estimated heat flux,the wall temperature at internal surface of nozzle and the heat transfer coefficient.The accuracy of CGM iterative scheme to solve the IHCP is also investigated and its results are presented.

An Approximate Model of Microchannel Cooling

Forced convective heat transfer in micro-rectangular channels can be described by a group of twodimensional differential equations. These equations take the conduction in microchannel wb along the direction of flow of coolants into account, which are more generalized than those which neglect the conduction. For the same reason, they are suitable particularly for gases-cooled microchannels.With only numerical solution to the equations till today, an approximate analytic solution is derived here. From this solution, a rather simple formula can be introduced bober, by which the differences between considering the conduction and neglecting it are easily found. In addition, the rcasonableness of the classical fin method is also discussed. An experimental example of air-cooled microchannels is illustrated.

Natural Convective Heat and Mass Transfer on a Vertical Heated Plate for Water Flow Containing Metal Corrosion Particles

Corrosion products of structural materials when contained in water usually are in two states:soluble state and colloidal particles with diameter about 10^(-3)—10^(-1)μm.Deposits of such corrosion products on tube surfaces under high pressure will jeopardize the operating economy of power plant equipment and even result in accidents. A numerical study is reported in this paper of the natural convective heat and mass transfer on a vertical heated plate subject to the first or mixed kind of boundary conditions for high-pressure water(P=17MPa)containing metal corrosion products with consideration of variable thermophysical properties.

Forced Convective Air Cooling from Electronic Component Arrays in a Parallel Plate Channel

This paper discusses air forced convection heat transfer from inline protruding elements arranged in eight rows. The streamwise and spanwise spacings between elements were varied using a splitter plate that can be positioned at three different modular configurations. A set of empirical formulas waspresented to correlate the experimental data for the design of air cooling systems. Arrays of components with one odd-size module have been tested also. Experimental results show that blocks near the entrance and behind the odd-size module have improved performance compared with uniform arrangements. Accordingly, temperature sensitive components are suggested to be arranged in these locations.