语音的功能风格及其应用

人们在言语中表现出来的使用语言要素和非语言要素的特点的综合,称为言语风格。作为语言要素的语音,是语言的物质外壳,它的使用特点是言语风格的一个重要组成部分。有声语言的发音对人们的听觉有直接的刺激作用,有特殊的修辞价值,因而,语音使用的特点可以作为独立的表现风格而存在,称为语音表现风格或语音风格。

广告语体的话语分析

广告语体作为语体的一个分支,是语体学研究的重要领域。由于广告已成为商品经济的必要手段,用科学的方法分析和创作广告能对提高经济效益直接发生作用。广告是卖方对千万个可能消费者之间的群众性交际。传播信息是它的最基本职能,此外,它还起着加速流通、利于竞争、指导消费、丰富文化生活的作用。为了招徕顾客,推销商品,广告就必须通过能够产生强烈修辞效果的语言手段,通过各种视、听觉形象来介绍商品,提高声誉,吸引顾客,以求家喻户晓,生意兴隆。

论语体分类的结构与功能

实在是个庞大的可分析的复合体(罗素),语体亦然。可是,应如何分析之呢?意见却并不一致。相同的阔漏:只看到书面语体,而忽略了口语语体。

课文“语用”核心价值的提炼与整合——《小稻秧脱险记》备课谈

《小稻秧脱险记》是苏教版三年级《语文》上册第六组第二篇课文,全文采用拟人化的手法形象地写出了杂草对稻秧生长的危害,以及喷洒除草剂对保护稻秧所起的重要作用。作者以＂小稻秧脱险记＂为题,既突出了文章的主题,又能激发读者的兴趣。一篇童话的阅读,不仅要关注其故事性,作为语文教师,应当更多地关注文字背后的＂言语秘妙＂,发现并挖掘文本隐性的言语价值。这篇课文的价值如下：第一,文体鲜明,脉络清晰。

ZResponse to selection,heritability and genetic correlations between body weight and body size in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

To quantify the response to selection, heritability and genetic correlations between weight and size ofLitopenaeus vannamei, the body weight （BW）, total length （TL）, body length （BL）, first abdominal segment depth （FASD）, third abdominal segment depth （TASD）, first abdominal segment width （FASW）, and partial carapace length （PCL） of 5-month-old parents and of offspring were measured by calculating seven body measurings of offspring produced by a nested mating design. Seventeen half-sib families and 42 full-sib families ofL. vannamei were produced using artificial fertilization from 2-4 dams by each sire, and measured at around five months post-metamorphosis. The results show that heritabilities among various traits were high： 0.515±0.030 for body weight and 0.394±0.030 for total length. After one generation of selection, the selection response was 10.70% for offspring growth. In the 5th month, the realized heritability for weight was 0.296 for the offspring generation. Genetic correlations between body weight and body size were highly variable. The results indicate that external morphological parameters can be applied during breeder selection for enhancing the growth without sacrificing animals for determining the body size and breed ability; and selective breeding can be improved significantly, simultaneously with increased production.

TAT Improves in vitro Transportation of Fortilin Through Midgut and into Hemocytes of White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Fortilin is a multifunctional protein implicated in many important cellular processes. Since injection of Pm-fortilin reduces shrimp mortality caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), there is potential application of fortilin in shrimp culture. In the present study, in order to improve trans-membrane transportation efficiency, the protein transduction domain of the transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide was fused to fortilin. The Pichia pastoris yeast expression system, which is widely accepted in animal feeds, was used for production of recombinant fusion protein. Green fluorescence protein (GFP) was selected as a reporter because of its intrinsic visible fluorescence. The fortilin, TAT and GFP fusion protein were constructed. Their trans-membrane transportation efficiency and effects on immune response of shrimp were analyzed in vitro. Results showed that TAT peptide improved in vitro uptake of fortilin into the hemocytes and midgut of Litopenaeus vannamei. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity of hemocytes incubated with GFP-Fortilin or GFP-Fortilin-TAT was significantly increased compared with that in the control without expressed fortilin. The PO activity of hemocytes incubated with 200 μg mL-1 GFP-Fortilin-TAT was significantly higher than that in the group with the same concentration of GFP-Fortilin. Hemocytes incubated with GFP-Fortilin-TAT at all concentrations showed significantly higher nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity than those in the control or in the GFP-Fortilin treatment. The present in vitro study indicated that TAT fusion protein improved the immune effect of fortilin.

Identification of a novel C-type lectin from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its role in defense against pathogens infection

Acting as one of the pattern recognition receptors （PRRs）, C-type lectin is believed to mediate pathogen recognition and plays an important role in the clearance of pathogens as part of the innate immune system. In this work, a novel C-type lectin gene （named LvLecl） was cloned from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, The ORF of LvLecl is 510 bp, encoding 169 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids at the N-terminal and a carbohydrate recognition domain （CRD） at the C-terminal. LvLecl was mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the level of LvLecl transcripts significantly changed in the hepatopancreas after the shrimp were artificially challenged with LPS, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and white spot syndrome virus （WSSV）. RNAi-based silencing of LvLecl resulted in increases in mortality when the shrimp were challenged with WSSV, and the median lethal time was reduced compared with controls. Although there was no characteristic ＂EPN＂ （Glu-Pro-Ser） or ＂QPD＂ （Gin-Pro-Asp） motif, the recombinant LvLecl, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3）, could also agglutinate M. lysodeikticus and Vibrio anguillarum. The agglutinating activities were calcium-dependent and could be inhibited by D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose and N-Acetyl-D-mannose. These results suggest that LvLecl might be involved in the immune response against WSSV and bacterial infections and contribute to non-self recognition as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system of the shrimp L. vannamei.

Adsorption of the Enantiomers of Tryptophan on Stationary Phase Bonded with Bovine Serum Albumin

Frontal analysis is frequently applied to measuring single or multi-component adsorption isotherms. In this work, the competitive adsorption isotherm data of two enantiomers of tryptophan were obtained by competitive frontal analysis. The stationary phase in the column was silica-immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the derivative method, and the mobile phase was a phosphate buffer. These isotherm data were fitted by the competitive Bilangmuir model. This model can account for the behavior of both tryptophan enantiomers and these profiles were found to fit the experimental band profiles (square error is 0.999 6). The parameters obtained were used in numerical calculations to predict the band profiles of the racemic mixtures of tryptophan. The equilibrium-dispersive model provides satisfactory prediction, with minor differences between the calculated and the experimental profiles.

The Effects of Size-fractionated Fish Hydrolysate in the Diet on Growth, and Feed Utilization of Turbot （Scophthalmus maximus）

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to determine dietary arginine requirement for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （Boone） with an initial average body weight of 0.47 g reared in low-salinity water （0.50-1.50 g L-1）. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semipurified diets （crude protein 360 g/kg and gross energy 19.70 kJ/g） were formulated with fish meal and wheat gluten as the intact protein source.

Enantiomers separation using avidin-liposome complex as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis

Avidin-liposome complex is a specific chiral selector used to separate the enantiomers of D,L-tryptophan,D,L-phenylthiohydantoin -serine（D,L-PTH-Ser）,D,L-phenylthiohydantoin-threonine（D,L-PTH-Thr） and R,S-pioglitazone hydrochloride in capillary electrochromatography（CEC）.The avidin is immobilized on the phospholipids coated in the capillary.The liposome used for the phospholipid coating contains l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-（Cap biotinyl）（sodium salt） （Biotinyl-cap-DPPE）（16：0） and different proportions of L-α-phosphatidylserine（PS） in Tris（hydroxymethyl） aminomethane （Tris） buffer at pH 7.4.A good resolution and reproducibility was obtained by coating the capillary with Biotinyl-cap-DPPE/PS （80：20,mol%） followed by immobilization of 1 mg/mL of avidin solution in N-（2-hydroxyethyl） piperazine-N＇-（2-ethanesulfonic acid） （HEPES） buffer at pH 7.4.A comparative study of chiral separation efficiency with different capillary coating methods and preconditioning conditions was conducted.Finally,the electrochromatographic method was successfully used to separate enantiomers of pioglitazone hydrochloride.Therefore,coated CEC will be a promising tool for pharmaceutical enantiomers separation in new drug development.