小儿速效感冒冲剂中对-乙酰氨基酚的测定

目的：通过试验以求快速测定小儿速效感冒冲剂主药的含量。方法：采用差式分光光度法（△Ａ）［１，２］测定小儿速效感冒冲剂中对－乙酰氨基酚的含量，并与亚硝酸钠法进行对照。结果：△Ａ平均回收率为９９３％，ＣＶ为０５０％（ｎ＝５），两法比较Ｐ＞００５，无显著性差异。结论：△Ａ法测定对－乙酰氨基酚含量可以排除其它组份干扰，快速准确。

对—乙酰氨基酚泡腾片治疗小儿上呼吸道感染观察

上呼吸道感染(URI)是小儿最常见的疾病,占儿科门急诊的70～80%。笔者于1995年11月～l996年元月应用对—乙酰氨基酚泡腾片治疗小儿URI40例并观察其退热疗效,现总结如下:

香榧壳生物炭/g-C3N4活化过硫酸盐的光催化性能

采用简便一步热聚合法制备高催化活性的生物炭/g-C_(3)N_(4)复合光催化剂,并在可见光下活化过硫酸盐(PS)应用于对-乙酰氨基酚(AAP)废水的降解研究.通过紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-vis DRS)、光致发光光谱(PL)对该复合催化剂的光学性质进行了研究.结果表明,生物炭的引入使g-C_(3)N_(4)的可见光吸收边界从483nm增强至553nm,并且提高了光致电子-空穴对的分离效率.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的表征结果显示生物炭的引入改善了g-C_(3)N_(4)的微结构.在反应体系中引入PS强化了AAP的去除效率,在可见光照射下其降解速率是未添加PS的8.9倍,表明该催化体系可有效活化PS产生更多高活性氧化物质.自由基捕获实验表明该催化系统可能存在·O_(2)^(-)、h^(+)、·OH和·SO_(4)^(-)活性物种,复合材料性能的提升主要归因于生物炭作为电子受体,有效抑制了电子-空穴的复合.

Effect of Lianshu preparation on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of Lianshu preparation on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced diarrhea in rats. METHODS： A diarrhea model was established in Sprague Dawley rats via injection of 1 mL of 30 mg/kg LPS. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into normal group, LPS group, LPS ＋ Lianshu group, LPS ＋ berberine group （n = 10 in each group）. Their intestinal mucosal barrier and frequency of diarrhea were observed. Levels of glucose, serum Na^＋, K^＋, Cl and hematocrit, plasma nitrogen monoxide （NO）, diamine oxidase （DAO）, and D （-）-lactate were measured. The number of IgA＋ plasma cells in small intestine was detected and SIgA levels in the intestinal fluid were measured. The antipyretic activity of Lianshu preparation in rats was evaluated using Brewer＇s yeast-induced pyrexia （10 mL/kg of 20% aqueous suspension）. Acetaminophen （250 mg/kg, intragastric administration, bid） was comparison. Temperature used as a standard drug for was recorded 1 h before and 6 h after Brewer＇s yeast injection. Finally, small intestina transmission in mice treated with Lianshu was detected after intraperitoneal injection of methyl prostigmin （2 mg/kg）. Atropine （10 g/kg） was used as a control. The ink content in intestine was determined and the total length of intestine was measured. RESULTS： The frequency of diarrhea was higher in LPS group than in LPS ＋ Lianshu group and LPS ＋ berberine group （36.70± 5.23 vs 28.50 ±4.06 and 32.70±9.30 respectively, P 〈 0.01）, and lower in LP5 ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （P = 0.03）. The levels of Na＋, glucose, Cl, K^＋ were significantly lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （140.35±3.19 mmol/L vs 131.99±4.86 mmol/L, 8.49 ±1.84 mmol/L vs 6.54±2.30 mmol/L, 106.29± 4.41 mmol/L vs 102.5±1.39 mmol/L, 5.08±0.66 mmol/L vs 4.32 ± 0.62 mmol/L respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The level of hematocrit was lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （0.50% ±0.07% vs 0.59%± 0.10% respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The plasma levels of NO, DAO and D （-）-lactate were higher in LPS group than in normal group （79.74 ± 7.39μmol/L vs 24.94 ± 3.38μmol/L, 2.48 ±0.42μ/mL vs 0.82 ±0.33 p/mL, 5.63± 0.85μg/mL vs 2.01 ±0.32 μg/mL respectively, P 〈 0.01）, and lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LP5 ＋ berberine group （48.59±4.70μmol/L vs 51.56 ±8.38 μmol/L, 1.43± 0.53μmol/mL vs 1.81 ±0.42 μmol/mL, 4.00± 0.54 μg/mL vs 4.88 ± 0.77 pg/mL respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The morphology of the intestinal mucosa showed destroyed villi in LPS group and atrophied intestinal mucosa in other groups. The pathological intestinal mucosal changes were less in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS group. The number of IgA＋ plasma cells and amount of SIgA were higher in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS group （1.16±0.19/μm^2 vs 1.09±0.28/μm^2, P = 0.026; 0.59 ±0.12 mg/L vs 0.15± 0.19 mg/L respectively, P = 0.000）. Lianshu had counteractive effects on yeast-induced pyrexia and enterokinesia in rats. CONCLUSION： Lianshu preparation has therapeutic effects on LPS-induced diarrhea and enterokinesia in rats.

Protective effect of tea polyphenols against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice is significanly correlated with cytochrome P450 suppression

AIM： To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of tea polyphenols （TP） and its relation with cytochrome P450 （CYP450） expression in mice. METHODS： Hepatic CYP450 and CYPbs levels were measured by UV-spectrophotometry in mice 2 d after intraperitoneal TP （25, 50 and 100 mg/kg per day）. Then the mice were intragastricly pre-treated with TP （100, 200 and 400 mg/kg per day） for six days before paracetamol （1000 mg/kg） was given. Their acute mortality was compared with that of control mice. The mice were pre-treated with TP （100, 200, and 400 mg/kg per day） for five days before paracetamol （500 mg/kg） was given. Hepatic CYP2E1 and CYPIA2 protein and mRNA expression levels were evaluated by Western blotting, immunohistochemical staining and transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： The hepatic CYP450 and CYPb5 levels in mice of TP-treated groups （100, 200 and 400 mg/kg per day） were decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared with those in the negative control mice.TP significantly attenuated the paracetamol-induced hepatic injury and dramatically reduced the mortality of paracetamol-treated mice. Furthermore, TP reduced CYP2E1 and CYPIA2 expression at both protein and mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION： TP possess potential hepatoprotective properties and can suppress CYP450 expression.

Protective effects of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

AIM:To examine the effects of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone(BP-1),a benzophenone derivative used as an ultraviolet light absorbent,on acetaminophen(APAP)induced hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6J mice.METHODS:Mice were administered orally with BP-1 at doses of 200,400 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively every morning for 4 d before a hepatotoxic dose of APAP(350 mg/kg body weight) was given subcutaneously.Twenty four hours after APAP intoxication,the serum enzyme including serum alaine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were measured and liver histopathologic changes were examined.RESULTS:BP-1 administration dramatically reduced serum ALT,AST and LDH levels.Liver histopathological examination showed that BP-1 administration antagonized APAP-induced liver pathological damage in a dose-dependent manner.Further tests showed that APAP-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation was reduced significantly by BP-1 pretreatment,and glutathione depletion was ameliorated obviously.CONCLUSION:BP-1 can effectively protect C57BL/6J mice from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity,and reduction of oxidative stress might be part of the protection mechanism.

Protective effects of 5-methoxypsoralen against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

AIM:To investigate the hepatic protective effects of 5-methoxypsoralen(5-MOP) and to learn if 5-MOP causes hepatotoxicity at protective doses.METHODS:C57BL/6J mice were administrated orally with 5-MOP at doses of 12.5,25 and 50 mg/kg body weight respectively every morning for 4 d before given acetaminophen(APAP) subcutaneously at a dose of 500 mg/kg.The 5-MOP alone group was treated with 5-MOP orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight for 4 d without APAP.Twenty-four hours after APAP administration,blood samples of mice were analyzed for serum enzyme alanine transaminase(ALT),aspartate transaminase(AST),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels,and malondialdehyde(MDA),reduced glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione(GSSG) of liver tissues were measured and histopathologic changes of the liver were observed.RESULTS:Compared with the vehicle control group,the serum levels(IU/L) of ALT,AST and LDH were all increased significantly in APAP group(8355 ± 3940 vs 30 ± 21,P < 0.05;6482 ± 4018 vs 146 ± 58,P <0.05;24627 ± 10975 vs 1504 ± 410,P < 0.05).Compared with APAP group,the serum ALT levels(IU/L)(1674 ± 1810 vs 8355 ± 3940,P < 0.05;54 ± 39 vs 8355 ± 3940,P < 0.05;19 ± 9 vs 8355 ± 3940,P < 0.05),AST levels(IU/L)(729 ± 685 vs 6482 ± 4108,P < 0.05;187 ± 149 vs 6482 ± 4108,P < 0.05;141 ± 12 vs 6482 ± 4108,P < 0.05) and LDH levels(IU/L)(7220 ± 6317 vs 24 627 ± 10 975,P < 0.05;1618 ± 719 vs 24 627 ± 10 975,P < 0.05;1394 ± 469 vs 24 627 ± 10 975,P < 0.05) were all decreased drastically in the three-dosage 5-MOP pretreatment groups.Pretreatment of 5-MOP could attenuate histopathologic changes induced by APAP,including hepatocellular necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells,and the effect was dose-dependent.MDA levels(nmol/mg) were decreased by 5-MOP in a dose-dependent manner(0.98 ± 0.45 vs 2.15 ± 1.07,P > 0.05;0.59 ± 0.07 vs 2.15 ± 1.07,P < 0.05;0.47 ± 0.06 vs 2.15 ± 1.07,P < 0.05).The pretreatment of 5-MOP could also increase the GSH/GSSG ratio(3.834 ± 0.340 vs 3.306 ± 0.282,P > 0.05;5.330 ± 0.421 vs 3.306 ± 0.282,P < 0.05;6.180 ± 0.212 vs 3.306 ± 0.282,P < 0.05).In the group treated with 5-MOP but without APAP,the serum enzyme levels,the liver histopathologic manifestation,and the values of MDA and GSH/GSSG ratio were all normal.CONCLUSION:5-MOP can effectively protect C57BL/6J mice from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and possesses an antioxidative activity,and does not cause liver injury at the protective doses.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Solanum Incanum on Acetaminophen-lnduced Hepatotoxicity in Guinea Pigs

Solanum incanum, a shrubby herb, is widely distributed and used as analgesic, antitoxic, and antispasmodic in folk medicine. In the present study, the protective effects of aqueous extract of S. incanum against acetaminophen induced acute liver damage were evaluated in guinea pigs. Animals were orally administered with S. incanum extract （50 and 100 mg/ kg bw） and silymarin （ 100 mg / kg bw） respectively for 6 days followed by acetaminophen administration （2 g / kg bw） at the 7th day. The results showed that the treatment with S. incanum extract significantly lowered the acetaminophen-induced serum levels of hepatic marker enzymes （AST, ALT, and ALP）, Liver histopathology also showed that S. incanum extract reduced the incidence of liver lesions including the swelling of hepatic cells, lymphocytes infiltration, nucleus condensation, and hepatic necrosis induced by acetaminophen treatment in guinea pigs. The S. incanum extract at a dose of 100 mg / kg bw was more effective in suppressing the oxidative damage than the extract at a dose of 50 mg / kg bw. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that S. incanum extract could protect liver against the acetaminophen-induced oxidative damage.

Antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects of （＋）-clausenamide on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Objective： （＋）-Clausenamide （（＋）-CLA）, the active ingredient of wampee, was isolated from the leaves of Clausena lansium （Lour.） Skeels. This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of （＋）-CLA against acetaminophen （APAP）-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Methods： Mice were divided into control, APAP, high-dose （＋）-CLA, and low-dose （＋）-CLA groups. Then, mice were preadministered （＋）-CLA （50 and 100 mg/kg） for 5 consecutive days. After the last treatment, the animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of APAP （600 mg/kg）. Renal histopathology was evaluated by staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and glutathione （GSH） and the activities of catalase （CAT） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were determined using corresponding kits. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in renal tissue. Results： Administration of APAP increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels in comparison with the control group. An increase in renal MDA level, depletion of GSH, and reductions in CAT and SOD activities in renal tissue indicated that APAP-induced kidney injury was mediated by oxidative stress. The expressions of Bax and caspase-3, cleavage of caspase-3, and cytoplasm cytochrome c levels were up-regulated in renal tissue, whereas Bcl-2 expression and mitochondrial cytochrome c levels were down-regulated in the APAP group, which revealed that APAP-induced kidney injury significantly increased cell apoptosis in renal tubules. The histopathology of kidney tissue supported these biochemical mechanisms. （＋）-CLA can reverse changes in most of the abovementioned parameters and nearly restore the normal structure of the kidney. Conclusion： Oxidative stress and apoptosis are considered to be the mechanisms underlying APAP-induced nephrotoxicity. （＋）-CLA could be a promising antidote for APAP-induced acute renal damage owing to its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.

Dynamic tracking of stem cells in an acute liver failure model

AIM： To investigate a dual labeling technique, which would enable real-time monitoring of transplanted em- bryonic stem cell （ESC） kinetics, as well as long-term tracking. METHODS： Liver damage was induced in C57/BL6 male mice （n = 40） by acetaminophen （APAP） 300 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. Green fluores- cence protein （GFP） positive C57/BL6 mouse ESCs were stained with the near-infrared fluorescent lipophilic tracer 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbo- cyanine iodide （DiR） immediately before transplantationinto the spleen. Each of the animals in the cell therapy group （n = 20） received 5 x 106 ESCs 4 h following treatment with APAP. The control group （n = 20） re- ceived the vehicle only. The distribution and dynamics of the cells were monitored in real-time with the IVIS lumina-2 at 30 rain post transplantation, then at 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, and after one and 2 wk. Immunohisto- chemical examination of liver tissue was used to identify expression of GFP and albumin. Plasma alanine amino- transferase （ALT） was measured as an indication of liver damage.RESULTS： DiR-stained ESCs were easily tracked with the IVIS using the indocyanine green filter due to its high background passband with minimal background autofluorescence. The transplanted cells were confined inside the spleen at 30 min post-transplantation, gradu- ally moved into the splenic vein, and were detectable in parts of the liver at the 3 h time-point. Within 24 h of transplantation, homing of almost 90% of cells was confirmed in the liver. On day three, however, the DiR signal started to fade out, and ex vivo IVIS imaging of different organs allowed signal detection at time-points when the signal could not be detected by in vivo imag- ing, and confirmed that the highest photon emission was in the liver （P 〈 0.0001）. At 2 wk, the DiRsignal was no longer detectable in vivo; however, immuno- histochemistry analysis of constitutively-expressed GFP was used to provide an insight into the distribution of the cells. GFP ＋ve cells were detected in tissue sections resembling hepatocytes and were dispersed throughout the hepatic parenchyma, with the presence of a larger number of GFP ＋ve cells incorporated within the sinu- soidal endothelial lining. Very faint albumin expression was detected in the transplanted GFP ＋re cells at 72 h; however at 2 wk, few cells that were positive for GFP were also strongly positive for albumin. There was a significant improvement in serum levels of ALT, albumin and bilirubin in both groups at 2 wk when compared with the 72 h time-point. In the cell therapy group, serum ALT was significantly （P = 0.016） lower and al- bumin （P = 0.009） was significantly higher when com- pared with the control group at the 2 wk time-point;however there was no difference in mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION： Dual labeling is an easy to use and cheap method for longitudinal monitoring of distribu- tion, survival and engraftment of transplanted cells, and could be used for cell therapy models.

Plasma microRNA profiles distinguish lethal injury in acetaminophen toxicity: A research study

AIM: To investigate plasma microRNA (miRNA) profiles indicative of hepatotoxicity in the setting of lethal acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in mice. METHODS: Using plasma from APAP poisoned mice, either lethally (500 mg/kg) or sublethally (150 mg/kg) dosed, we screened commercially available murine microRNA libraries (SABiosciences, Qiagen Sciences, MD) to evaluate for unique miRNA profiles between these two dosing parameters. RESULTS: We distinguished numerous, unique plasma miRNAs both up- and downregulated in lethally compared to sublethally dosed mice. Of note, many of the greatest up- and downregulated miRNAs, namely 574-5p, 466g, 466f-3p, 375, 29c, and 148a, have been shown to be associated with asthma in prior studies. Interestingly, a relationship between APAP and asthma has been previously well described in the literature, with an as yet unknown mechanism of pathology. There was a statistically significant increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in the lethal compared to sublethal APAP dosing groups at the 12 h time point (P < 0.001). There was 90% mortality in the lethally compared to sublethally dosed mice at the 48 h time point (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: We identified unique plasma miRNAs both up- and downregulated in APAP poisoning which are correlated to asthma development.

Factors associated with irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in hemodialysis patients

AIM: To investigate clinical characteristics associated with the presence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms in hemodialysis (HD) patients.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire based on the Bowel Disease Questionnaire that records gastrointestinal symptoms was given to 294 patients in 4 dialysis centers. A total of 196 (67%) subjects returned the survey. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors significantly associated with IBS symptoms. RESULTS: Symptoms compatible with IBS were present in 27 (13.8%) subjects and independently associated with low post-dialysis serum potassium [OR = 0.258, 95% CI (0.075-0.891), P = 0.032], paracetamol use [OR = 3.159, 95% CI (1.214-8.220), P = 0.018], and Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) cognitive function score [OR = 0.977, 95% CI (0.956-0.999), P = 0.042]. Univariate regressions were also performed and the reported significance is for multivariate analysis. No association was detected for age, gender, depressed mood, smoking (present or past), body mass index, albumin level, Kt/V, sodium preor post-dialysis level, change in potassium level during HD, proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker use, aspirin use, residual diuresis, hepatitis B or C infection, diabetes mellitus, marital status and education level. CONCLUSION: This study examined potential risk factors for symptoms compatible with IBS in HD patients and identified an association with paracetamol use, post-dialysis potassium level and KDQOL-cognitive function score.

Impaired gluconeogenesis in a porcine model of paracetamol induced acute liver failure

AIM:To investigate glucose homeostasis and in particular gluconeogenesis in a large animal model of acute liver failure(ALF).METHODS:Six pigs with paracetamol induced ALF under general anaesthesia were studied over 25 h.Plasma samples were withdrawn every five hours from a central vein.Three animals were used as controls and were maintained under anaesthesia only.Using 1 H NMR spectroscopy we identified most gluconeogenic amino acids along with lactate and pyruvate in the animal plasma samples.RESULTS:No significant changes were observed in the concentrations of the amino acids studied in the animals maintained under anaesthesia only.If we look at the ALF animals,we observed a statistically significant rise of lactate(P<0.003)and pyruvate(P<0.018) at the end of the experiments.We also observed statistically significant rises in the concentrations of alanine(P<0.002),glycine(P<0.005),threonine(P< 0.048),tyrosine(P<0.000),phenylalanine(P<0.000) and isoleucine(P<0.01).Valine levels decreased significantly(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our pig model of ALF is characterized by an altered gluconeogenetic capacity,an impaired tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle and a glycolytic state.

The effects of acetaminophen combined with radiation on the radiosensitivity of irradiated human glioma cell progeny

Objective： To study the effects of acetaminophen （ACE） combined with radiation on the progeny of the human glioma cell line SHG-44, and to investigate if ACE may be an useful therapeutic radiosensitivity agent in the treatment of recurrent human glioma. Methods： A randomized, controlled experiment, was performed at the Department of Radiology Laboratory, the First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, between September 2004 and January 2006. Brain glioma SHG-44 cells were divided into three groups： SHG-44, SHG-44-10, and SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells groups. The SHG-44-10 cells group was irradiated with dose of 10 Gy by a linear accelerator （6 MVX）. It was passaged for 15 generations and cultured in RPMI-1640 culture media. Then SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells group was treated with ACE. Measures： Community re-double time, mean lethal dose （DO）, extrapolation number （N）, fraction surviving fraction irradiated by 2 Gy dose （SF2）, quasi-threshold dose （Dq）, and cell cycle. Results： The SF2 of the SHG-44, SHG-44-10, and SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells groups were 70.8%, 80.6% and 45.2%, respectively, with significance （P = 0.040）. The SHG-44-10 and SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells groups were irradiated with 8 Gy. After 12 hours, the G2/M ratio of the SHG-44-10 and SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells groups were indicating significantly higher ratio compared to pre-irradiated groups （P 〈 0.01）. After 24 hours, the G2/M ratio of the SHG-44-10 cells group decreased rapidly, while the ratio of the SHG-44-10 ＋ ACE cells group still maintained in high level. Conclusion： In the present study, Subtoxic dose of ACE increased the radiosensitivity of the progeny of irradiated human glioma cell. ACE may be an useful radiosensitivity agent in the treatment of recrudescent human malignant glioma.

CDs-BOC复合催化剂可见光下活化过硫酸盐降解典型PPCPs

本研究通过简便的水热和煅烧两步法合成了一种新型光催化剂,该方法用碳量子点(CDs)修饰Bi OCl纳米片.制备的纳米复合材料(CDs-BOC)通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和稳态荧光光谱(PL)等手段进行了表征.结果表明,此材料成功地引入了CDs.7%CDs-BOC纳米复合材料的光吸收边界被增强至可见光区域(424 nm),并提高了光致电子-空穴对的分离效率.为了提高有机污染物降解的效果,过硫酸盐(PS)被引入了CDs-BOC光催化体系中.由于复合纳米催化剂具有出色的光催化能力,光生电子可以有效活化PS,产生更多的活性氧化物质.在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下,20 min内可以完全去除5 mg·L^(-1)对-乙酰氨基酚(AAP).通过自由基淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR),探明了此体系具有多种活性氧化物质:·OH、·SO_(4)^(-)、·O_(2)-和h^(+),并提出了降解反应机制.以上结果体现出CDs-BOC/PS体系在光催化处理水污染方面具有广阔的应用前景.

Chlorogenic acid prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury: the involvement of CYP450 metabolic enzymes and some antioxidant signals

Chlorogenic acid（CGA）, a polyphenolic compound, is abundant in fruits, dietary vegetables, and some medicinal herbs. This study investigated the prevention of CGA against acetaminophen（AP）-induced hepatotoxicity and its engaged mechanisms. CGA reversed the decreased cell viability induced by AP in L-02 cells in vitro. In addition, CGA reduced the AP-induced increased serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase（ALT/AST） in vivo. The effect of CGA on cytochrome P450（CYP） enzymatic（CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4） activities showed that CGA caused very little inhibition on CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 enzymatic activities, but not CYP3A4. The measurement of liver malondialdehyde（MDA）, reactive oxygen species（ROS）, and glutathione（GSH） levels showed that CGA prevented AP-induced liver oxidative stress injury. Further, CGA increased the AP-induced decreased m RNA expression of peroxiredoxin（Prx） 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, epoxide hydrolase（Ephx） 2, and polymerase（RNA） II（DNA directed） polypeptide K（Polr2k）, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2（Nrf2）. In summary, CGA ameliorates the AP-induced liver injury probably by slightly inhibiting CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 enzymatic properties. In addition, cellular important antioxidant signals such as Prx1, 2, 3, 5, 6, Ephx2, Polr2 k, and Nrf2 also contributed to the protection of CGA against AP-induced oxidative stress injury.

Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats is correlated with the accumulation of bile acids: an underlying mechanism

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of acetaminophen（APAP）-induced hepatotoxicity by measuring the expression levels of liver transporters and concentrations of bile acids（BAs） in rat plasma and liver. SD rats（42） were randomly assigned into six groups, including 6-h control group, APAP 6-h group, 12-h control group, APAP 12-h group, 24-h control group and APAP 24-h group. The estimation study of BAs in plasma and liver was performed on LC-MS/MS. The levels of bile salt export pump（Bsep）, multidrug resistant protein 2（Mrp2）, multidrug resistant protein 4（Mrp4）, Na＋/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide（Ntcp） and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2（Oatp2） in the liver were analyzed by Western blotting analysis. Compared with the corresponding control groups, no difference was found in the BA levels and the expressions of BA transporters in the plasma and liver after 6 h of APAP administration. While BA levels were significantly decreased in the plasma and increased in the liver after 12 h of APAP administration（P0.05）; and the expressions of Bsep and Mrp2 were significantly reduced（P0.05）. After 24 h of APAP administration, BA levels were both greatly increased in the plasma and liver（P0.05）; and the expressions of Mrp4 and Oatp2 were significantly decreased（P0.05）. In response to over-dose APAP, Bsep, Mrp2, Mrp4 and Oatp2 levels were reduced at different time points, causing the accumulation of BAs, and such accumulation may ultimately lead to the severe liver injury, which could be an underlying mechanism of the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Protective effect of Sharbat-e-Deenar against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Sharbat-e-Deenar(SD) on acetaminophen(APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model.METHODS: Albino rats were treated with SD at the doses of 1, 2 and 4 mL/kg, p.o. against hepatotoxicity after APAP(2 g/kg, p.o. once only) intoxication.The blood, tissue biochemical parameters and histopathological observation were performed. The RESULTS: APAP exposure in rats significantly increased the level of biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urea and creatinine into blood circulation which were reversed towards normal by SD therapy at all doses. The tissue biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, adenosine tri-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly restored after SD treatment against hepatotoxity. Histological analysis confirmed that SD-treated rats significantly alleviated of liver damage and reduced lesions caused by APAP intoxication. The biochemical changes are in good correlation with the histopathological observations.CONCLUSION: On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that SD exerts hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced liver injury.

Analysis of alternation with ibuprofen and acetaminophen in outpatient and emergency departments of a children’s hospital

In the present study,we retrospectively analyzed 105382 prescriptions of antipyretic drugs for children(0–14 years of age)in the outpatient and emergency departments of Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital from January to December 2019.Ibuprofen and acetaminophen are relatively safe and the most commonly used drugs in daily life.Due to different dosage forms,there are acetaminophen suspension drops,acetaminophen oral solution,ibuprofen suspension,and ibuprofen suppositories for children.Through investigation,we found that the age of antipyretic drugs used by children in our hospital ranged from 3 months to 14 years old,which could be divided into two groups:single drug use and alternating use of ibuprofen and acetaminophen,with an alternating use rate of 3.19%.There were differences between the two groups in terms of age,gender,the proportion of emergency departments use,and the amount of single prescription(P<0.05).The age of the alternating use group was younger,and the male proportion,the proportion of emergency departments use,single prescription amount of the alternating use group were higher.In the alternating use group,ibuprofen and acetaminophen of different dosage forms were used alternatively.After pair comparison analysis,they only had an age difference(P<0.008),which was in line with the principle that different dosage forms are suitable for different ages.The method of alternation with ibuprofen and acetaminophen is mainly used in the emergency departments and children of younger age because most of the children have a refractory fever,which is complicated and changes relatively fast.There was no record of adverse reactions about alternation of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the software system of adverse reactions.However,this study was a retrospective analysis,and there were risks of missing records.Therefore,alternating use of ibuprofen and acetaminophen still couldn’t ignore the risk of adverse reactions.

Acetaminophen and zinc phosphide for lethal management of invasive lizards Ctenosaura similis

Reducing populations of invasive lizards through trapping and shooting is feasible in many cases but effective inte-grated management relies on a variety of tools, including toxicants. In Florida, using wild-caught non-native black spiny-tailed iguanas Ctenosaura similis, we screened acetaminophen and zinc phosphide to determine their suitability for effective population management of this prolific invasive species. Of the animals that received acetaminophen, none died except at the highest test dose, 240 mg per lizard, which is not practical for field use. Zinc phosphide produced 100% mortality at dose levels as little as 25 mg per lizard, equivalent to about 0.5% in bait which is lower than currently used in commercial baits for commensal rodent con-trol. We conclude that zinc phosphide has potential as a useful tool for reducing populations of invasive lizards such as the black spiny-tailed iguana provided target-selective delivery methods are developed [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 625~529, 2011].