This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out e...This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.展开更多
In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be n...In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be noted that these temples were not as gigantic or of great artistic value either as compared to the Buddhist monasteries of contemporary Bihar. The reason behind this was probably the fact that the Buddhist monasteries were built by the state or supported directly by them as well as patronized by the rich business community. On the contrary, few of the Brahamanical structures were getting these advantages and they were having support of the local followers. From the various excavation and exploration reports by archaeologists, temple structures of this period have been reported very often. But the ancient historiography of Bihar obsessed with the Buddhist, Jaina and other heterodox monuments, has tended to just ignore it. The question why such a large number of temples came up during this period, which is spread over the whole of modem Bihar, particularly near the important Buddhist sites, was never posed. Moreover, the question why the Pala rulers who were known for their Buddhist inclination later extended critical support to Brahmans has also remained unaddressed.展开更多
Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of l...Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.展开更多
Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this article analyzes agricultural land use intensity and its determinants. The results reveal marked differences of agricult...Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this article analyzes agricultural land use intensity and its determinants. The results reveal marked differences of agricultural land use intensity among households with different ages of householders, proportion of non-farm participants, total agricultural land area, land fragmentation and land utilization capacity. （i） Households with older householders and households with a smaller proportion of non-farming laborers generally spend more time on managing their land and invest less capital and materials than other households. The proportion of non-farming laborers within younger households is relatively high, and they tend to invest more capital and materials because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes their financial constraints. （ii） Land fragmentation is an important determinant of land use intensity. Households with a bigger land size per plot usually spend less time and invest more capital and materials on their land; （iii） Land with better quality is usually managed intensively. The results suggest that labor has become an important constraint for local agricultural production, and there is the potential to improve land management scale and increase machinery input to substitute for labor. Furthermore, the effects of non-farm employment on land use intensity indicate that the establishment of a coordination mechanism between non-farm employment and agricultural land use is an important way to solve the conflict between ecological security and agricultural production in ecologically-vulnerable areas.展开更多
Part-time farming has been increasing steadily in China. It is currently the largest segment among all the farm sectors in the country. Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County as a case site ofecologica...Part-time farming has been increasing steadily in China. It is currently the largest segment among all the farm sectors in the country. Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County as a case site ofecologically-vulnerable areas in North China, we firstly classify farm households into four types according to the proportion of non-farm income in total income, and then compare their agricultural land use patterns to empirically examine the impacts of part-time farming on agricultural land use in this area. The results suggest that non-farming households rent out all their land and give up farming, and this satisfies the expectation of other households to expand land area. The crop planting structure was not significantly different among the households, which reflected the farmers＇ will to pursuit labor productivity. Part-time farming households invest more capital and materials than full-time faming households because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes the financial constraint of households. However, the amount of labor input of part-time farming households tends to be less, and farming practices are dominated by the elderly, female and laborers withrelative low educations.Yields of crops and the benefit of agricultural land use incline to reduce, which suggest that the potential of land use productivity is more elastic to labor inputs than capital inputs in the study area.展开更多
基金Supported by State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Open-end Fund(SKLLQG1426)Post-doctoral Foundation and National Natural Science Foundation of China(41102107)~~
文摘This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.
文摘In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be noted that these temples were not as gigantic or of great artistic value either as compared to the Buddhist monasteries of contemporary Bihar. The reason behind this was probably the fact that the Buddhist monasteries were built by the state or supported directly by them as well as patronized by the rich business community. On the contrary, few of the Brahamanical structures were getting these advantages and they were having support of the local followers. From the various excavation and exploration reports by archaeologists, temple structures of this period have been reported very often. But the ancient historiography of Bihar obsessed with the Buddhist, Jaina and other heterodox monuments, has tended to just ignore it. The question why such a large number of temples came up during this period, which is spread over the whole of modem Bihar, particularly near the important Buddhist sites, was never posed. Moreover, the question why the Pala rulers who were known for their Buddhist inclination later extended critical support to Brahmans has also remained unaddressed.
文摘Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.
基金National Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40971062)
文摘Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this article analyzes agricultural land use intensity and its determinants. The results reveal marked differences of agricultural land use intensity among households with different ages of householders, proportion of non-farm participants, total agricultural land area, land fragmentation and land utilization capacity. （i） Households with older householders and households with a smaller proportion of non-farming laborers generally spend more time on managing their land and invest less capital and materials than other households. The proportion of non-farming laborers within younger households is relatively high, and they tend to invest more capital and materials because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes their financial constraints. （ii） Land fragmentation is an important determinant of land use intensity. Households with a bigger land size per plot usually spend less time and invest more capital and materials on their land; （iii） Land with better quality is usually managed intensively. The results suggest that labor has become an important constraint for local agricultural production, and there is the potential to improve land management scale and increase machinery input to substitute for labor. Furthermore, the effects of non-farm employment on land use intensity indicate that the establishment of a coordination mechanism between non-farm employment and agricultural land use is an important way to solve the conflict between ecological security and agricultural production in ecologically-vulnerable areas.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 40971062)
文摘Part-time farming has been increasing steadily in China. It is currently the largest segment among all the farm sectors in the country. Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County as a case site ofecologically-vulnerable areas in North China, we firstly classify farm households into four types according to the proportion of non-farm income in total income, and then compare their agricultural land use patterns to empirically examine the impacts of part-time farming on agricultural land use in this area. The results suggest that non-farming households rent out all their land and give up farming, and this satisfies the expectation of other households to expand land area. The crop planting structure was not significantly different among the households, which reflected the farmers＇ will to pursuit labor productivity. Part-time farming households invest more capital and materials than full-time faming households because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes the financial constraint of households. However, the amount of labor input of part-time farming households tends to be less, and farming practices are dominated by the elderly, female and laborers withrelative low educations.Yields of crops and the benefit of agricultural land use incline to reduce, which suggest that the potential of land use productivity is more elastic to labor inputs than capital inputs in the study area.
