试论杨坚的法制思想

Abstract: With "to enhace conventions, to encourage benevolent rules and proprieties" as the guiding ideology, Emperor Suwen of Sui Dynsaty decreed that the legislation should require light penalty instead of serious one, and turning death into life, and that the enforcement of the law should be fair with careful imprisonment and just penal discretion. Thus, Sui Dynasty was characterized by clear and upright politics, prosperous economy and steady society. But in the late reign, Emperor Suiwen broke legislation and decided cases beyond the law, which led to the decay of its dynasty.

孟子何以行此:苏辙之问与宋代治道之争

1070年,苏辙提出了著名的“孟子何以行此”之问,目的在于反思汉唐以来治道兴衰,探究如何实现治世理想。时值王安石变法,苏辙之问中提及设官治民、立法设禁、以刑待之等语,实则指向如何推明儒家治道的问题。由苏辙之问追根溯源,先秦儒家原本就有导德齐礼与导政齐刑之论,后经荀子隆礼重法而变为法家重刑之治,两汉以降又逐步开启儒家治世理想的法制化进程,至唐终于定型。但汉代以来王霸杂用之治道,仍为导政齐刑。宋朝任法而治,王安石自上而下推行变法更加强化了导政齐刑的治国模式。苏辙则越过汉唐,直追先秦儒家治道,主张顺人情、复礼治,通过家训、族谱、乡约等新礼规范敦亲睦族、和合乡里。苏辙之说后被南宋士大夫所接受,他们身体力行改造基层社会,重建伦理秩序,践行宋代新礼治,从而深刻重构了南宋以降的基层社会礼法秩序。