试论中医养生在餐饮导食服务创新中的应用

经济的发展带来人们生活水平的提高,消费观念的变化,餐饮业的繁荣,同时也带来了过度消费、食品安全和饮食健康问题。中国的文化遗产中积累了膳食保健的丰富经验。餐饮业要践行导食服务理念,推行健康饮食教育,创制绿色健康食品,引导绿色饮食消费,促进绿色饮食消费体系的建立。

吃导字饭的新潮一族

目前,我国一些城市流动人口直线上升。外来人面对都市人海茫茫,衣食住行都有诸多不便之处。人们的需要,就是一种新行当产生的契机。为解决流动人口在城市生活的诸多不便,近年来在一些大城市出现了为人们衣食住行提供咨询服务的新潮一族:导医、导食、导厕、导路……导医:使你病急"巧"

借食而育,打造“舌尖上的未来”

食育贯穿人的一生,能为儿童身心健康发展打好基础。基于学生发展需要和新时代学生培养目标,江苏省无锡市锡山实验小学确立"导行、促能、养德"的食育课程目标,研发"饮食文明、饮食文化、饮食习惯"食育课程内容,深耕课程教育基地,整合课程教育资源,聚焦课程教育核心,促使学生丰厚传统文化认知,养成良好生活习惯。

Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers: A review and report of personal experience

Selective cyclooxygenase （COX）-2 inhibitors （coxibs） were developed as one of the anti-inflammatory drugs to avoid the various side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs）. However, coxibs also have an ability to inhibit tumor development of various kinds the same way that NSAIDs do. Many experimental studies using cell lines and animal models demonstrated an ability to prevent tumor proliferation of COX-2 inhibitors. After performing a randomized study for polyp chemoprevention study in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis （FAP）, which showed that the treatment with celecoxib, one of the coxibs, significantly reduced the number of colorectal polyps in 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration （FDA） immediately approved the clinical use of celecoxib for FAP patients. However, some coxibs were recently reported to increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events including heart attack and stroke. In this article we review a role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach and colorectum, and also analyze the prospect of coxibs for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal tract tumors.

Studies of Sulphur- and Iron-induced Copper Deficiency in Tibetan Sheep

The clinical signs of Tibetan sheep with sulphur- and iron-induced copper deficiency in Maqu County of Gansu Province were defined as thin, decreased appetite, neonatal ataxia, pica, emaciation, and loss of hair color and anemia. The mineral composition of soil and forage, and samples of liver, blood and hair from Tibetan sheep in affected ranches in this region were compared with those from unaffected areas. The mean concentration of iron in soil and forage in affected pasture was 19 675 ±791 and 1 763 ±197 μg/g, respectively, compared with 8 761 ±871 and 357 ±39 μg/g in unaffected pasture. The mean concentration of sulphur in soil and forage in affected pasture was 1.98% ±0.79% and 0.88% ±0.16%, respectively, compared with 1.16%±0.26% and 0.47%±0.16%in unaffected pasture. The mean copper concentrations in soil and forage from the affected pastures were 15.9±1.8 and 6.7±1.6 μg/g, respectively, compared with 16.7±1.9 and 8.9±2.7 μg/g in unaffected pasture.The mean concentration of Cu in blood, liver, and hair from the affected Tibetan sheep were 0.32±0.12, 51.2±3.1 and 2.16±0.65μg/g, respectively, compared with 0.76±0.21, 191±11 and 3.27±0.96 μg/g for healthy animals. Oral administration of CuClO(OH)3prevented and cured anemia. We conclude that wool eating of Tibetan sheep in this region is probably caused by secondary Cu deficiency, mainly due to the high iron and sulphur contents in soils and forage.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided elastography in the nodal staging of oesophageal cancer

AIM： To assess quantitative endoscopic ultrasound （EUS）- guided elastography in the nodal staging of oesophago- gastric cancers.METHODS： This was a single tertiary centre study as- sessing 50 patients with established oesophago-gastric cancer undergoing EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy （FNAB） of lymph nodes between July 2007 and July 2009. EUS-guided elastography of lymph nodes was performed before EUS-FNAB. Standard EUS charac- teristics were also described. Cytological determination of whether a lymph node was malignant or benign was used as the gold standard for this study. Comparisons of elastography and standard EUS characteristics were made between the cytologically benign and malignant nodes. The main outcome measure was the accuracy of elastography in differentiating between benign and malignant lymph nodes in oesophageal cancers.

REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS AND AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS

Objectives’ To observe the effects of reflux esophagitis(RE) on the lung function and alrway reactivity,and study the mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR) in patients with RE.Methods. Lung function measurements and airway provocation tests were performed in 31 RE patientsand 35 control subjects’ TXB, and PGF,. were determined in 20 cases of each group.Results. In RE patients the lung function was lower and the rate of AHR was higher than control sub-jects (P<0. 05). Among RE patients 25 % had higher airway sensitivity (Dminr 3u ). The TXB2 of REpatients with AHR was higher than those without AHR’ Dmin correlated significantly with TXB2 (r=0. 653, P<0. 05).Concluswhs’ RE could damage the lung function. The rate of AHR was 61 %, the high airway sensltivity was probably potential asthma, and TXB2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of AHR.

Effect of Lentivirus-induced shRNA Silencing CXCR4 Gene on Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human Esophageal Carcinoma Cell Line Eca109

OBJECTIVE To discuss the application of the slow virus-induced short-hairpin RNA （vshRNA） to silence the expression of CXCR4 in EsCa cell lines Eca109, and observe the effect of silencing CXCR4 on the proliferation and apoptosis of Eca109 cells in vitro. METHODS The expression plasmid of vshRNA targeting CXCR4 was constructed, with a concurrent construction of negative vshRNA expression plasmid, and without targeting any known mRNA. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot assay were used to determine the change of CXCR4 expression in the post-transfected EsCa cell Eca109, and MTT assay was conducted to detect the change of proliferation in EsCa Eca109 cell after silencing the CXCR4. The .ow cytometry was used to detect the change of the cell cycle and apoptosis in the post-silenced EsCa Eca109 cell in di. erent groups. RESULTS The transfection rate was respectively （87.3 ± 1.2）% and （90.1 ± 1.4）% in the CXCR4- RNAi-LV （silent group） and NC-GFP-RNAi-LV （negative control group） cellular plasmids. The vshRNA interference resulted in a down-regulation of the CXCR4 gene mRNA and protein expressions in Eca109 cells. CXCL12 promoted the proliferation of EsCa cell lines Eca109. The speed of EsCa cell proliferation became slower in the silencing group than in the normal control （also the control） and the negative control groups （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference in comparison of the proliferation speeds between the negative control and the normal control groups （P 〉 0.05）. In the silencing group, the proportion of the cells in phase G0/G1, phase S and phase G2/M was respectively （69.9 ± 5.0）%, （17.1 ± 2.5）% and （13.0 ± 7.4）%, and the apoptotic rate achieved （7.27 ± 0.50）%. In the normal control group, the proportion of the cells in phase G0/G1, S and G2/M was respectively （55.9 ± 4.6）%, （30.2 ± 3.9）% and （13.8 ± 1.4）%, and the apoptotic rate was （3.30 ± 0.70）%. In the negative control group, the proportion of cells in phase G0/G1, S and G2/M was respectively （52.7 ± 7.8）%, （25.3 ± 2.3）% and （21.9 ± 7.4）%, with an apoptotic rate of （4.03 ± 1.37）%. Compared with the normal control and negative control groups, there was an apparent growth of cells in the phase G0/G1 （P 〈 0.05）, and a greatly increased number of cells in phase S （P 〈 0.05） in the silencing group. There was no signi. cant di.erence in comparison of those between the normal control and negative control groups （P 〉 0.05）. The apoptotic rate was obviously higher in the cells of the silencing group than in the normal control and the negative control groups （P 〈 0.05）. There was no signi. cant di.erence in comparison of the apoptotic rate between the normal control and the negative control groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION CXCR4-vshRNA can specifically and effectively inhibit CXCR4 expression of Eca109 cells. CXCR4-vshRNA can inhibit the proliferation and enhance the apoptosis rate of Eca109 cells through intervening the expression of CXCR4, suggesting that CXCL12/CXCR4 might have an important role in the progression of Escc Thisslow virus-induced shRNA can effectively silence the expression of CXCR4 gene in the EsCa cells; block up the biological e.ect of CXCL12/CXCR4 axle; and e.ectively inhibit the potency of proliferation in the EsCa cell line Eca109, thus advancing apoptosis. It suggests that the CXCL12/CXCR4 plays an important role in the progression of EsCa.

Irradiation-induced EMT is associated with activation of TGF-β and restriction of BMP signaling in esophageal cancer cells

Objective: Irradiation may enhance migration and/or invasiveness of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, the mechanism of which may be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study explored the mechanisms of EMT induced by irradiation in esophageal cancer cells. Methods: Human esophageal cancer cell line EC109 was treated with increased doses of irradiation (0 Gy, 20 Gy, 40 Gy and 60 Gy). Cell morphology was observed. Expressions of E-cadherin and vimentin were determined by immunofluorescence assay or western blot. Secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by cells was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expressions of Smad2/3 and phosphorated Smad2 (p-Smad2) were also examined by Western blot. The mRNA expressions of BMP-4, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligand, and two secreted BMP antagonists (Chordin and Gremlin), were detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell migratory capacity was evaluated. Results: Irradiation induced EMT in EC109 cells in a dose-dependent manner as evidenced by morphological changes, decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of vimentin, and increased cell motility. The secretion of TGF-β1 and expression of p-Smad2 were gradually increased in an irradiation dose-dependent manner, but the Smad2/3 protein levels remained stable. The mRNA expression of BMP-4 was gradually down-regulated, but the expressions of Chordin and Gremlin were gradually up-regulated in cells treated with increased doses of irradiation. Conclusion: Irradiation can induce EMT in esophageal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the mechanism may be associated with activation of TGF-β and restriction of BMP signaling.

Application of a wire-guided side-viewing duodenoscope in total esophagectomy with colonic interposition

Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the mainstay treatment for bile duct disease. The procedure is difficult per se, especially when a side-viewing duodenoscope is used, and when the patient has altered anatomical features, such as colonic interposition. Currently, there is no consensus on the standard approach for therapeutic ERCP in patients with total esophagectomy and colonic interposition. We describe a novel treatment design that involves the use of a side-viewing duodenoscope to perform therapeutic ERCP in patients with total esophagectomy and colonic interposition. A gastroscope was initially introduced into the interposed colon and a radio-opaque standard guidewire was advanced to a distance beyond the papilla of Vater, before the gastroscope was withdrawn. A sideviewing duodenoscope was then introduced along the guidewire under fluoroscopic guidance. After cannulation into the papilla of Vater, endoscopic retrograde chol-angiography (ERC) revealed a filling defect (maximum diameter: 15 cm) at the distal portion of the common bile duct (CBD). This defect was determined to be a stone, which was successfully retrieved by a Dormia basket after complete sphincterotomy. With this treatment design, it is possible to perform therapeutic ERCP in patients with colonic interposition, thereby precluding the need for percutaneous drainage or surgery.

Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction in aging—insights from Caenorhabditis elegans research

Dietary restriction(DR) is one of the most robust environmental manipulations that not only extend life span but also delay the onset of age-related diseases in almost every species examined. Caenorhabditis elegans plays an important role in aging studies due to its simple life cycle, easy genetic manipulations and highly conserved genome. Recent studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of DR are mediated by the highly conserved transcription factors and signaling pathways in C. elegans. Here we review recent progress in the methodology and molecular mechanisms of DR using C. elegans as a model, as well as prospects for future research.

Lack of functional link in the tadpole morphology induced by predators

Most studies of predator-induced plasticity have focused on documenting how prey species re- spond to predators by modifying phenotypic traits and how traits correlate with fitness. We have previously shown that Pleurodema thaul tadpoles exposed to the dragonfly Rhionaeschna varie- gata responded strongly by showing morphological changes, less activity, and better survival than non-exposed tadpoles. Here, we tested whether there is a functional link between morphological plasticity and increased survival in the presence of predators. Tadpoles that experienced predation risk were smaller, less developed, and much less active than tadpoles without this experience. Burst speed did not correlate significantly with morphological changes and predator-induced deeper tails did not act as a lure to divert predator strikes away from the head. Although we have previously found that tadpoles with predator-induced morphology survive better under a direct predator threat, our results on the functional link between morphology and fitness are not conclu- sive. Our results suggest that in P. thaultadpoles （1） burst speed is not important to evade preda- tors, （2） those exposed to predators reduce their activity, and （3） morphological changes do not divert predator attacks away from areas that compromise tadpole survivalEE. Our results show that morphological changes in P. thaul tadpoles do not explain burst speed or lure attraction, al- though there was a clear reduction of activity, which itself reduces predation. We propose that changes in tadpole activity could be further analyzed from another perspective, with morphological change as an indirect product of behavior mediated by physiological mechanisms.

Felsenstein＇s ＂one-allele model＂ of speciation： The role of philopatry in the initial stages of host plant mediated reproductive isolation in Enchenopa binotata

The study of speciation genetics is primarily concerned with identifying the genetic traits that allow divergent selec- tion to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Felsenstein reviewed this race between gene flow and selection, con- cluding that speciation with gene flow was unlikely under a ＂two-allele model＂ （where two traits were necessary for reproductive isolation） but that divergence could occur quite easily under a ＂one-allele model.＂ Despite this finding, much of the sympatric speciation research involving phytophagous insects has relied on a two-trait model, where insects evolve both preferences for and increased performance on novel host plants. Philopatry （a tendency to remain where one was born） is known to occur in phyto- phagous insects and is a single trait isolation mechanism. However, it is traditionally invoked as simply augmenting reproductive isolation. Species in the Enchenopa binotata complex are believed to have speciated in sympatry. They exhibit host plant prefe- rences, host specific performance advantages and strong philopatry. We experimentally shifted E. binotata to evolutionarily novel host plants. Previous research has demonstrated that the experimental population of insects possesses genetic variation in prefe- rence and performance to the novel host. The degree of philopatry at mating and egg-laying was assayed for the first four years under full choice conditions. Host plant preference and performance was assayed after eight years. Philopatry was an immediate and strong isolating mechanism, while preference for and performance on the novel host lagged. We therefore suggest that philo- patry may be a more important mechanism in the early stages of a host shift than previously believed [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 658-666, 2013].