天体原子、离子和分子射电谱线研究进展

简述天体原子、离子和分子射电谱线自首次探测至今,半个世纪以来的研究进展.展示空间特有的非地球稳定的自由基、同位素、同位素分子和离子及其相关的过程.天体微波激射(MASER)因能提供恒星诞生与死亡的珍贵信息成为本文之侧重点.

羟基分子射电谱线的一种观测处理方法

本文主要阐述用上海天文台的25米射电望远镜和北京大学的128路数字自相关频谱仪在我国首次进行羟基分子射电谱线观测的处理方法,包括自相关频谱仪、频率开关方法和本地静止标准等.文中并以羟基源W3、W12和哈雷彗星的射电谱线观测处理结果为例,着重论证了频率开关法就是频域内的调制法,包括调制、解调、积分和基线校准等一系列步骤.

电离氢区S187的大尺度CO多谱线观测

大质量恒星强烈的反馈深刻影响其周围的星际介质,并可能触发下一代恒星形成.S187是位于银河系第2象限的大质量恒星形成区,呈现出“扫集-坍缩”的触发式恒星形成模式.基于“银河画卷”巡天^(12)CO/^(13)CO/C^(18)O(J=1-0,下文J=1-0为简便起见省略)谱线数据,对S187区域分子云的基本性质开展了研究,探索了该区域大质量恒星对分子云的反馈.利用GaussPy+和聚类算法,在该区域证认了32个分子云,并结合Gaia(Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics)卫星恒星消光数据测量得到其中8个分子云的距离.S187区域由^(13)CO和C^(18)O示踪的相对致密的气体含量相比于银道面第2象限大部分区域的分子云高出1–2个量级.S187区域分子云中证认了243个^(13)CO团块和98个C^(18)O团块,其中有7个^(13)CO团块和5个C^(18)O团块有形成大质量恒星的潜力.研究结果显示,大质量恒星的反馈对其周围分子云的聚集作用明显,为下一代大质量恒星的形成提供了条件.

基于ALMA高分辨率的多谱线数据对NGC 1068核区中物理性质的研究

利用ALMA干涉阵望远镜(Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)的高分辨(~0.2′′-0.7′′)的多谱线数据,包括CO(1-0)、CO(2-1)、CO(3-2)、HCN(1-0)、HCO^(+)(1-0)、HCN(3-2)、HCO^(+)(3-2)、HCN(4-3)和HCO^(+)(4-3),并结合连续谱数据对近邻星系NGC 1068核区的物理性质进行了研究.速度积分强度图显示核周盘(CircumNuclear Disk,CND)呈现不对称的环状结构,尺度~300 pc.各分子谱线均显示,CND上的东发射结(E-knot)比西发射结(W-knot)有着更强的发射,且E-knot处表现出的分子气体的速度比W-knot更高.致密分子气体含量占比(用HCN或HCO^(+)不同转动跃迁线与CO(1-0)的积分强度比值表示),以及致密分子气体比值(HCN/HCO^(+))均在CND的东部表现出更高的值,意味着CND东部和西部有着不同的物理环境或化学组成.CO(3-2)/CO(1-0)的积分强度比值在E-knot很高,意味着该处极端的物理环境导致分子激发增强.通过与单镜望远镜JCMT(James Clerk Maxwell Telescope)比较HCN(4-3)和HCO^(+)(4-3)的流量,得到高分辨率ALMA成图测量的致密分子气体在1 kpc尺度上的流量损失为10%~20%.各分子谱线在E-knot和W-knot的流量比为1.8~3.9,CND中E-knot和W-knot的差异可能与活动星系核(Active Galactic Nucleus,AGN)的反馈有关.此外,在AGN位置处的CO(2-1)、CO(1-0)和HCO^(+)(1-0)的谱线发现了吸收特征.这种吸收主要为其背景的强连续谱辐射导致,同时AGN附近的气体下落也可能产生自吸收现象.

TM65m望远镜谱线观测系统的频率校准

频率校准是进行谱线天文观测前必做的准备工作,对上海天文台TM65m射电望远镜的谱线终端DIBAS(Digital Backend System)进行了频率校准及测试工作,发现它有良好的性能.首先,进行了PCAL信号注入测试,对DIBAS终端的频率分辨率、频率漂移、谱之间间隔的稳定性进行了测试.1 h内,单个尖峰频率漂移的最大变化幅度为0.03通道,尖峰之间间隔的最大起伏为0.05通道.然后,通过对大质量恒星形成区的H_2CO脉泽与吸收线的观测,以及与GBT(Robert C.Byrd Green Bank Telescope)观测结果的比较,发现频率校准的结果是正确的.最后,对W3(OH)进行了1个多小时的羟基脉泽观测和5个多小时的甲醇脉泽观测,发现谱线的谱型保持一致,观测噪声与理论噪声一致,说明频率校准程序是稳定可靠的.

亮红外星系NGC 1614中多谱线示踪的致密分子气体

利用高空间分辨率的12 CO(1-0)、13 CO(1-0)、12 CO(3-2)、12 CO(6-5)、HCN(3-2)、HCN(4-3)、HCO^(+)(3-2)和HCO+(4-3)分子谱线的ALMA(Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)归档数据,来研究近邻亮红外星系NGC 1614的分子气体性质,尤其是致密分子气体的性质.在高分辨率分子气体谱线的积分强度图中,在星系中心区域(<1 kpc)可以看到环状结构,分子气体主要分布于星系中心区域,核区分子气体含量较少.12 CO(1-0)显示出向南部、北部以及东南部的延展结构,高阶的CO(J>3,J为转振能级量子数)分子谱线和致密分子HCN、HCO+谱线显示,较致密的分子气体主要集中于星系中心区域.HCN(4-3)/12 CO(1-0)和HCN+(4-3)/12 CO(1-0)积分强度比值图显示,致密分子气体主要集中于中心区域的环状结构上.HCN/HCO^(+)强度比值的分布变化表明星暴环的不同区域可能具有不同的激发条件.HCN/HCO^(+)(4-3)强度比值分布在环的东、西部(∼0.44±0.04)高于环的南、北部(∼0.35±0.03).HCN/HCO^(+)(3-2)强度比值较高的区域(∼0.38±0.04)分布在HCN(3-2)峰值位置,而环的西北、东南部强度比值相对较低(∼0.3±0.03).对于中心不同区域HCN/HCO+比值变化的原因进行了讨论.

若干恒星形成区的^(12)CO(J=1-0)与^(13)CO(J=1-0)观测

首次利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7m毫米波射电望远镜对若干分子云与恒星形成区的^(12)CO(J=1—0)和^(13)CO(J=1—0)分子辐射进行了观测,得到了各自中心位置的谱线轮廓。作为一个实例本文将介绍如何通过对分子云^(12)CO(J=1—0)和^(13)CO(J=1—0)谱线的综合分析与计算得到云中的物理参数。

W31分子云C^(18)O(J=1-0)的新观测

利用紫金山天文台青海站的13.7 m射电望远镜首次对W31分子云西北部区域中不同速度成份的分子云进行了C18O(J=1-0)的成图观测与研究,观测范围为16’×25’,观测波束间隔为1’.对不同视向速度的分子云分开进行处理,在成图范围内新观测到3个C18O分子云团块,发现它们均属于较年轻的稳定分子云.根据谱线辐射温度(TR*)和半宽(△V),利用LTE方法计算了每个被测团块的物理参数,讨论了该区域的团块分布、HIl区、脉泽源与恒星形成的关系.

河外H_2O超脉泽辐射

介绍了近年来河外Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽的主要观测结果。Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽通常起源于活动星系核中央的拱核盘。它们主要寄生在 Ｓｅｒｆｅｒｔ ２星系或低电离核区。至今为止，已有２０个星系探测到Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽。脉泽辐射的各向同性光度为１０～６０００Ｌ⊙。所有超脉泽星系显示出核的活动，显然，脉泽是由核活动所产生的射电和Ｘ射线光子或激波来抽运的。Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽倾向存在于高倾斜度的星系，这使得沿视线上的分子柱密度增高，产生足够大的放大光深。最有可能产生Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽辐射的星系应有一个包含着射电源的侧向的分子盘以及一个适当的抽运机制。

基于DSP Builder多相滤波器组的实现

在详细分析了多相滤波器组原理和实现方法后,通过在DSP Builder下调用FIR IP Core(Finite Impulse Response Intellectual Property Core,有限冲击响应滤波器知识产权核)构建了一个多相滤波器组,实现了对输入信号的抽取式下变频的同时减低了等效采样带宽,进而使FFT(Fast Fourier Transformation,快速傅里叶变换)的处理带宽减低,在同等变换N点数的情况下有效地提高FFT通道的利用率和谱分辨率,提高倍数取决于抽取因子M,该设计能广泛使用在射电天文的谱线信号的精细分析同时也提高了处理器速度和性能。

Fe-Mn/Al_2O_3 catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH_3

A series of Fe‐Mn/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared and studied for low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3 in a fixed‐bed reactor. The effects of Fe and Mn on NO conversion and the deactivation of the catalysts were studied. N2 adsorption‐desorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to character‐ize the catalysts. The 8Fe‐8Mn/Al2O3 catalyst gave 99%of NO conversion at 150？？ and more than 92.6%NO conversion was obtained in a wide low temperature range of 90–210？？. XPS analysis demonstrated that the Fe3＋was the main iron valence state on the catalyst surface and the addition of Mn increased the accumulation of Fe on the surface. The higher specific surface area, enhanced dispersion of amorphous Fe and Mn, improved reduction properties and surface acidity, lower binding energy, higher Mn4＋/Mn3＋ratio and more adsorbed oxygen species resulted in higher NO conversion for the 8Fe‐8Mn/Al2O3 catalyst. In addition, the SCR activity of the 8Fe‐8Mn/Al2O3 cata‐lyst was only slightly decreased in the presence of H2O and SO2, which indicated that the catalyst had better tolerance to H2O and SO2. The reaction temperature was crucial for the SO2 resistance of catalyst and the decrease of catalytic activity caused by SO2 was mainly due to the sulfate salts formed on the catalyst.

Interface Reaction of SiO_2/Ta and Its Influence on Cu Diffusion

Ta/NiFe film is deposited on Si substrate precoated with SiO_2 by magnetron sputtering.SiO_2/Ta interface and Ta_5Si_3 standard sample are investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and peak decomposition technique.The results show that there is a thermodynamically favorable reaction at the SiO_2/Ta interface:37Ta+15SiO_2=5Ta_5Si_3+6Ta_2O_5.The more stable products Ta_5Si_3 and Ta_2O_5 may be beneficial to stop the diffusion of Cu into SiO_2.

A Straightforward Method of Calculating Finely the Soft X-Ray Spectra of Hydrogenlike Highly Ionized-States

A new method of calculating finely the soft X ray spectra of hydrogenlike highly ionized states is presented. It is based on the relation of the ionicity and the ionization energies of hydrogenlike atoms and the new model of potential function of hydrogenlike atoms. The relativistic revision and the spin orbit couping of excitation energy levels are taken into account. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiments.

Analysis of PTCDA/ITO Surface and Interface Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

The electronic states of the surface and interface of 3,4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride （PTCDA）/indium-tin-oxide （ITO） thin film are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. A- tomic force microscopy （AFM） is also applied to investigate the pattern of PTCDA/ITO film. XPS results show that there are two main peaks,which are associated with C atoms in the perylene rings and acid anhydride groups, located at 284.6 and 288.7eV, respectively,in the Cls spectrum of the original surface. It can be deduced from the emergence of a small peak at 290.4eV in the Cls spectrum that some C atoms are oxidized by O atoms from ITO. The binding energies of O atoms in C-O bonds and C--O---C bonds are 531.5 and 533.4eV respectively. At the interface,the peak at the high binding energy in the Cls spectrum disappears,and the peak value shifts about 0.2eV to lower binding energy, There is a significant 1.5eV chemical shift to lower binding energy in the Ols spectrum. These observations indicate that perylene rings inside PTCDA molecules are combined with In vacancies in the ITO at the interface. The AFM results show that PTCDA molecules formed an island-like structure a height of about 14nm. The sizes of the crystal grains are about 100--300nm. The island-like pattern comes from the delocalized π bonds of adjacent molecules in PTCDA and the combination of vacancies in ITO with perylene rings at the PTCDA/ITO interface.

AFM and XPS Study on the Surface and Interface States of CuPc and SiO_2 Films

A CuPc/SiO2 sample is fabricated. Its morphology is characterized by atomic force microscopy, and the electron states are investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In order to investigate these spectra in detail, all of these spectra are normalized to the height of the most intense peak,and each component is fitted with a single Gaussian function. Analysis shows that the O element has great bearing on the electron states and that SiO2 layers produced by spurting technology are better than those produced by oxidation technology.

Visible-Light Activities of Erbium Doped BiVO4 Photocatalysts

Er-doped BiVO4 composite photocatalyst was hydrothermal synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra techniques. The activity of the catalyst was determined by oxidative decomposition of methyl orange in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis revealed that the doped Er existed in the form of Er2O3. It also showed that the Er doping can enhance the visible-light absorption abilities of catalysts and their visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities in comparison with those of pure BiVO4.

Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing Ambient on Gettering Efficiency and Surface Microstructure in 300mm CZ Silicon Wafers

The effect of rapid thermal annealing （RTA） ambient on denuded zone and oxygen precipitates in Czochralski （CZ） silicon wafers is studied in this paper. N2 and a N2/NH3 mixture are used as RTA ambient. It is demonstrated that a high density of oxygen precipitates and thin denuded zone are obtained in N2/NH3 ambient,while a relatively lower density of oxygen precipitates and thicker denuded zone are observed in N2 ambient. As the RTA duration times increased, the oxygen precipitate density increased and the denuded zone depth decreased. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） data and atomic force microscope （AFM） results show that there RTA process,which can explain the different effect of RTA was a surface nitriding reaction during the N2/NH3 ambient ambient.

Analysis of Wettability and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Wheat Straw/SPI

[Objective] The aim was to improve the adhesive bonding property of wheat straw surface to prepare wheat straw particleboard of soy protein isolate （SPI） adhesive through chemical and enzyme treatments. [Method] Evaluation and analysis were made on wettability of wheat straws in the control group and treated groups （chemical and enzyme treatments） by means of measurement of contact angle and calculation of spreading-penetration parameters （K）. In addition, we made analysis on surface elements through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. [Result] The re- sults showed that K value of straw treated with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and lipase increased by 58.0%, 48.7% and 83.2% compared to that of control group, respectively. The XPS analysis indicated that rapid decrease of silicon content and destruction of wax layer greatly contributed to wettability improvement of wheat straw surface. [Conclusion] The chemical and lipase treatments of wheat straw provided technical support for manufacture of wheat straw particle boand.

The effect of the support on the surface composition of PtCu alloy nanocatalysts: In situ XPS and HS-LEIS studies

Supported PtCu alloys have been broadly applied in heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis owing to their excellent catalytic performance and high CO tolerance. It is important to analyze the outermost surface composition of the supported alloy nanoparticles to understand the nature of the catalytically active sites. In this paper, homogeneous face-centered cubic PtCu nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution were successfully fabricated and dispersed on a high-surface-area Ti〇2 powder support. The samples were oxidized and reduced in situ and then introduced into the ultrahigh vacuum chamber to measure the topmost surface composition by high-sensitivity low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy, and to determine the oxidation states of the elements by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface composition and morphology, elemental distribu-tion, and oxidation states of the components were found to be significantly affected by the support and treatment conditions. The PtCu is de-alloyed upon oxidation with CuO wetting on the TiO2 sur-face and re-alloyed upon reduction. Phase diagrams of the surface composition and the bulk com-position were plotted and compared for the supported and unsupported materials.

Effect and mechanism of dolomite with different size fractions on hematite flotation using sodium oleate as collector

The effect of dolomite with different particle size fractions on hematite flotation was studied using sodium oleate as collector at p H of about 9. The effect mechanism of dolomite on hematite flotation was investigated by means of solution chemistry, ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UV), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). It is observed that dolomite with different size fractions has depressing effect on hematite flotation using sodium oleate as collector, and dolomite could be the "mineral depressant" of hematite using sodium oleate as collector. The reasons for that are concerned with sodium oleate consumption and the adsorption onto hematite of dissolved species of dolomite.