从国家立法到社会合作——英国近代早期乌托邦思想的转轨

在近代早期,英国思想家为实现理想社会提出了诸多方案,乌托邦是其中重要的组成。17世纪中期以前,乌托邦思想家将改革的希望寄托于君主与议会,试图以立法的方式革故鼎新;17世纪后期,乌托邦构想中出现了一种新趋势,即不寻求国家层面的改革,也不幻想将一国建成理想社会,转而提出通过社会合作的方式建立“小共同体”,并以其作为示范,逐步实现理想社会。这一模式以较强的实践性,成为后世乌托邦运动的主要参照。这一转变的出现,与17世纪后期英国的政治经济形势有关,更受新兴的股份制公司的启发。

Estimation of Transported Pollutant Load from Small Urban Kahuwa River Micro-catchment in Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

This study estimated pollutant load from Kahuwa micro-catchment into Lake Kivu. The micro-catchment was sampled monthly for a year at six locations to capture the contribution of agricultural land, industries and commercial blocks. Both wet and dry depositions in terms of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） were estimated monthly. The level of pollution was estimated using LISEC index and IPO （organic pollution indices）. Results show that Kahuwa River micro-catchment is polluted mainly by waste dumping sites and industries within the micro-catchment. The general load to the outlet was respectively about 0.35 tons per year （t/yr） for BODs, 1.9 t/yr for COD, 32.73 t/yr for TP and 224.37 t/yr for TN. Atmospheric deposition of nutrient contributed for about 4% and 18% of TP, 3% and 0.01% of TN during dry and wet deposition, respectively.

Implications of a Crisis on Small Businesses in the European Union and Republic of Croatia

Until the early 1990s Croatia has been neglecting, and even underestimating the significance, the role, the needs, and the results of small businesses （small and medium entrepreneurship）. Complete attention was focused on big companies. Relatively late, in 2002, small businesses, within the statutory legislation, have gotten its appropriate legal status and economic relevance. Today it is treated as a ＂basic necessity＂ of every society and a generator of economic development. But, economic crisis that has been present since 2008 has manifested all of its negativities, which has reflected on the present state of the economy, the whole society, and it is also shown from the results and some relevant indicators.

The Importance of Hunting and Hunting Areas for Big and Small Game （Food） for the Tourism Development in the Crna River Basin in the Republic of Macedonia

The Crna River is a river in the Republic of Macedonia, right tributary to Vardar. Its source is in the mountains of Western Macedonia, west of Krusevo. It flows through the village of Sopotnica, and southwards through the plains east of Bitola. The name means ＂black river＂ in Macedonian, which is translation for its former Thracian name. The purpose of this paper is to show the hunting and hunting areas for big and small Game （food）, the structure of the areas of certain hunting, fishing, fishing water objects, fish species, fishponds up to 20 years shown by municipalities and individual farms with ponds in the basin of Black River. It had used statistical data for the hunting grounds by areas, fishing ponds. Fish is very diverse in this river. Hunting in the Black River basin is of great importance for the economy of Republic of Macedonia. It is also a necessary factor for development of other economic activities.

Incidence and Development of Powdery Mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） in the Czech Republic in the Years 1999-2010 and Race Spectrum of This Population

Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure. Severity of powdery mildew in twelve years of small-plot experiments was in individual years different. Incidence of powdery mildew was followed in 1999-2010 and powdery mildew development was studied in 2003 and 2004 in the Crop Research Institute （CRI）. These experiments were made on the cultivar Kanzler, susceptible cultivar to powdery mildew. Disease severity was made as a percentage of typical symptoms of the disease. Structure of powdery mildew population was probed in 2009 and 2010 in CRI and in the locality Humpolec. The highest was in 2004 and the lowest in 2003. Development of the disease in two extreme years depended on progress of weather factors mainly to average daily temperature and photosynthetic active radiation. In the year 2009 was higher disease severity in CRI than in the CRI station in Humpolec but in 2010 vice versa higher disease severity was in Humpolec. Observation showed that in small distances of two localities can be differences in composition of powdery mildew population. Higher virulence in CRI was to the gene of specific resistance Pml whereas in Humpolec to the gene Pm 17. In the year 2010 in CRI was the highest virulence to the gene Pm 1 whereas in Humpolec the highest virulence was to the genes Pm3fand Pm4a. Differences of powdery mildew were in 12 years of observation were very distinct and showed difference in structure of powdery mildew population in near localities.

Theory and Practice of Language Teaching and Learning in Vhembe District Primary Schools, Limpopo Province, South Africa

South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29（1） of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that： ＂Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable＂. However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one＇s own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one＇s mother tongue promotes full participation in the economy of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language（s） primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.