Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding St...Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.展开更多
One major problem is the high mortality of calves due to feed shortages during the dry season. To overcome this problem, it needs feeding strategies based on local resources that can be provided by farmers. The purpos...One major problem is the high mortality of calves due to feed shortages during the dry season. To overcome this problem, it needs feeding strategies based on local resources that can be provided by farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine body weight gain （BWG） of post weaning Bali cattle fed with legume. The study was conducted in experimental garden Lili, Kupang and designed with completely randomized design （CRD） 4 × 5; four kinds of legumes were used as treatment, such as： （1） Centrosema pascuorum; （2） Clitoria ternatea; （3） Desmodium sp.; （4） Leucaena leucocephala. Cattles used as the subject were separated into five groups based on body weight as the replication. The experimental data was tabulated and analyzed by covariance analysis （GenStat） and financial analysis （for analyzing revenue and real cost during the study）. The result shows that legume feeding of Leucaena leucocephala at the second, fifth, eighth and ninth week have no significant effect （P 〈 0.05） to BWG, but shows significant effect （P 〈 0.05） to BWG at the fourth week. The feeding of Centrosema pascuorum, Clitoria ternatea, Desmodium sp. and Leucaena leucocephala to post weaning Bali cattle showed higher feed consumption and higher BWG, especially in Leucaena leucocephala treatment. Feeding legume to post weaning Bali cattle is also economically profitable （return/cost （R/C） ratio 〉 1）.展开更多
The Kenya dairy sub-sector has been undergoing developments since the 1980s in the areas of adoption of intensive dairy farming, especially zero grazing. There have been concerted efforts by the government and other d...The Kenya dairy sub-sector has been undergoing developments since the 1980s in the areas of adoption of intensive dairy farming, especially zero grazing. There have been concerted efforts by the government and other development partners to commercialize the sub-sector so as to make it more profitable to farmers, especially smallholder farmers, but the profitability in the sector continues to be variable with some smallholder farmers making losses. The causes of the varying profits have not been empirically established, with the influence of institutional arrangements and financial factors contributing to this inconsistency not fully established. This study dwelt on establishing the critical institutional arrangements and financial factors that constrain the profitability of smallholder dairy farmers in Nakuru County. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents. Data were collected by structured interviews at the farm level. Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA） was used to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers, and the Frontier Model was used to establish the factors that constrain profit efficiency. The mean efficiency according to the results was 86%. The farm and farmer characteristics that were significant in explaining profitability efficiency according to the frontier results were： feeding system, breed type, and gender. The financial characteristics included debt amount and debt asset ratio. Additionally, issues of trust were also found to have an effect on profitability, and they included trust in local buyer price, trust in unit of measurement of institutional buyer, and trust in unit of measurement of middlemen.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is double： first to measure the natural radioactivity in any food by detecting the omnipresent radiation of ^40K, and then to use this date to obtain the concentration of the important miner...The purpose of this paper is double： first to measure the natural radioactivity in any food by detecting the omnipresent radiation of ^40K, and then to use this date to obtain the concentration of the important mineral nutrient K, by dividing the specific activity of the sample （Bq/g） by the specific activity of elementary K （31.19 Bq/g）. The method implies the γ rays detection emitted by natural ^40K-^40Ar present in foodstuff, by using a 3 × 3＂ low background NaI （TI） scintillation detector coupled to a PC charged with the Maestro Program. When this detection system is calibrated in order to determine its efficiency for 1461 KeV γrays emitted during ^40K-^40Ar decaying, it is possible to measure easily and with enough precision the specific activity due to natural ^40K present in any foodstuff. Once this figure is divided by the constant value of ^40K specific activity of elementary K, the concentration of this element in the foodstuff sample is established. This paper describes the procedure and shows the results obtained with four basic diet products： milk （powdered, light and cream）, eggs （yellow and white）, wheat （whole and refined flour） and corn （whole and cornstarch flour）. The possible application of this study seems to be to establish the necessary threshold to evaluate the importance of any possible radioactive contamination, as well as to measure the concentration of the mineral nutrient K in foodstuff, by means of an easy, practicable method. Also, it might be useful as an experiment for teaching purposes.展开更多
文摘Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.
文摘One major problem is the high mortality of calves due to feed shortages during the dry season. To overcome this problem, it needs feeding strategies based on local resources that can be provided by farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine body weight gain （BWG） of post weaning Bali cattle fed with legume. The study was conducted in experimental garden Lili, Kupang and designed with completely randomized design （CRD） 4 × 5; four kinds of legumes were used as treatment, such as： （1） Centrosema pascuorum; （2） Clitoria ternatea; （3） Desmodium sp.; （4） Leucaena leucocephala. Cattles used as the subject were separated into five groups based on body weight as the replication. The experimental data was tabulated and analyzed by covariance analysis （GenStat） and financial analysis （for analyzing revenue and real cost during the study）. The result shows that legume feeding of Leucaena leucocephala at the second, fifth, eighth and ninth week have no significant effect （P 〈 0.05） to BWG, but shows significant effect （P 〈 0.05） to BWG at the fourth week. The feeding of Centrosema pascuorum, Clitoria ternatea, Desmodium sp. and Leucaena leucocephala to post weaning Bali cattle showed higher feed consumption and higher BWG, especially in Leucaena leucocephala treatment. Feeding legume to post weaning Bali cattle is also economically profitable （return/cost （R/C） ratio 〉 1）.
文摘The Kenya dairy sub-sector has been undergoing developments since the 1980s in the areas of adoption of intensive dairy farming, especially zero grazing. There have been concerted efforts by the government and other development partners to commercialize the sub-sector so as to make it more profitable to farmers, especially smallholder farmers, but the profitability in the sector continues to be variable with some smallholder farmers making losses. The causes of the varying profits have not been empirically established, with the influence of institutional arrangements and financial factors contributing to this inconsistency not fully established. This study dwelt on establishing the critical institutional arrangements and financial factors that constrain the profitability of smallholder dairy farmers in Nakuru County. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents. Data were collected by structured interviews at the farm level. Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA） was used to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers, and the Frontier Model was used to establish the factors that constrain profit efficiency. The mean efficiency according to the results was 86%. The farm and farmer characteristics that were significant in explaining profitability efficiency according to the frontier results were： feeding system, breed type, and gender. The financial characteristics included debt amount and debt asset ratio. Additionally, issues of trust were also found to have an effect on profitability, and they included trust in local buyer price, trust in unit of measurement of institutional buyer, and trust in unit of measurement of middlemen.
文摘The purpose of this paper is double： first to measure the natural radioactivity in any food by detecting the omnipresent radiation of ^40K, and then to use this date to obtain the concentration of the important mineral nutrient K, by dividing the specific activity of the sample （Bq/g） by the specific activity of elementary K （31.19 Bq/g）. The method implies the γ rays detection emitted by natural ^40K-^40Ar present in foodstuff, by using a 3 × 3＂ low background NaI （TI） scintillation detector coupled to a PC charged with the Maestro Program. When this detection system is calibrated in order to determine its efficiency for 1461 KeV γrays emitted during ^40K-^40Ar decaying, it is possible to measure easily and with enough precision the specific activity due to natural ^40K present in any foodstuff. Once this figure is divided by the constant value of ^40K specific activity of elementary K, the concentration of this element in the foodstuff sample is established. This paper describes the procedure and shows the results obtained with four basic diet products： milk （powdered, light and cream）, eggs （yellow and white）, wheat （whole and refined flour） and corn （whole and cornstarch flour）. The possible application of this study seems to be to establish the necessary threshold to evaluate the importance of any possible radioactive contamination, as well as to measure the concentration of the mineral nutrient K in foodstuff, by means of an easy, practicable method. Also, it might be useful as an experiment for teaching purposes.
