小理河流域土地利用空间自相关格局与影响因素分析

为揭示土地利用空间自相关格局与自然社会经济因素的耦合关系,以黄土丘陵沟壑区的小理河流域为研究区,基于全局Moran’s I、Moran散点图和Anselin local Moran’s I分析了500 m×500 m格网尺度上流域土地利用全局和局部空间自相关格局,利用GIS技术研究各类用地在p<0.05显著性水平下局部聚集区与高程、坡度、坡向、与水域距离、与道路距离、与居民点距离的关系。结果表明,各土地利用类型都表现出全局空间正自相关特性,但空间正自相关性随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱,且在32 km以内不同土地利用类型自相关程度的空间衰减强度不同。耕地、草地的空间分布呈显著的HH(高值-高值)、LL(低值-低值)聚集趋势,而园地、林地、建设用地和未利用地呈显著的HH聚集趋势。草地HH聚集区主要分布在流域中、上游的丘陵或山地区,林地HH聚集区主要分布在流域下游沟壑区和上游山地区,其他地类HH聚集区集中分布在流域下游宽阔黄土梁或开阔河谷区。随高程和坡度增加,各地类HH、LL聚集区面积总体呈先增加后减小的趋势。在1 000~1 300 m高程区、15°~25°的坡度区以及正阳向和正阴向区域,是各地类HH聚集分布最多样、面积最集中的区域。建设用地和林地HH聚集区主要分布在1 000~1 100 m高程区,耕地、园地和未利用地HH聚集区主要分布在1 100~1 200 m高程区,草地HH聚集区主要分布在1 200~1 300 m高程区。各地类HH聚集区按平均坡度由小到大依次为:建设用地、耕地、园地、林地、未利用地、草地。建设用地、园地和耕地HH聚集区主要分布在正阳向和半阳向区域(正阳向面积最多),林地和草地HH聚集区主要分布在正阴向和正阳向区域(正阴向面积最多)。距水域和道路越远,除未利用地外,各地类HH聚集区面积呈不断减小的趋势;距居民点越远,草地HH聚集区面积呈先增加后减小趋势,而其他地类HH聚集区面积呈不断减小的趋势。各地类HH、LL聚集区集中分布在距水域、道路1.5 km范围内和距居民点3 km范围内。距水域、道路和居民点越近,建设用地、园地和耕地的HH聚集区面积迅速增加。相比HH聚集区,耕地LL聚集区主要分布在1 200 m以上高程区,平均坡度增大,正阳向面积略大于其他坡向面积,与水域和居民点的距离较远且面积呈先增后减的趋势;草地LL聚集区主要分布在1 000~1 200 m高程区、15°~35°坡度区,各坡向上分布面积相差不大,与水域、道路和居民点的距离较近且面积呈不断减小趋势。

小理河流域产汇流特性变化

通过对小理河流域1959年以来的降水、径流、泥沙、蒸发等水文要素的分析,揭示了该区水文要素的变化趋势:降雨量呈逐年代减少的趋势,而径流量在20世纪60～80年代逐渐减少,90年代有所增大,但还未达到60年代水平;年降雨量减少的幅度并不大,但径流量减少的幅度较大,而输沙量的减少则非常显著。

小理河流域土壤流失环境因子研究

小理河流域侵蚀发生时间集中,侵蚀类型和强度的空间分布既有区域差异又有垂向变化。采用ENVI处理软件,对小理河流域ETM遥感影像数据进行处理,提取小理河流域土地利用信息;采用地理信息系统技术,利用生成的DEM,获取流域的地形信息,并对这两项因素进行分析研究,认为影响小理河流域土壤流失的主要环境因子为降雨、土地利用(下垫面)因素和地形因素。

次暴雨下小理河流域淤地坝拦沙能力分析

2017年7月26日,黄河支流无定河发生100年一遇的暴雨洪水。小理河流域位于本次200 mm左右雨量的特大暴雨区内,流域内洪水泥沙危害十分严重。淤地坝是该流域治理水土流失的主要工程措施之一,对于拦截泥沙起到了一定作用。针对本次暴雨对小理河流域646座淤地坝开展了调查,测量了215座淤地坝坝库泥沙淤积厚度及面积等,估算出了淤地坝泥沙淤积量,并对其中22座淤地坝的坝库淤积泥沙取样176个,进行了颗粒级配分析。实测数据为年度咨询及明确淤地坝对下游河流输沙过程的影响提供了科学依据。

小理河流域下垫面变化对产洪产沙的影响分析

分析了小理河李家河站1980年以来次洪水量、次洪沙量、径流系数等要素的变化,并采用次洪对比分析法和统计法,对"20170726"与"19940810"两场暴雨洪水以及历史暴雨洪水进行了对比分析。结果表明:小理河流域经过多年的治理,下垫面条件改善,流域调蓄能力增强,在一般降雨条件下,减水减沙效果明显;若遇类似2017年"7·26"那样的大范围强降雨,虽然削峰减沙作用明显,但是仍可能产生较大洪水。

基于Budyko方程的小理河流域径流响应研究

环境变化对径流影响是综合作用的过程,为此定量区分气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献具有一定的现实意义。本文以小理河流域的降水量、潜在蒸散发量和径流深为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall方法分析了三者的变化趋势,运用有序聚类法和滑动T检验法诊断径流深序列变异点,采用Budyko方程定量计算气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响程度。结果表明:流域径流序列在1998年发生变异,相比于1978—1997年的多年平均径流深,1998—2010年的多年平均径流深减小了7.06mm,其中气候因素变化使得径流深增加6.64mm,而大规模人类活动使径流深减小了13.7mm。通过累积量斜率变化率比较法与Budyko方程定量计算结果的对比分析可知,两者结论相近,人类活动是导致该流域径流深减小的主要驱动因子,证明了Budyko方程定量分析结果的可靠性以及在黄土高原地区的适用性。

基于斜率单变点法的小理河流域退水规律分析

基于小理河流域1959~2010年实测洪水数据,采用斜率单变点法确定C点,在此基础上利用相邻时段流量相关法、线性水库模型、指数模型及非线性模型对该流域次洪退水段进行分析模拟。结果表明,基于斜率单变点法推求次洪地面径流终止点C基础上所得小理河流域次洪地下径流占比具有增大趋势;由相邻时段流量相关法得到变化期(1978~2010年)次洪地下径流平均退水参数较基准期(1959~1977年)增大131.75%,次洪地下径流退水向着更加缓慢的方向发展;线性水库模型、指数模型及非线性模型对次洪地下径流退水模拟的精度,经确定性系数和损失函数指标评定,效果均理想,小理河流域退水规律适宜用非线性模型描述,其次是线性水库模型。

寓深情于“默默”之中——评《默默的小理河》

《默默的小理河》取材于保卫延安的伟大战争,但它的视点却集中于一个平静的小院。除了片头有一阵枪声和结尾有一场枪战之外,整个故事的流程竟十分宁静。影片不依靠戏剧式的跌宕和冲突,却在宁静中造成一种内在的紧张感,形成自己新颖独到的灵境和韵味,产生了较强烈的艺术吸引力。影片取材于战争却不去正面表现战争,它表现战争中的“和平”,或者说,表现某种“和平”的战争。波澜壮阔的战场被推到后景,镜头中出现的是一场有着深沉历史内涵的“心灵之战”。这里没有触目惊心、血肉横飞的撕杀,但它却和一切战争一样针锋相对、势难两立,这里有心灵的阵地、营垒、壕堑、对峙、僵持、侦察、防卫、迂回、

小理河高镇段堤防建设方案探析

通过分析小理河高镇段概况及河道防洪存在问题,从三个方面对堤防工程建设的必要性进行了探讨,提出了堤线堤防布置、堤顶高程、基础埋深、断面型式、挡土墙、排水涵管、防汛道路及下河踏步等建设方案,以确保小理河高镇段防洪堤建设顺利进行。

“建中—理中—补中”代表方在临床治疗双心疾病中的应用

双心疾病作为现代医学研究的热点与难点疾病,经典方剂在其治疗中发挥着重要作用。查阅相关资料,发现小建中汤、理中丸(人参汤)、补中益气汤作为强健中气、温理中阳、补益中焦即“建中、理中、补中”的代表方剂,在治疗双心疾病中有独特的治疗作用。分别从六经辨证、八纲辨证的角度整合分析,发现经方可以分别从太阳经、太阴经、少阳经论治,并从气血虚实阴阳的八纲辨证角度系统分析其治疗的理论作用,创新了传统中医药在治疗现代疾病中的应用思路与角度,为中医药在治疗双心疾病中提供新的思路与思考。

基于GAMLSS模型的小理河流域年径流研究

受气候变化和人类活动影响,小理河径流序列一致性遭到破坏,传统水文频率分析计算方法的应用受限,未来水情分析研究尤显重要.本文根据李家河站1959~2010年的水文气象资料,利用GAMLSS模型建立以时间、年降水量、年平均气温和ATD指数为协变量的不同分布模型,分析比较各分布模型的拟合效果,选择最优分布与传统的P-Ⅲ分布进行对比分析,并进行年径流量设计值计算.结果表明,在GAMLSS框架下,以年降水量和年平均气温为协变量的LOGNO分布模型拟合最优,可从物理机制阐释小理河年径流的变化,且能获得其不同设计保证率下设计年径流量区间值,为流域水资源的开发利用和规划管理提供更为科学的决策依据.

基于淤地坝沉积信息的流域土壤侵蚀模数估算

准确客观评估土壤侵蚀模数是评价流域水土保持措施效益的基础。以小理河流域为调查区域,利用流域内的21座闷葫芦坝和194座排水不畅淤地坝的泥沙沉积信息,测算了闷葫芦坝和排水不畅淤地坝的淤积量,计算了每个淤地坝坝控流域的土壤侵蚀模数,分析了影响土壤侵蚀模数的因素,建立了土壤侵蚀模数与暴雨量之间的关系。结果表明:闷葫芦坝和排水不畅淤地坝拦沙模数(土壤侵蚀模数)的空间分布和暴雨空间分布具有显著的同步性,土壤侵蚀模数与暴雨量之间呈显著的线性关系。利用土壤侵蚀模数与暴雨量之间的关系式,推算2017年"7·26"暴雨下小理河流域平均侵蚀模数为16 503 t/km2。

Effect of Rhubarb Decoction on the Isolated Intestinal Movement of Ophicephalus argus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate effects of rhubarb decoction with different concentrations on the isolated intestinal movement performance of Ophicephalus argus,and to discuss its pharmacological mechanism.[Method] With RM6240C biological signal collection and processing system,tension values of the isolated intestine before and after the treatment by rhubarb decoction with different concentrations were recorded by the isolated organ method.[Result] Rhubarb decoction with concentration of 0.062 and 0.125 g/ml showed obvious enhancement on the isolated intestinal contraction of Ophicephalus argus,while rhubarb decoction with concentration of 0.250 and 0.500 g/ml showed inhibition on the isolated intestinal contraction of Ophicephalus argus.There was an extremely significant difference in rhubarb decoction with concentration of lower than 0.500 g/ml and more than 0.500 g/ml.With the increase of rhubarb concentration,the intestinal movement of Ophicephalus argus enhanced,but the contraction frequency did not change obviously.[Conclusion] Rhubarb decoction has remarkable effects on the contraction of smooth muscle in the isolated intestines of Ophicephalus argus.

Influences of Different UV-B Radiation Treatments in Short Time on Some Physiological Characteristics of Winter Wheat Seedlings

[Objective] studying the influences of different UV-B radiation treatments in short time on some physiological characteristics of winter wheat seedlings was to provide reference for the mechanism of plant response to ultraviolet irradiation in short time. [Method] The winter wheat taken as materials were treated with 15 and 30 pW/cm^2 UV-B radiation, then the physiological indexes such as pigment content and photosynthetic rate were determined. [ Results] The UV-B treatment caused the declines of chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and water content of leaves, besides, dose-effect was existed. The decline of 30 pW/cm^2 treatment was bigger than that of 15 μW/cm^2 treatment. The influences of UV-B radiation on carotenoid content and anthocyanidin content were similar; the change trends were declined firstly then increased. The UVB treatment with two doses restrained the electron transport of PSⅡ, particularly; the inhibitory effect was biggest after treated 2 h, and then this effect was declined in 4, 6 and 8 h, so the dose-effect was existed. The UV-B radiation with two doses restricted photosynthetic rate and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of treatment time. The high dose treatment caused huge damage to membrane system, while the result of low dose treatment was not obvious. [ Conclusion] UV-B radiation treatment had dose-effect on winter wheat seedlings in short time and the influence of high dose was bigger than that of low dose. With the increase of treatment time, the damage was alleviated; besides, the result was not similar to that of UV-B radiation in long time.

Research Progress of Differential Systems for Physiological Races of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor

Research progress was reviewed on the differential systems for physiologic races of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron,including Williams,differential system and European clubroot differential（ECD） set.The existing problems and countermeasures of the different differential systems were discussed,and a research status quo on the molecular identification and detection of clubroot pathogen in crucifers were introduced.

Control Effect of Sublimed Sulfur Paired with Acaricide on Bee Mites

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of sublimed sulfur and acaricide on controlling bee mites.[Method] Three independent experiments were carried out in the same apiary during 2007-2009.[Results] The results showed that this method is effective in eliminating mites settled on combs or hidden during pupae phase,but not in controlling the mites parasitized on adult bees.The control effect on killing Varroa destructor after treated appeared optimal in the first day and then decreased,and that on killing Tvopilaelaps clareae happened in the second day.The results indicated that the effect would be much better if the bees can be treated 1 time to 2 times again in the following 2-5 days after the first treatment.Back to data pool,we found that the treatment of sublimed sulfur paired with acaricide is effective in controlling V.destructor and T.clareae.[Conclusion] This technique could facilitate the apicultural production in the regions suffered from V.destructor and T.clareae.

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

Application of fast wavelet transformation in signal processing of MEMS gyroscope

Decomposition and reconstruction of Mallat fast wavelet transformation （WT） is described. A fast algorithm, which can greatly decrease the processing burden and can be very easy for hardware implementation in real-time, is analyzed. The algorithm will no longer have the processing of decimation and interpolation of usual WT. The formulae of the decomposition and the reconstruction are given. Simulation results of the MEMS （micro-electro mechanical systems） gyroscope drift signal show that the algorithm spends much less processing time to finish the de-noising process than the usual WT. And the de-noising effect is the same. The fast algorithm has been implemented in a TMS320C6713 digital signal processor. The standard variance of the gyroscope static drift signal decreases from 78. 435 5 （°）/h to 36. 763 5 （°）/h. It takes 0. 014 ms to process all input data and can meet the real-time analysis of signal.

Study on the Removing Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Wastewater by Chlorella

[Objective] The aim was to research Chlorella properties in removing ni- trogen and phosphorus from wastewater. [Method] The effects of initial NH4＋-N and total P concentrations, N-to-P ratios, lightJdarkness ratios and pH on the removal of NH4＋-N and total P were evaluated. [Result] The results showed that Chlorella al- most removed NH4＋-N and total P at 100% as initial concentrations of NH4＋-N and total P were no more than 55 and 7 mg/L, respectively, whereas the removal ratio of NH4＋-N decreased to 90% with initial NH4＋-N concentration coming up to 75 mg/L. With N-to-P ratios of 5：1, 10：1 and 25：1, Chlorella completely removed NH4＋-N within 4 d, while the removal ratio of total P reached almost 100% within 7 d, with different N-to-P ratios. With L./D ratios of 24 h： 0 h and 12 h： 12 h as well as the initial concentrations of NH4＋-N at 30 mg/L and total P at 7 mg/L, the removing ra- tio of NH4＋-N and total P almost achieved 100% by Chlorella, and the removing ra- tio under L/D ratio of 24 h：0 h proved much faster. The optimal pH range for Chlorella to remove NH4＋-N and total P was 7-8. [Conclusion] The research pro- vides references for wastewater treatment in biological way and highly-efficient and environment-friendly treatment in future.

Effects of Vegetation Coverage and Management Practice on Soil Nitrogen Loss by Erosion in a Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau in China

Soil erosion and nutrient loss due to erosion are world-wide problems. Similar to soil loss by erosion, soil nitrogen (N) loss by erosion in small catchments is affected by vegetation coverage. The practice of comprehensive management for catchments mainly by adjusting cropland, grassland and woodland areas was widely adopted to reduce soil and water loss in catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Three experiments under natural and artificial rainfall conditions on N loss by erosion for a model catchment and for an actual catchment in Zhifanggou of Ansai County in China was performed to determine the relationships between comprehensive management and N loss by runoff in small catchments. The results for vegetation coverage of 60%, 40%, 20% and 0 show that runoff loss of ammonium, nitrate, and total N were 87.08, 44.31, 25.16, 13.71 kg/km(2); 85.50, 74.06, 63.95, 56.23 kg/km(2); and 0.18, 1.18, 1.98, 7.51 t/ km(2), respectively. Due to reduction in the size of cropped area on steeply sloping land, soil N loss by erosion in the catchments was decreased by 15.8% as compared with that in 1992, i.e., from 8 758.5 kg in 1992 to 7 562.2 kg in 1998. Whereas, catchments act as a filter for ammonium and nitrate in rain, the catchment filtering effects on nitrate is remarkably higher than that on ammonium. The enrichment of < 20 mum aggregate in sediment results in the enrichment of organic matter and total N in flood sediment. Greater vegetation coverage can effectively decrease soil erosion and total N loss. However, soil mineral N loss increased as vegetation coverage increased.