智能电能表小电量走字原因分析及抑制方法

随着工业技术水平的不断提高,智能电能表现场运行环境日益复杂,其准确可靠运行受到了越来越大的挑战,少数智能电能表现场运行时出现小电量走字的情况,文中对此现象进行了原因分析,并从硬件、软件及现场安装等多个方面提出了抑制方法,试验结果证明抑制方法有效可行。

纯电动城市客车小电量配置快速充电运营模式分析

现有纯电动城市客车为满足国家补贴政策,均配置较大的电池能量。车辆若配置较小电池能量,通过快速补电保持运营里程,可有效降低车辆购置成本,并使得综合成本降低。

一种小电量台区的电能表运行误差监测改进方法

为了解决电能表日常运行误差检测准确度低的问题,提出了一种小电量台区的电能表运行误差监测改进方法。将一个小电量台区的考核表和全部用户表供电量数据作为研究内容,依据能量守恒规律,使用这些电量数据构建线性方程组误差计算模型,通过最小二乘法对该模型求解,得到小电量台区电能表运行误差和线损率等指标。分析该模型的病态性,利用改进吉洪诺夫正则化算法将解中的波动抑制,解决小台区电能表运行误差监测算法模型中存在的病态性问题。通过仿真实验验证,该方法能够准确获得小电量台区中线损率、固定损耗等指标和运行误差;监测过程中仅需要损耗较少时间就能完成电能表运行误差监测,具有较好的监测准确性和使用效果。

互联网+模式下小电量用户电费管理的探讨

传统上小电量用户的电费回收困难,催缴成本大是困扰供电企业一个问题,尤其针对广大农村边远地区,随着目前互联网的发展,网上支付方式的推广,在目前互联网+模式下通过深度挖掘小电量用户信息,设计和利用信息化管理手段,加强监控和管理小电量用户,分析小电量用户电费发行情况,采取分月计算、累计发行的方式,以减少欠费形成的次数和催缴次数,从而节约人力投入成本降低电费回收的难度。

“互联网+”运营模式下小电量用户电费智能统计方法研究

小电量用户电费统计一直是供电范围面临的麻烦之一,传统人工记取方法存在效率低耗时长的弊端,所以提出"互联网+"运营模式下小电量用户电费智能统计方法,利用互联网与自动化技术进行电量自动化抄表,利用智能技术进行电费计算从而完成电费智能收缴。最后进行仿真实验,将传统电费统计方法与本文方法进行对比,发现本文电量统计方法较传统方法对电费的统计准确率高15?5%,在保证准确率的同时具备相对传统方法更高的工作效率。

互联网+模式下的小电量用户电费管理方法

传统的管理模式导致小电量用户的电费回收非常困难,而催收的成本自然成为困扰企业的一个问题,特别是对那些偏远的地区。随着互联网时代的发展,互联网支付的方式出现得越来越多,在互联网+模式下统计小电量用户信息也成为当前的电费管理手段之一。这样的管理模式不仅能减少欠费、催缴等现象的产生,同时还能对小电量用户进行监督和统计。

EFFECT OF COOLING/LUBRICATION MEDIUM ON MACHINABILITY OF Ti6Al4V

To better understand and know the roles of cooling/lubrication medium in the cutting process and expand their applicability,uncoated cemented carbide tools are used in high-speed turning Ti6Al4V.Dry,cold air,minimal quantity lubrication（MQL）,cryogenic MQL,and ionized air as the cooling/lubrication conditions are studied.Experimental results show that at speed 120 m/min turning Ti6Al4V,the cutting force under ionized air is smallest under all lubricant conditions,and tool life is best,next is cryogenic MQL.MQL and cold air almost have the same effect,a little better than dry.Meanwhile the smallest surface roughness is also obtained under ionized air condition.Flank wear and crater wear are the dominant failure modes when high-speed turning Ti6Al4V by SEM analysis.Finally the conclusion is drawn that ionized air and cryogenic MQL have better cooling/lubrication effects and can effectively improve the tool life.

计量芯片AD7755与ADE7755设计应用的区别

分析了计量芯片AD7755在小电量计量上存在的局限,指出 ADE7755计量芯片的优点,并指出两种计量芯片的选用原则。

Motion Classification of EMG Signals Based on Wavelet Packet Transform and LS-SVMs Ensemble

This paper presents an effective method for motion classification using the surface electromyographic (sEMG) signal collected from the forearm. Given the nonlinear and time-varying nature of EMG signal, the wavelet packet transform (WPT) is introduced to extract time-frequency joint information. Then the multi-class classifier based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is constructed and verified in the various motion classification tasks. The results of contrastive experiments show that different motions can be identified with high accuracy by the presented method. Furthermore, compared with other classifiers with different features, the performance indicates the potential of the SVM techniques combined with WPT in motion classification.

Application of the Bayes’ theory to the failure rate evaluation of electrical apparatus

The Weibull distribution has been widely used in reliability fields. A mixed Weibull distribution represents a popu- lation that consists of several Weibull subpopulations. In this paper, a new approach which combines the least-squares method with Bayes’ theorem, takes advantage of the parameter estimation for single Weibull distribution is developed to estimate the pa- rameters of each subpopulation. The estimates given by this paper also satisfy the maximum likelihood equation. The estimates of the failure rate of the mixed Weibull population are given. An actual test data is computed by using the proposed method. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test turns out that the proposed method yields more accurate result.

The Change of Spectral Energy Distribution of Surface EMG Signal During Forearm Action Process

Spectral energy distribution of surface EMG signal is often used but difficultly and effectively control artificial limb, because the spectral energy distribution changes in the process of limb actions. In this paper, the general characteristics of surface EMG signal patterns were firstly characterized by spectral energy change. 13 healthy subjects were instructed to execute forearm supination （FS） and forearm pronation （FP） with their right foreanns when their forearm muscles were ＂fatigue＂ or ＂relaxed＂. All surface EMG signals were recorded from their right forearm flexor during their right forearm actions. Two sets of surface EMG signals were segmented from every surface EMG signal appropriately at preparing stage and acting stage. Relative wavelet packet energy （symbolized by pnp and pna respectively at preparing stage and acting stage, n denotes the nth frequency band） of surface EMG signal firstly was calculated and then, the difference （Pn = Pna-Pnp） were gained. The results showed that Pn from some frequency bands can effectively characterize the general characteristics of surface EMG signal patterns. Compared with Pn in other frequency bands, P4, the spectral energy change from 93.75 to 125 Hz, was more appropriately regarded as the features.

Analysis on optimal working fluid flowrate and unstable power generation for miniaturized ORC systems

For efficient utilization of a limited geothermal resource in practical projects,the cycle parameters were comprehensively analyzed by combining with the heat transfer performance of the plate heat exchanger,with a variation of flowrate of R245 fa.The influence of working fluid flowrate on a 500 W ORC system was investigated.Adjusting the working fluid flowrate to an optimal value results in the most efficient heat transfer and hence the optimal heat transfer parameters of the plate heat exchanger can be determined.Therefore,for the ORC systems,optimal working fluid flowrate should be controlled.Using different temperature hot water as the heat source,it is found that the optimal flowrate increases by 6-10 L/h with 5 ℃ increment of hot water inlet temperature.During experiment,lower degree of superheat of the working fluid at the outlet the plate heat exchanger may lead to unstable power generation.It is considered that the plate heat exchanger has a compact construction which makes its bulk so small that liquid mixture causes the unstable power generation.To avoid this phenomenon,the flow area of plate heat exchanger should be larger than the designed one.Alternatively,installing a small shell and tube heat exchanger between the outlet of plate heat exchanger and the inlet of expander can be another solution.

The Finite Element Analysis for Parallel-wire Capacitance Probe in Small Diameter Two-phase Flow Pipe

This paper presents a novel capacitance probe, i.e., paraUel-wire capacitance probe （PWCP）, for two-phase flow measurement. Using finite element method （FEM）, the sensitivity field of the PWCP is investigated and the optimum sensor geometry is determiend in term of the characterisitc parameters. Then, the response of PWCP for the oil-water stratified flow is calculated, and it is found the PWCP has better linearity and sensitivity to the variation of water-layer thickness, and is almost independant of the angle between the oil-water interface and the sensor electrode. Finally, the static experiment for oil-water stratified flow is carried out and the calibration method of liquid holdup is presented.

Soft measurement model on torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer including copper loss and iron loss

Alternating current electrical dynamometer is a common device to measure the torque of engines, such as the gasoline engine. In order to solve the problems such as high cost, high energy consumption and complicated measurement system which exists in the direct measurement on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer, copper loss and iron loss are taken as two key factors and a soft-sensing model on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer is established using the fuzzy least square support vector machine (FLS-SVM). Then, the FLS-SVM parameters such as penalty factor and kernel parameter are optimized by adaptive genetic algorithm, torque soft-sensing is investigated in the alternating current electrical dynamometer, as well as the energy feedback efficiency and energy consumption during the measurement phase of a gasoline engine loading continual test is obtained. The results show that the minimum soft-sensing error of torque is about 0.0018, and it fluctuates within a range from -0.3 to 0.3 N·m. FLS-SVM soft-sensing method can increase by 1.6% power generation feedback compared with direct measurement, and it can save 500 kJ fuel consumption in the gasoline engine loading continual test. Therefore, the estimation accuracy of the soft measurement model on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer including copper loss and iron loss is high and this indirect measurement method can be feasible to reduce production cost of the alternating current electrical dynamometer and energy consumption during the torque measurement phase of a gasoline engine, replacing the direct method of torque measurement.

Selected Experiences with Optimization Tests of the Kaplan-Type Hydraulic Turbines

The paper presents selected experience of the authors resulting from the optimization tests of double-regulated water turbines. Among the methods for measuring the discharge through the turbine used in such tests, particular attention was paid to index methods allowing to measure the relative discharge through the turbine-the index current meter method and the methods based on measuring the differential pressure between two points properly located at the turbine flow system （i.e., Winter-Kennedy method）. These methods contribute to effective reduction of the cost of optimizing the turbine that is extremely important for small hydropower plants regarding installed capacity. The paper presents selected examples of the optimization tests and experiences that arise from these tests.

Development of Electron Temperature Measuring System by Silicon Drift Detector

The soft X-ray spectroscopy, laser Thomson scattering and electron cyclotron emission （ ECE ） are usually adopted for electron temperature measurement in fusion research of magnetic confinement. The particular soft X-ray spectroscopy has the very good spatial-temporal resolution and smaller measuring error than laser Thomson scattering, a close spatial-temporal resolution to ECE, absolute measurement ability, and smaller influence by suprathermal and runaway electrons than ECE.

Least energy solutions for semilinear Schrdinger equation with electromagnetic fields and critical growth

We study a class of semilinear SchrSdinger equation with electromagnetic fields and the nonlinearity term involving critical growth. We assume that the potential of the equation includes a parameter A and can be negative in some domain. Moreover, the potential behaves like potential well when the parameter A is large. Using variational methods combining Nehari methods, we prove that the equation has a least energy solution which, as the parameter A becomes large, localized near the bottom of the potential well. Our result is an extension of the corresponding result for the SchrSdinger equation which involves critical growth but does not involve electromagnetic fields.

A new criterion for defining the breakpoint of the wetted perimeter-discharge curve and its application to estimating minimum instream flow requirements

The wetted perimeter method(WPM) is used in hydrology and hydraulics to calculate instream flows.The WPM requires few data.It requires only the values of the wetted perimeter,flow and water level,which can be obtained from the hydrologic stations of the river in question.In addition,the WPM is not limited by the impacts of human activities on the river runoff.Therefore,this method is generally suitable for the current conditions in China.However,the process of applying the WPM involves two key aspects:how to plot the curve describing the relationship between the wetted perimeter and the discharge and how to confirm the breakpoint of the wetted perimeter-discharge curve.The traditional method is to calculate the curvature or the slope of the wetted perimeter-discharge curve to obtain the minimum flow.According to this method,the minimum flow corresponds to the point of maximum curvature or to the point at which the slope of the curve is equal to 1.The wetted perimeter-discharge curve of a natural river is only part of the complete curve.Thus,the instream flow calculated by the traditional method is the minimum or maximum discharge.The new criterion for defining the breakpoint of the wetted perimeter-discharge curve is that the slope at the breakpoint is a relative maximum,the second-largest slope.The discharges at the breakpoints corresponded to the minimum flow levels required to maintain the ecological function of the river.The minimum instream flow requirements(MIFRs) of four typical reaches,Zhuba,Daofu,Ganzi and Zumuzu hydrological stations on the West Course of the First Stage Project of the South-North Water Transfer Project(WCFSPSNWTP),are calculated using an improved wetted perimeter method(IWPM).The results show that the MIFRs of Zhuba,Daofu,Ganzi and Zumuzu are approximately 9.06-14.5 m 3 s-1,20.7-43.5 m3 s-1,38.8-77.2 m 3 s-1 and 40.4-59.5 m 3 s-1,corresponding to 11.7%-33.9%,14.2%-37.6%,12.4%-28.4% and 17.5%-30.2%,respectively of the annual average flow(AAF).These MIFRs can maintain good ecological function in a river according to the criterion furnished by the Tennant method.

Insoluble polyanionic anthraquinones with two strong ionic O–K bonds as stable organic cathodes for pure organic K-ion batteries

A new organic cathode namely potassium 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone(AQ26OK,theoretical capacity(CT)=169 mA h g^(-1))is synthesized and fully characterized for Kion batteries.AQ26OK is called polyanionic organic cathode because it has a polyanionic organic skeleton(-2 valent)and two strong ionic K-O bonds.Consequently,the polyanionic AQ26OK is hardly soluble into most organic liquid electrolytes.In half cells(0.3-3.4 V vs.K^(+)/K)using 1 mol L^(-1) KPF6 in dimethoxyethane,AQ26OK delivers a highly stable specific capacity of 201 mA h g^(-1)@50 mA g^(-1) over 450 cycles(4-month test)and realizes~106 mA h g^(-1) for 3200 cycles at 500 mA g^(-1).Using the reduced state(K4TP)of potassium terephthalate(K2TP)as the organic anode,the resulting K4TP Ⅱ AQ26OK organic potassium-ion batteries can display a highly stable average discharge capacity of 135 mA h g^(-1) cathodeover 250 cycles at 100 mA g^(-1) and~47 mA h g^(-1) for 1000 cycles at 500 mA g^(-1) during the working voltage of 0.01-3.1 V.To the best of our knowledge,AQ26OK is among the best stable cathodes reported for K-ion batteries.

Case study of small scale polytropic index in the central plasma sheet

This paper studies the effective polytropic index in the central plasma sheet （CPS） by using the method of Kartalev et al. （2006）, which adopts the denoising technique of Haar wavelet to identify the homogeneous MHD Bernoulli integral （MBI） and has been frequently used to study the polytropic relation in the solar wind. We chose the quiet CPS crossing by Cluster C1 during the interval 08：51：00-09：19：00 UT on 03 August 2001. In the central plasma sheet, thermal pressure energy per unit mass is the most important part in MBI, and kinetic energy of fluid motion and electromagnetic energy per unit mass are less important. In the MBI, there are many peaks, which correspond to isothermal or near isothermal processes. The interval lengths of homogenous MBI regions are generally less than 1 min. The polytropic indexes are calculated by linearly fitting the data of lnp and Inn within a 16 s window, which is shifted forward by 8 s step length. Those polytropic indexes with IRI ≥0.8 （R is the correlation coefficient between lnp and inn） and p-value≤0.1 in the homogeneous regions are almost all in the range of [0, 1]. The mean and median effective polytropic indexes with high R and low p-value in homogeneous regions are 0.34 and 0.32 respectively, which are much different from the polytropic index obtained by traditional method （αtrad=-0.15）. This result indicates that the CPS is not uniform even during quiet time and the blanket applications of polytropic law to plasma sheet may return misleading value of polytropic index. The polytropic indexes in homogeneous regions with a high correlation coefficient basically have good regression significance and are thus credible. These results are very important to understand the energy transport in magnetotail in the MHD frame.