感冒一小时胶囊中黄芩苷在正常与发热大鼠体内动力学特点的比较

目的 :探讨感冒一小时胶囊中黄芩苷在正常和发热大鼠体内的代谢动力学。方法 :采用高效液相技术分别测定正常大鼠和干酵母致发热大鼠血浆中黄芩苷的含量 ,使用 3P87软件处理黄芩苷的时量数据 ,计算各药代动力学参数。结果 :在正常和发热大鼠体内 ,黄芩苷的达峰时间分别为 9.46± 1.69h和 7.2 0± 2 .74h( p =0 .12 ) ) ,峰值血药浓度分别为 1.44± 0 .3 9μg/ml和 1.0 9± 0 .44 μg/ml( p =0 .2 1) ,t1/ 2 (ke)分别长达 10 .89± 5 .87h和 16.60± 2 0 .88h ,t1/ 2 (ka)分别为 3 .85± 0 .94和 2 .3 5± 1.48(p =0 .0 9) ,CL/F值分别为 2 2 .12± 5 .3 7(mg/kg) /h( μg/ml)和 3 8.3 8± 2 2 .99(mg/kg) /h/( μg/ml) ( p =0 .16) ,AUC(O T)值分别为 2 .68± 5 .81( μg/ml) h和 16.12± 4.91( μg/ml) h(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :发热明显降低黄芩苷在体内的AUC(O T) ,有加快黄芩苷吸收和消除的趋势。

纳雍变1号主变油位计喷油原因分析及处理方案

纳雍变1号主变型号为SFSZ8—160000／110，1995年10月29日投运，油枕为胶囊式。2009年1～2月份，多次发生油位计喷油故障，通过对2月份以前主变的运行状况和检修工作进行分析，找到了喷油原因并进行了正确的处理。

Prospective evaluation of small bowel preparation with bisacodyl and sodium phosphate for capsule endoscopy

AIM： To determine the effect of Prepacol, a combination of sodium phosphate and bisacodyl, on transit and quality of capsule endoscopy （CE）. METHODS： Fivety two consecutive patients were included in this prospective study. CE was performed following a 12 h fasting period. Twenty six patients were randomized for additional preparation with Prepacol. The quality of CE was assessed separately for the proximal and the distal small bowel by 3 experienced endoscopists on the basis of a graduation which was initially developed with 20 previous CE. RESULTS： Preparation with Prepacol accelerated small bowel transit time （262 ± 55 rain vs 287 ± 97 min）, but had no effect on the quality of CE. Visibility was significantly reduced in the distal compared to the proximal small bowel. CONCLUSION： The significantly reduced visibility of CE in the distal small bowel allocates the need for a good preparation. Since Prepacol has no beneficial effect on CE the modality of preparation and the ideal time of application remains unclear. Further standardized examinations are necessary to identify sufficient preparation procedures and to determine the impact of the volume of the preparation solution.

Clinical utility,safety and tolerability of capsule endoscopy in urban Southeast Asian population

AIM:Capsule endoscopy has demonstrated its clinical utility in the evaluation of small bowel pathology in several Western studies.In this prospective study,we aimed to determine the clinical utility,safety and tolerability of capsule endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected small bowel disease in an urban Southeast Asian population. METHODS:We used the given (M2A) capsule endoscopy system in 16 consecutive patients with suspected small bowel pathology.In 9 patients the indication was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,while in 6 patients it was to determine the extent of small bowel involvement in Crohn's disease.One patient underwent capsule endoscopy for evaluation of chronic abdominal pain.Patient's tolerability to the procedure was evaluated by standardized questionnaires and all patients were reviewed at one week to ensure that the capsule had been excreted without any adverse events. RESULTS:Abnormal findings were present in 8 patients (50%).The cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was determined in 5 out of 9 patients.Findings included 2 cases of angiodysplasia,2 cases of jejunal ulcers and 1 case of both angiodysplasia and jejunal ulcer.One patient had small bowel erosions and loci of erythema of doubtful significance. Ileal lesions were diagnosed in 2 out of 6 patients with Crohn's disease.Capsule endoscopy was well tolerated by all patients.One patient with Crohn's disease had a complication of capsule retention due to terminal ileum stricture.The capsule eventually passed out spontaneously after i month. CONCLUSION:Our study,which represented the first Asian series,further confirms the diagnostic utility,safety and tolerability of wireless capsule endoscopy.

Capsule endoscopy in suspected small bowel Crohn's disease:Economic impact of disease diagnosis and treatment

AIM: To model clinical and economic benef its of capsule endoscopy (CE) compared to ileo-colonoscopy and small bowel follow-through (SBFT) for evaluation of suspected Crohn’s disease (CD). METHODS: Using decision analytic modeling, total and yearly costs of diagnostic work-up for suspected CD were calculated, including procedure-related adverse events, hospitalizations, off ice visits, and medications. The model compared CE to SBFT following ileo-colonoscopy and secondarily compared CE to SBFT for initial evaluation. RESULTS: Aggregate charges for newly diagnosed, medically managed patients are approximately $8295. Patients requiring aggressive medical management costs are $29 508; requiring hospitalization, $49 074. At sensitivity > 98.7% and specifi city of > 86.4%, CE is less costly than SBFT. CONCLUSION: Costs of CE for diagnostic evaluationof suspected CD is comparable to SBFT and may be used immediately following ileo-colonoscopy.

Patency and agile capsules

Small bowel strictures can be missed by current diagnostic methods. The Patency capsule is a new non-endoscopic dissolvable capsule which has as an objective of checking the patency of digestive tract, in a non-invasive manner. The available clinical trials have demonstrated that the Patency capsule is a good tool for assessment of the functional patency of the small bowel, and it allows identification of those patients who can safely undergo a capsule endoscopy, despite clinical and radiographic evidence of small-bowel obstruction. Some cases of intestinal occlusion have been reported with the Patency capsule, four of them needed surgery. So, a new capsule with two timer plugs (Agile capsule) has been recently developed in order to minimize the risk of occlusion. This new device stars its dissolution process earlier (30 h after ingestion) and its two timer plugs have been designed to begin the disintegration even when the device is blocked in a tight stricture.

Effect of oral erythromycin on gastric and small bowel transit time of capsule endoscopy

AIM： To determine the effect of oral erythromycin on gastric and small bowel transit time of capsule endoscopy. METHODS： Consecutive patients who underwent capsule endoscopy during the 16-mo study period were either given 250 mg oral erythromycin, 1 h prior to swallowing the capsule endoscope or nothing. The gastric and small bowel transit time, and the small bowel image quality were compared. RESULTS： Twenty-four patients received oral erythromycin whereas 14 patients were not given any prokinetic agent. Patients who received erythromycin had a significantly lower gastric transit time than control （16 min vs70 min, P= 0.005）, whereas the small bowel transit time was comparable between the two groups （227 rain vs 183 min, P= 0.18）. Incomplete small bowel examination was found in three patients of the control group and in one patient of the erythromycin group. There was no significant difference in the overall quality of small bowel images between the two groups. A marked reduction in gastric transit time was noted in two patients who had repeat capsule endoscopy after oral erythromycin. CONCLUSION： Use of oral erythromycin significantly reduces the gastric transit time of capsule endoscopy.

Capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy(CE) is a simple,safe,non-invasive,reliable technique,well accepted and tolerated by the patients,which allows complete exploration of the small intestine.The advent of CE in 2000 has dramatically changed the diagnosis and management of many diseases of the small intestine,such as obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,Crohn's disease,small bowel tumors,polyposis syndromes,etc.CE has become the gold standard for the diagnosis of most diseases of the small bowel.Lately this technique has also been used for esophageal and colonic diseases.

Upper oesophageal images and Z-line detection with 2 different small-bowel capsule systems

Transmission of oesophageal images may vary between different small-bowel capsule endoscopy models. A retrospective review of 100 examinations performed with 2 different Small-bowel capsule endoscopy （SBCE） sys- tems （PillCam and MiroCam） was performed. The oral cavity/aero-digestive tract （i.e., tongue, uvula and/or epiglottis） was captured/identified in almost all （99%） of PillCam videos but in none of MiroCam cases, P 〈 0.0001. Furthermore, oesophageal images （i.e., from the upper oesophageal sphincter to the Z-line were cap- tured in 99% of PillCam videos （mean =1= SD, 60.5 ± 334.1 frames, range： 0-3329 frames） and in 66% of Mi- roCam cases （mean ± SD, 11.1 ± 46.5 frames, range： 0-382 frames）, P 〈 0.0001. The Z-line was identified in 42% of PilICam videos and 17% of MiroCam, P = 0.0002. This information might be useful when perform- ing SBCE in patients with high risks for aspiration.

Wireless capsule endoscopy in detecting small-intestinal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis

AIM:To detect the prevalence of small bowel polyps by wireless capsule endoscopy(WCE)in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP).METHODS:We examined prospectively 14 patients with FAP to assess the location,size and number of small-intestinal polyps.Patients'age,sex,years of observation after surgery,type of surgery,duodenal polyps and colorectal cancer at surgery were analyzed.RESULTS:During WCE,polyps were detected in 9/14(64.3%)patients.Duodenal adenomatous polyps were found in nine(64.3%)patients,and jejunal and ileal polyps in seven(50%)and eight(57.1%),respectively.The Spigelman stage of duodenal polyposis was associated with the presence of jejunal and ileal polyps.Identification of the ampulla of Vater was not achieved with WCE.Importantly,the findings of WCE had no immediate impact on the further clinical management of FAP patients.No procedure-related complications were observed in the patients.CONCLUSION:WCE is a promising noninvasive new method for the detection of small-intestinal polyps.Further investigation is required to determine which phenotype of FAP is needed for surveillance with WCE.

Diagnostic yield of small bowel capsule endoscopy depends on the small bowel transit time

AIM： To investigate whether the small bowel transit time （SBTT） influences the diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy （CE）. METHODS： Six hundred and ninety-one consecutive CE procedures collected in a database were analyzed. SBTT and CE findings were recorded. A running mean for the SBl-I- was calculated and correlated to the diagnostic yield with a Spearman＇s correlation test. Subgroup anal- yses were performed for the various indications for the procedure. RESULTS： There was a positive correlation between the diagnostic yield and SBT1- （Spearman＇s rho 0.58, P 〈 0.01）. Positive correlations between diagnostic yield and SB-FI-were found for the indication obscure gastro- intestinal bleeding （r = 0.54, P 〈 0.01）, for polyposis and carcinoid combined （r = 0.56, P 〈 0.01） and for the other indications （r = 0.90, P 〈0.01）, but not for suspected Crohn＇s disease （r = -0.40） CONCLUSION： The diagnostic yield in small bowel capsule endoscopy is positively correlated with the small bowel transit time. This is true for all indications except for suspected Crohn＇s disease.

Wireless capsule endoscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy is a new technique that allows complete exploration of the small bowel without exlemal wires. Its role has been analyzed in many small bowel diseases such as obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn＇s disease and gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes with promising results. Studies on other pathologies （i.e. small bowel tumour, celiac disease） are under evaluation to define the role of this technique.

TCM Treatment of Interstitial Pneumonia with Chronic Cough—A Case Report

Ms. Wang, a writer of 60 years old. Because of hard work and lack of rest, since the Spring Festival 2000,she was gradually caught by cough.

Preparation of Bovine Serum Albumin Microspheres by an Acetone-ethanol Heat Denaturation Method

Stable sub 500 nm bovine serum albumin (BSA) microsphere suspensions were produced by controlled addition of acetone and ethanol to an aqueous solution of BSA, followed by stabilization process of the formed microspheres at an elevated temperature. Microspheres produced by this acetone ethanol heat denaturation method were stabilized at relatively low temperatures (70～75℃) over a short period of time (20 min). The acetone ethanol heat denaturation method, in comparison with the traditional oil/ water technique for preparation of albumin microspheres, which requires high temperature (over 100℃) and longer heating time (more than 30 min) for stabilization, offers a number of advantages. This report describes the influence of process conditions, such as ratios of acetone to ethanol to BSA aqueous solution, heating time and heating temperature, on microsphere formation and their stability. A loading efficiency of 40% rose bengal was achieved. Rose bengal release rates from these microspheres in phosphate buffered saline medium at 37 ℃ were dependent on microsphere stabilities and 25% to 60% of initial loading drug were released in 15 days.

科学活动：会翻跟头的胶囊

设计意图：“会翻跟头的小胶囊”这一活动源于幼儿的一次偶然发现一一“胶囊能在轨道上翻跟头”，并对其表现出了浓厚的兴趣。这一现象从科学原理来说主要是属于重力作用，儿童要真正认识和理解这一科学原理大概要到初中阶段。那么，在幼儿阶段如何根据儿童的兴趣确立一个既符合其年龄特点和发展水平又具有可操作性的科学概念是我首先要解决的一个重要问题。“胶囊翻跟头”这一科学现象中所蕴涵的重力原理是通过物体滚动的形式体现出来的，而“滚动”作为生活中的一种常见现象，幼儿对其有较为丰富的感性经验，

做碳14呼气试验要注意些什么？

最近，我因胃不舒服到医院检查。医生建议我做个碳14呼气试验，说只需吞下一粒小胶囊，就能查出是否感染了幽门螺杆菌。请问，这个试验的原理是什么？做前需要注意什么？

热点话题

小小胶囊，轩然大波 4月15日，央视报道了部分企业违法生产铬超标药用空心胶囊事件后，社会一片哗然。据了解，这些“毒胶囊”的原材料均为皮革废料经过脱色、漂白与清洗，熬制成工业明胶，再用作胶囊原料，含有重金属铬。摄入过量铬将对人体产生较大危害。事件被曝光后的第一时间，国家食品药品监督管理局及各省市监管部门均开展了“毒胶囊”调查，极力排查问题胶囊，停售及销毁问题胶囊，严惩违规企业，还民众一个说法，进一步规范药物生产安全准则。然而，本是治病吃药，何来吃药致病，这让老百姓乱了阵脚。

Control strategy for multiple capsule robots in intestine

Based on the critical gap phenomenon of the intestinal capsule robot,a variable-diameter capsule robot with radial gap self-compensation is developed in this paper.With the functional variation principle,a fluid dynamic pressure model satisfying the boundary conditions of the outer surface of capsule robot with screw blades is derived.The critical gap phenomenon is studied theoretically and experimentally based on the end effect and the dynamic balance characteristics of the fluid on the surface of capsule robot.The concept of start-up rotation speed is defined,the relationship between the start-up rotation speed and the spiral parameters of capsule robot is investigated.The strategy for implementing drive and control on several capsule robots under the same rotational magnetic field is proposed,and by defining the start-up curves of several capsule robots with the similar motion regulation as the objective functions,genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the spiral parameters of several capsule robots.Experiments have shown that the proposed drive and control strategy for several capsule robots can be implemented effectively.It has a good prospect of application inside intestine to realize the drive and control on several capsule robots for different medical purposes.

Effect of Zishenshengxue capsule on myelosuppression in mice induced by cyclophosphamide

OBJECTIVE:To explore the inhibitory effect of Zishenshengxue capsule(ZSC) on myelosuppression in mice induced by cyclophosphamide.METHODS:Kunming mice were randomly assigned into a control group,myelosuppression group,or groups for mice with myelosuppression receiving high dose ZSC,middle dose ZSC,low dose ZSC or Yixuesheng.Myelosuppression was induced by peritoneal injection of cyclophosphamide.ZSC and cyclophosphamide were administered simultaneously.The numbers of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow karyocytes were counted.Cell proliferation activity and colony formation of granulocyte-monocyte series hemopoietic progenitor cells(C-GMs) and cell cycle were detected.RESULTS:The numbers of white blood cells in the middle and high dose ZSC groups were significantly increased at the 12th and 13th day(P<0.01) and bone marrow karyocytes and cell proliferation activity increased in the high dose ZSC group(P<0.01) compared with the myelosuppression group.C-GMs of middle and high dose ZSC groups significantly increased(P<0.01).The percentage of G 1 phase in the high dose ZSC group decreased(P< 0.01) and the percentage of S and G 2 phase increased(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:ZSC increased the numbers of peripheral white blood cells,bone marrow karyocytes and C-GMs.ZSC also increased cell proliferation activity and removed the G 1 phase block.Thus,ZSC could reduce myelosuppression in mice induced by cyclophosphamide.