乾隆时期巴尔蒂斯坦(小西藏)与清朝关系初探

巴尔蒂斯坦 ,我国汉文史籍中亦译为巴勒提、巴尔替、罢蒂 ,等等 ,波斯文及乌尔都文史籍多以波斯语名称Tibet i Khord相称 ,译为“小西藏”或“小图伯特” ,当地一些波斯文手抄本则径称其为Tibet。该地在唐代为大勃律 ,与我国有过密切的关系。但长期以来 ,我们对该地的情况几乎一无所知。本文据乌尔都文史籍和作者的实地考察 ,对该地作了简要介绍 ,并据有关满文档案和国外史籍 ,对乾隆时期该地与我国的关系作了初步探讨。

巴尔蒂斯坦的马球运动

我国的学者对于与我国毗邻的巴基斯坦北部地区迄今还盛行的马球运动传统缺乏了解。因在公元5世纪之初,巴尔蒂斯坦及其周边地区的王国叫钵露罗(Polulo),它在中国统治下。这一地区的人口几乎都是藏人,保持着藏人的一切生活习俗,尤其酷爱马球运动。Polo是巴尔蒂语,意为圆形物和球,现在全世界都以Polo一名称呼这一马球运动。而20世纪有不少研究者提出马球源于伊朗,但伊朗是以"焦甘"(Chaugan)之名称马球。而研究巴尔蒂斯坦(小西藏)的马球运动历史,将会对研究马球运动的源流,开辟一个新的视野和新的领域,它对马球史的深入研究具有重要的学术价值。

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Yunnan,Tibetan,and Xinjiang Wheat Using SSR Markers

A total of 206 SSR （Simple Sequence Repeats） primer pairs were used to detect genetic diversity in 52 accessions of three unique wheat varieties of western China. A total of 488, 472, and 308 allelic variants were detected in 31 Yunnan, 15 Tibetan and 6 Xinjiang wheat accessions with an average of PIC values 0.2764, 0.3082, and 0.1944, respectively. Substantial differences in allelic polymorphisms were detected by SSR markers in all the 21 chromosomes, the 7 homoeologous groups, and the three genomes （A, B, and D） in Yunnan, Tibetan, and Xinjiang wheat. The highest and lowest allelic polymorphisms in all the 21 chromosomes were observed in 3B and 1D chromosomes, respectively. The lowest and highest allelic polymorphisms among the seven homoeologous groups was observed in 6 and 3 homoeologous groups, respectively. Among the three genomes, B genome showed the highest, A the intermediate, and D the lowest allelic polymorphism. The genetic distance （GD） indexes within Yunnan, Tibetan, and Xinjiang wheat, and between different wheat types were calculated. The GD value was found to be much higher within Yunnan and Tibetan wheat than within Xinjiang wheat, but the GD value between Yunnan and Tibetan wheat was lower than those between Yunnan and Xinjiang wheat, and between Tibetan and Xinjiang wheat. The cluster analysis indicated a closer relationship between Yunnan and Tibetan wheat than that between Yunnan and Xinjiang wheat or between Tibetan and Xinjiang wheat.

Rural Biomass Energy Utilization and Sustainable Developmental Strategies in Tibet

[Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality.[Method] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet,we analyzed the characteristics and potential of rural biomass utilization in Tibet,and further put forward the sustainable countermeasures on the firewood substitution in Tibet.[Results] Renewable energies including hydraulic,geothermal,solar and wind resources are abundant in Tibet,while there is just a few of fossil energy resources such as oil and coal,with uneven distribution and poor exploration conditions.Traditional consumption of biomass energy resource accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in Tibetan rural districts,which causes potential damage to the fragile ecological environment on the Tibetan Plateau.The excessive use of biomass energy destroyed the vegetation and evoked the environment deterioration such as the intensification of the water and soil loss and the declining of the soil fertility.[Conclusion] It is essential for Tibet to change its rural energy consumption structure,implement the Tibetan firewood alternative energy strategy and try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy,wind energy,hydro-energy instead of native vegetation and animal＇s droppings in order to reduce the adverse impacts of the irrational energy consumption on the ecological environment in Tibet.

Genetic Diversity of Gli-1,Gli-2 and Glu-1 Alleles Among Chinese Endemic Wheats

Genetic diversity at Gli_1, Gli_2 and Glu_1 loci was investigated in 32 accessions of Chinese endemic wheat by using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)_PAGE. There were 8 gliadin and 3 high_molecular_weight (HMW)_glutenin patterns in 14 Yunnan hulled wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanese King) accessions, 9 gliadin and 4 HMW_glutenin patterns in 9 Tibetan weedrace ( T. aestivum ssp. tibetanum Shao ) accessions, and 9 gliadin and 5 HMW_glutenin patterns in 9 Xinjiang rice wheat ( T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.) accessions. One accession (i.e. Daomai 2) carried new subunits 2.1+10.1 encoded by Glu_D1. Among the three Chinese endemic wheat groups, a total of 10, 14 and 11 alleles at Gli_1 locus; 11, 14 and 12 alleles at Gli_2 locus; and 5, 6 and 8 alleles at Glu_1 locus were identified, respectively. Among Yunnan hulled wheat, Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat, the Nei's genetic variation indexes were 0.3798, 0.5625 and 0.5693, respectively. These results suggested that Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat had higher genetic diversity than Yunnan hulled wheat.

Analysis on Main Traits of Spring Wheat Landraces in Tibet

In this study, 9 main traits of 774 spring wheat landraces in Tibet were investigated and analyzed. The results show that spring wheat landraces in Tibet have high plant height （with an average of 126.1 cm） and long growth period （with an average of 135.2 d）, with an average spike length of 9.5 cm, average effective tiller number per plant of 5.9, average spikelet number per spike of 19.9, average kernel number per spikelet of 3.5, average spikelet number per spike of 51.8, aver- age kernel weight per spike of 2.0 g, and average 1 000-grain weight of 38.1 g. Specifically, kernel number per spikelet of 2 landraces is larger than 6.0, spikelet number per spike of 2 landraces is larger than 100, kernel weight per spike of 2 landraces is larger than 4.0 g, 1 000-grain weight of 11 tandraces is larger than 50 g. There is abundant genetic diversity in those traits except in growth period, and the coefficient variation of 9 traits is in a decreasing order of effective tiller number per plant 〉 kernel weight per spike 〉 kernel number per spike 〉 spike length 〉 kernel number per spikelet 〉 1 000-grain weight 〉 plant height 〉 spikelet number per spike 〉 growth period. There is different relevance among different traits. Growth period is extremely significantly positively related to yield traits; grain number traits are extremely significantly positively relative to plant height and spike length, but ex- tremely significantly negatively relative to effective tiller number per plant; kernel number per spike is extremely significantly positively relative to kernel weight per spike, but extremely significantly negatively related to 1 000-grain weight; 1 000-grain weight is extremely significantly positively related to kernel weight per spike. Based on principal component analysis, these 9 traits could be included by 5 principal com- ponents （grain number, grain weight, spike length, tiller number and growth period）. According to the comprehensive evaluation values of these five principal components, 50 landraces including ZM019573, ZM019849, ZM019730, ZM018745, ZM019657, ZM019891, ZM020533, ZM018508, 7M019074 and ZM020026 have good performance.

Characteristics of Metamorphic Rock Magnetic Fabrics in the Nyalam Area of the Southern Tibet and Its Geological Significance, China

This paper reports Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics in the Nyalam area of southern Tibet. The analytical results of magnetic fabrics show that the values of H are high （〉 10% in general）, so the ductile deformations of the Precambrian rock are strong. The orientation of the maximum principal stress inferred from the minimum magnetic susceptibility is nearly S-N, NE-SW and NW-SE. The Flinn diagram of the magnetic fabrics show that the strain pattern is oblate and constrictional type. Magnetic foliation of great majority of rock samples is well developed and the magnetic lineation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is flattened. The magnetic lineation of the minority rock samples is well developed and the magnetic foliation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is prolate. According to the geological field and the magnetic fabrics, there are 3 times tectonic stress field in SN directed extruding, NW-SE directed extruding, NW-SE directed extension. It shows that the Nyalam area has undergone process the orientation of SN, NW-SE nappe structure and NW-SE directed extension structure. The change of tectonic stress is reflected by the field characteristics of the Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics that is the direct responding result of the arc-continental, continent-continental collision between the India and Asian continents in the late part of the Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene and subsequently shifted to intra-continental convergent, the plateau uplifting and extension structure stage since the Late Eocene.

关于巴尔蒂斯坦的名称

巴尔蒂斯坦,我国汉文史籍中亦译为巴勒提、巴尔替、罢蒂等等,该地在唐代为大勃律,与我国有过密切的关系。唐将封常清曾率军到达该地之哈伯罗河谷(《资治通鉴》作贺菩劳)。清代乾隆年间亦屡屡遣使至我新疆叶尔羌大臣处请安,通商。但长期以来,我们对该地的情况几乎一无所知。该地在不同时代的多种名称,包含了多方面的信息。本文据多种国内外史籍和作者的实地考察,对该地名称作了初步探讨。

Tree ring-dated fluctuation history of Midui glacier since the Little Ice Age in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Fluctuation history of Midui glacier in the southeastern Tibet since the Little Ice Age(LIA) was reconstructed by the dating of lateral and terminal moraines using tree rings.Four conversions of glacier advance/stabilization to retreat were identified at around 1767,1875,1924 and 1964.The glacier reached its LIA maximum position at 1767.The fluctuations are consistent with those of other glaciers from the Tibetan Plateau,the Rockies and the Alps,suggesting high spatial coherency of glacier fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere.Comparison with the summer temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau indicated that the Midui glacier fluctuation may be related to temperature variation on the centennial timescale.On the decadal scale,the fluctuation could correspond to cold/warm variation with an 8-year lag on average.

Evolutionary significance of selected EDAR variants in Tibetan high-altitude adaptations

Humans have been exposed to many environmental challenges since their evolutionary origins in Africa and subsequent migrations to the rest of the world. A severe environmental challenge to human migrants was hypoxia caused by low barometric oxygen pressure at high altitudes. Several genome-wide scans have elucidated the genetic basis of human high-altitude adaptations.However, the dearth of functional variant information has led to the successful association of only a few candidate genes. In the present study, we employed a candidate gene approach and re-sequenced the EDAR locus in 45 Tibetan individuals to identify mutations involved in hypoxia adaptation. We identified 10 and five quantitative trait-associated mutations for oxygen saturation (SaO_2) and blood platelet count, respectively, at the EDAR locus. Among these, rs10865026 and rs3749110 (associated with SaO_2 and platelet count, respectively) were identified as functional candidate targets. These data demonstrate that EDAR has undergone natural selection in recent human history and indicate an important role of EDAR variants in Tibetan high-altitude adaptations.