从小资源到大资源:一种新的资源观

长期以来,人们一般把资源简单等同于自然资源或经济资源,这种小资源观有明显的局限性,制约了现代社会的发展;人类必须突破小资源观的束缚,确立大资源观;大资源由六大子资源构成,有着小资源所没有的新特征,它既是资源定义域历史演化的结果,又是现代社会发展的支撑体系。

金华“乡村小资源”的旅游化利用研究

当前,我国进入了大众化旅游阶段,广大乡村成为了旅游新热点。金华市的乡村旅游开展得有声有色,并已初具规模。虽然目前金华的乡村旅游增长速度快、市场潜力大、发展前景好,但一些地方在发展乡村旅游的过程中缺乏开拓创新,在资源开发上还存在较明显的粗放发展的问题,这些问题成为金华乡村旅游发展的“瓶颈”。本文正是抓住乡村旅游热这个契点,提出乡村旅游在发展过程中应充分利用“乡村小资源”,进行特色的乡村游,进而为金华市乡村旅游发展添砖加瓦。

小资源下语音识别算法设计与优化

可穿戴设备和智能家居系统需要语音识别引擎占用极小的资源并具有较强的拒识能力。传统的语音识别算法无法满足小资源系统的这种需求。该文针对小资源下语音识别系统,在解码策略和拒识算法设计上均提出了改进方法。在解码策略上,通过修改垃圾音素的重入,使得集外语音的拒识率提高到64.8%,而内存占用只增加了8.5kB。在拒识算法上,提出了离线计算背景概率和在线查表的方法,与基线系统相比,在集内识别率略有损失的情况下,集外拒识率达到93.8%,而内存占用和计算速度也得到了优化。

参加中国西北部节水灌溉技术赴美培训的体会

通过对广西与美国加州自然条件、水资源开发与利用前期工作和水权与水资源等进行比较 ,并根据作者在美培训中的所见所闻 ,结合广西实际情况 ,对今后水资源开发利用和管理提出看法。

Equipping the Public Primary Schools in Puebla： The Case of the Enciclomedia System in the State of Puebla, Mexico

The primary school system in Mexico is affected by serious shortfalls in the installation of related information and communication technologies resources in the teaching-learning process. This lack of resources has an impact of the context of the digital divide as well as in joining the knowledge society. The present article will deal with the outfitting of classrooms with the enciclomedia system in the 5tb and 6th grade in the State of Puebla. It will demonstrate important findings, demonstrating the deepening digital divide between the state capital and the rest of the municipalities in this state. In fact, the furthest （300 km far away from Puebla city） the less primary school equipped with the enciclomedia system. We will also demonstrate the resource distribution by school-type and inhabitants. Another finding is the influence in resource distribution by political party. This study should provide public policy decision-makers with valuable information for the apportionment of resources in all municipalities of the State of Puebla.

Significant Effects of Fishing Gear Selectivity on Fish Life History

Over the past few decades, extreme changes have occurred in the characters of exploited fish populations. The majority of these changes have affected the growth traits of fish life history, which include a smaller size-at-age, an earlier age-at-maturation and among others. Currently, the causes of these life history traits changes still require systematic analyses and empirical studies. The explanations that have been cited are merely expressed in terms of fish phenotypic adaptation. It has been claimed that the original traits of fish can be recovered once the intensity of exploitation of the fish is controlled. Sustained environmental and fishing pressure will change the life history traits of most fish species, so the fish individual's traits are still in small size-at-age and at earlier age-at-maturation in exploited fish populations. In this paper, we expressed our view of points that fishing gear has imposed selectivity on fish populations and individuals as various other environmental factors have done and such changes are unrecoverable. According to the existing tend of exploited fish individual's life history traits, we suggested further researches in this field and provided better methods of fishery management and thereby fishery resources protection than those available early.

Power Control for Fading Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks with Outage-Probability Minimization

Cognitive radio allows Secondary Users （SUs） to dynamically use the spectrum resource licensed to Prirmry Users （PUs）, and significantly improves the efficiency of spectrum utilization and is viewed as a promising technology. In cognitive radio networks, the problem of power control is an important issue. In this paper, we mainly focus on the problem of power control for fading channels in cognitive radio networks. The spectrum sharing underlay scenario is considered, where SUs are allowed to coexist with PUs on the condition that the outage probability of PUs is below the maximum outage probability threshold limitation due to the interference caused by SUs. Moreover, besides the outage probability threshold which is defined to protect the performance of PUs, we also consider the maximum transmit power constraints for each SU. With such a setup, we emphasize the problem of power control to minimize the outage probability of each SU in fading channels. Then, based on the statistical information of the fading channel, the closed expression for outage probability is given in fading channels. The Dual-Iteration Power Control （DIPC） algorithm is also proposed to minimize the outage probability based on Perron-Frobenius theory and gradient descent method under the constraint condition. Finally, simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Effect of Limited Single Irrigation on Yield of Winter Wheat and Spring Maize Relay Intercropping

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） and spring maize （Zea mays） to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize; so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.

Screening Winter Wheat Germplasm for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance

58 winter wheat breeding lines and 4 widely popularized varieties in Huaihe River wheat production regions of Anhui were used to screen resistant germplasms to Fusarium head blight. Incidence, disease index, percentage of infected kernels and DON content in the kernels were measured for each variety or line following artificial inoculation of Fusarium spp. pathogens. Reactions of wheat to Fusarium infection varied among genotypes and different types of resistance. The incidence of infection for each variety or line highly correlated to the severity of colonization after infection. DON content was more correlated to the percentage of kernels infected than to the overall incidence or severity. The selected control varieties were all susceptible to FHB, while seven breeding lines demonstrated good resistant performance. New FHB resistant winter wheat varieties appealing to the actual needs are expected from them.

Energy efficient resource allocation for D2D multicast communications

The resource allocation for device-to-device(D2D)multicast communications is investigated.To achieve fair energy efficiency(EE)among different multicast groups,the max-min fairness criterion is used as the optimization criterion and the EE of D2D multicast groups are taken as the optimization objective function.The aim is to maximize the minimum EE for different D2D multicast groups under the constraints of the maximum transmit power and minimum transmit rate,which is modeled as a non-convex and mixed-integer fractional programming problem.Here,suboptimal resource allocation algorithms are proposed to solve this problem.First,channel assignment scheme is performed to assign channel to D2D multicast groups.Second,for a given channel assignment,iterative power allocation schemes with and without loss of cellular users’rate are completed,respectively.Simulation results corroborate the convergence performance of the proposed algorithms.In addition,compared with the traditional throughput maximization algorithm,the proposed algorithms can improve the energy efficiency of the system and the fairness achieved among different multicast groups.

Present Tectonic Stress Field in the Capital Region of China Inverted from Focal Mechanisms of Small and Strong Earthquakes

A dense seismic network was installed in the capital region of China in recent years,which makes it possible to resolve the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes. We gathered large earthquake focal mechanisms from the last fifty years and moderate or small earthquake focal mechanisms from between 2002 and 2004,and calculated the present tectonic stress field of the capital region by the grid search method, which weighs different sized earthquakes and can improve the accuracy of the stress field inversion. The analysis of inversion results of different sub-regions shows that the azinuth of the maximum principal compressive stress axis is NE43°- 86° in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou-Datong area,NE38°-86° in the Tangshan area,and NE79°- 81° in the Xingtai area. Inversion results of this paper are similar to previous results,which proves the correctness of the approach. As revealed by the results,the stress field of the capital region is characterized by overall consistency and sub-regional differences. This study provides reference for earthquake mechanism explanation and geodynamics research.

Entrepreneurs as decisive human resources and business performance for the Lao SMEs

Resource-based view （RBV） has been a very important theory to explain performance in the past decades. Among several types of resources, human resources are known as a critical factor for business success. The present paper has sought to link the human resources and performance based on the concept of RBV focusing on entrepreneurs as decisive human resources. This paper uses a sample of 378 Lao small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. Overall, the findings suggest that the significant factors in explaining performance in Lao SMEs are the education of entrepreneurs, business development services for entrepreneurs and experience of entrepreneurs. Whereas training at starting business and training for entrepreneurs were not supported.

Cross-layer resource allocation based on potential game theory in multi-cell OFDMA networks

A cross-layer resource allocation scheme based on potential game(CLRA_ PG) is proposed for the downlink multi-cell orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access(OFDMA) system with universal frequency reuse.As a method to mitigate inter-cell interference(ICI),base station coordination has been considered.In the process of the objective function modeling,this paper adopts a pricing mechanism which not only maximizes the individual utility but also considers the interference to other users.Based on the potential game theory,the objective problem is converted to a potential function which can be easily solved.The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT) conditions and the iterative water-filling algorithm are employed to solve the constraint objective optimization problem.Moreover,extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate how the pricing factors affect the algorithm.At the same time,comparing with the traditional policy,our simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the performance of the system.

Evaluation of Training Program for New Nurses to Enhance Caring Behavior

This research was aimed to evaluate the training program enhancing caring behaviors of new nurses by Kirkpatrick＇s four level for evaluation model： reaction, learning, behavior, and result of the program. The participants were new nurses, preceptors of new nurses, administrators, patients and members of the patients＇ family cared by new nurses. The research instruments were： （1） five questionnaires toward program suitability, knowledge, attitude, caring expression, and result to organization. The mean, standard deviation and dependent sample t-test were used for data analysis; （2） guidelines for focus group discussion and semi-structural questionnaire analyzed by content analysis. The study revealed that： （1） the mean of suitability was at the very high level （X = 4.49, SD. = .30）; （2） the knowledge and attitude after training were significantly higher than before training at .000 level, [t =-21.65, p = .000 and t = -19.30, p = .000）; {3} caring behavior after training was significantly higher than before training at the .000 level; and {4} the result of the program was at the high level { X = 4.25, SD. = .17}, related to the result of semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. These evaluation research finding suggested that administrators can use for improving the preparation of any project and apply to evaluate other training programs, developing human resource system.

Evaluation of Emmer Wheat Genetic Resources Aimed at Dietary Food Production

Emmer wheat cultivated by organic farmers is used as a component of some bio （organic） food products. Its positive influence on consumer health is caused by grain composition. With the aim of selecting varieties or landraces for their possible further use we tested selected emmer wheat accessions maintained in the Czech Gene Bank. In the set of 8 emmer wheat accessions, the main grain components, bread making characteristics and contents of health supporting chemical substances such as total dietary fibre content and its components, content of total polyphenols plus catechin and ferulic acid contents, vitamins of the B group and E plus total content of carotenoids were evaluated by standard methods. Tests of bread making quality confirmed a very well known fact that emmer wheat grain is much more suitable for other purposes as whole grain mixtures, cereal pure, etc. than for bread preparation. The results indicate the possibilities to select emmer wheat genotypes differing in grain composition and containing compounds with positive effects on human health. Among the tested emmer wheat accessions the Rudico variety had a complex of positive characteristics such as content of total dietary fibre, total polyphenol content with prevailing catechin and the highest amount of B group vitamins such as B 1, B2, niacin, pantothenic acid and B6.

Six Sigma： The Panacea to Sustainability

Whilst there are a number of qualified methodologies, the researchers have opted to utilise the tools available through Six Sigma to prove that Six Sigma can be used to save resources and improve quality and process. Five industry sectors were identified as the ones to be surveyed using quantitative and qualitative methods and finally piloting the results on five different SMEs. Since this is a relative new methodology to the Cypriot entrepreneur and regrettably at the time of carrying out the study an international financial crisis caused a lot of financial problems to many respondents and as such could not see the immediate effects or benefits of Six Sigma and were reluctant to co-operate or participate. The Six Sigma methodology can be customized to industrial sectors and a tailored version of the methodology can be developed for a particular process or problem. The paper illustrates the problem areas identified from both the qualitative and quantitative research per industry. This is the first study carried out on Six Sigma in a small economy like Cyprus and tested on five industry sectors using both qualitative and quantitative methods

Exploring ERP Adoption Cost Factors

Due to their limited resources, budgets and their high sensitivity to costs, when Small and Medium Enterprises （SMEs） take the first step into implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning （ERP） system, they need to think about many things, foremost the cost of adoption. Literature suggests that most ERP implementations fail due to inaccurate and optimistic budget and schedule estimations, as well as, anticipating indirect costs beforehand is problematic. With the deficiency of a clear model of cost factors for ERP adoptions, ERP adoptions face high risks of failure. Failures could be caused by several factors, but the scope of this research is focused on identifying, exploring, and validating a comprehensive list of ERP adoption cost factors. This could aid SMEs in visualizing the different expected costs, and would consequently assist in better future cost management and estimations. There has been plenty of research in ERP; however, a clear gap in ERP cost identification, management, and estimation exists. This paper focuses on identifying direct and indirect cost factors that influence total costs in the ERP adoption process. The paper presents a cost list that has been developed through literature and an ERP expert panel. Furthermore, this study validates the costs list through interviews with different stakeholders within ERP adoption projects in Egypt.

Creation of Cultivars with High Productive Tillering Capacity and Synchronous Earing for Ridge Technology Cultivation

For cultivation of new common wheat cultivars having valuable morphological traits new resource-saving ridge technology was applied. Our collection of dwarf lines, obtained in the result of cyclical diallel crossings of genotrophs, induced by pyridine carbonic acids, zoned common wheat cultivars and short stem common wheat samples from the World Wide Collection of the Russian Institute of Plant Industry, was applied for creation of new common wheat lines having valuable morphological traits. It was observed that open blooming dwarfs were good for cross-pollination, and without insulation they demonstrated a great issue of natural hybrids. It was marked that cross-pollination promoted appearance of great number of hybrid plants with high productive tillering capacity. After individual selection among those hybrid plants and their propagation we got fertile constant lines of common winter wheat having 17-20 productive stems per one plant and a productive ear. These lines are firm and resistant to lodging. At the present time these constant lines are cultivated in conditions of resource-saving ridge technology.