小量——半微量实验技术在无机化学实验中的应用

采用小量——半微量实验进行无机实验教学，明显地减少了环境污染，有效地解决了实验经费不足的困难，有利于学生综合素质的提高，是踏养学生创造性思维、创新能力、实施素质教育的有效途径.

小量-半微量实验方法在P区元素性质实验中的应用

在绿色化学思想指导下,将小量-半微量实验方法运用于无机元素性质实验,结合实验教学实际,探讨了P区元素中卤素、硫的含氧酸盐、硫化物和铅的难溶盐等性质实验的试剂用量.结果显示,小量-半微量实验的试剂用量可降至常规用量的1/2~1/6,可节约实验开支,提高实验效率,减少环境污染,有利于学生树立绿色化学理念,增强环保意识.

小量-半微量有机化学序列实验教学研究和实践

1992年起在北大基础有机化学实验教学中,采用小量-半微量有机化学序列实验坚持至今取得很好的效果。本文总结了这项改革的内容、仪器、教材和体会。

小量—半微量有机合成实验教学研究

本文报道了我系开展小量—半微量有机合成实验教学研究与实践有关情况,总结了这项改革工作的内容、特点和收获。

论现代高校有机化学实验课程的发展趋势

为了培养学生的科学素质、研究能力和创新能力,传统的有机化学实验课程正在经历变革,以有机化学实验的绿色化、小量化、开发化和综合多步化建立新的实验体系和教学模式,是有机化学实验教学改革的必经之路,也是现代高校有机实验课程的发展趋势。

基础化学实验绿色化的探索

在基础化学实验教学中进行绿色化研究,将常量实验改为微型及小量—半微量实验,引入多媒体和现代实验新技术手段,以求从源头阻止污染,培养学生的环境保护意识.

改革实验教学,走绿色化学之路——以无机化学实验教学为例

在化学实验教学中进行绿色化研究,引进多媒体和现代实验新技术手段,将常量实验改为微型、小量-半微量实验,以求从源头阻止污染,培养学生的环境保护意识和创新意识。

化学实验绿色化研究

在化学实验教学中进行绿色化研究,引进多媒体和现代实验新技术手段,将常量实验改为微型、小量 半微量实验,以求从源头阻止污染,培养学生的环境保护意识和创新意识。

绿色化学实验

绿色化学实验的研究和设计将实现对环境没有或只有很少负作用的理想与目标 ,微型实验、小量 -半微量实验、微波化学实验和计算机辅助的绿色化学实验设计是实现这一目标的一些可能途径。

基础化学实验绿色化研究

在基础化学实验教学中,通过培养学生的绿色化学思想和环保意识,将常量实验改为微型及小量-半微量实验,引入多媒体和现代实验新技术手段,科学合理地处理实验废弃物等,以求从源头阻止污染,从而实现基础化学实验的绿色化.

在药物化学教学中构建绿色环保可持续发展模式

在药物化学实验教学中开展小量—半微量药物化学实验,把绿色化学理念融合在教学教改中,使化学实验教学向清洁工艺,绿色化学方向转化。本文通过探讨扑炎痛和磺胺醋酰钠的半微量合成方法,阐述了开展半微量药物化学实验的必要性,可行性,以及培养学生创新能力和绿色环保意识意识的重要性。

Effects of Low Dose Radiation on Tumor Apoptosis, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis-Related Protein Bcl-2 in Tumor-Bearing Mice

To study the effects of low dose radiation (LDR) on tumor apoptosis, cellcycle progression and changes of apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 in tumor-bearing mice. Methods:Male mice of Kunming strain were implanted subcutaneously with S180 sarcoma cells in the left inguenas an in situ experimental animal model. Seven days later, the mice were subjected to 75 mGywhole-body γ-irradiation. At 24 and 48 h after the irradiation, all mice were sacrificed. The tumorsizes were measured, and tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression were analyzed by flowcytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 and the apoptotic rate of tumor cellswere observed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Results: Tumors grew significantlyslower after LDR (P 【 0.05). The tumor cells were arrested in G1 phrase and the expression of Bcl-2protein decreased at 24 h. Apoptotic rate of tumor cells was increased significantly at 48 h afterLDR (P 【 0.01). Conclusion: LDR could cause a G1-phase arrest and increase the apoptosis of tumorcells through the low level of apoptosis-related protein bcl-2 in the tumor-bearing mice. Theorganized immune function and anti-tumor ability are markedly increased after LDR. Our studyprovides practical evidence of clinical application to cancer treatment.

Wheat Grain Yield and Yield Stability in a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment on the Loess Plateau

To provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management, a 20-year fertility experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China to investigate the effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizers on wheat grain yield and yield stability on the Loess Plateau using regression and stability analysis. The experiment consisted of 17 fertilizer treatments, containing the combinations of different N and P levels, with three replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea, and P was applied as calcium superphosphate. Fertilizer rates had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Phosphorus, combined with N, increased yield significantly （P 〈 0.01）. In the unfertilized control and the N or P sole application treatments, wheat yield had a declining trend although it was not statistically significant. Stability analysis combined with the trend analysis indicated that integrated use of fertilizer N and P was better than their sole application in increasing and sustaining the productivity of rainfed winter wheat.

Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and/or low-calorie diet on steatohepatitis in rats with obesity and hyperlipidemia

AIM:To evaluate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and/or low-calorie diet (LCD) on a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: Fifty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The control group (n = 9) was fed with standard rat diet for 12 wk, NASH group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet consisted of normal diet, 10% lard oil and 2% cholesterol for 12 wk, UDCA group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet supplemented with UDCA at a dose of 25 mg/(kg · d) in drinking water for 12 wk, LCD group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet for 10 wk and then LCD for 2 wk, and UDCA+LCD group (n = 15) was fed with high-fat diet for 10 wk, followed by LCD+UDCA for 2 wk. At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum biochemical index, and hepatopathologic changes were examined. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, rats in the NASH group had significantly increased body weight, liver weight, and serum lipid and aminotransferase levels. All rats in the NASH group developed steatohepatitis, as determined by their liver histology. Compared with the NASH group, there were no significant changes in body weight, liver weight, blood biochemical index, the degree of hepatic steatosis, and histological activity index (HAI) score in the UDCA group; however, body and liver weights were significantly decreased, and the degree of steatosis was markedly improved in rats of both the LCD group and the UDCA+LCD group, but significant improvement with regard to serum lipid variables and hepatic inflammatory changes were seen only in rats of the UDCA+LCD group, and not in the LCD group. CONCLUSION: LCD might play a role in the treatment of obesity and hepatic steatosis in rats, but it exerts no significant effect on both serum lipid disorders and hepatic inflammatory changes. UDCA may enhance the therapeutic effects of LCD on steatohepatitis accompanied by obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, UDCA alone is not effective in the prevention of steatohepatitis induced by high-fat diet.

Effects of emodin on treating murine nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by high caloric laboratory chaw

AIM: To investigate the effects of emodin on the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats induced by high caloric laboratory chaw. METHODS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver model was successfully established by feeding with high caloric laboratory chaw for 12 wk. Then the model rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely model control group, emodin group and dietary treatment group. The rats in emodin group were given emodin at dose of 40 mg/(kg·d) while animals in other groups were given distilled water of the same volume. The rats in model control group were fed with high caloric laboratory chaw while animals in other groups were fed with normal diet. Four weeks later, liver index (liver/body weight ratio), serum activities of liver-associated enzymes, blood lipid, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), hepatic triglyceride content and histology features of all groups were assayed. The expression of hepatic peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The body weight, liver index, serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood lipid, hepatic triglyceride content of model control group were significantly elevated, with moderate to severe hepatocyte steatosis. The expression of hepatic PPAR gamma mRNA was obviously reduced in model control group. Compared with model control group, the body weight, liver index, serum activities of ALT, blood lipids and hepatic triglyceride of emodin group significantly decreased and hepatic histology display was also greatly improved. Meanwhile, the expression of hepatic PPAR gamma mRNA was elevated. However, high serum activities of ALT and hyperlipidemia were persisted in dietary treatment group although liver index was decreased and liver histology was somewhat improved. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that emodin might be effective in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Its therapeutic mechanism could be associated with increasing the expression of hepatic PPAR gamma mRNA.

Dynamics and Mechanism of A Quorum Sensing Network Regulated by Small RNAs in Vibrio Harveyi

Bacterial quorum sensing （QS） has attracted much interests and it is an important process of cell communication. Recently, Bassler et al. studied the phenomena of QS regulated by small RNAs and the experimental data showed that smafl RNAs played important role in the QS of Vibrio harveyi and it can permit the fine-tuning of gene regulation and mmntenance of homeostasis. According to Michaelis-Menten kinetics and mass action law in this paper, we construct a mathematical model to investigate the mechanism induced QS by coexist of small RNA and signal molecular （AI） and show that there are periodic oscillation when the time delay and Hill coefficient exceed a critical value and the periodic oscillation produces the change of concentration and induces QS. These results are fit to the experimental results. In the meanwhile, we also get some theoretical value of Hopf Bifurcation on time deday. In addition, we also find this network is robust against noise.

Confidence Level Based on Ridge Estimator in Process Measurement and Its Application

Ordinary least squares(OLS) algorithm is widely applied in process measurement, because the sensor model used to estimate unknown parameters can be approximated through multivariate linear model. However, with few or noisy data or multi-collinearity, unbiased OLS leads to large variance. Biased estimators, especially ridge estimator, have been introduced to improve OLS by trading bias for variance. Ridge estimator is feasible as an estimator with smaller variance. At the same confidence level, with additive noise as the normal random variable, the less variance one estimator has, the shorter the two-sided symmetric confidence interval is. However, this finding is limited to the unbiased estimator and few studies analyze and compare the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS. This paper derives the matrix of ridge parameters under necessary and sufficient conditions based on which ridge estimator is superior to OLS in terms of mean squares error matrix, rather than mean squares error.Then the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS are compared under the condition of OLS fixed symmetric confidence interval, rather than the criteria for evaluating the validity of different unbiased estimators. We conclude that the confidence level of ridge estimator can not be directly compared with that of OLS based on the criteria available for unbiased estimators, which is verified by a simulation and a laboratory scale experiment on a single parameter measurement.

Local Structures and Chemical Properties of Deprotonated Arginine

The potential energy surface of gaseous deprotonated arginine has been systematically in- vestigated by first principles calculations. At the B3LYP/6-31G（d） level, apart from the identification of several stable local structures, a new global minimum is located which is about 6.56 k J/tool more stable than what has been reported. The deprotonated arginine molecule has two distinct forms with the deprotonation at the carboxylate group （COO-）. These two forms are bridged by a very high energy barrier and possess very different IR spectral profiles. Our calculated proton dissociation energy and gas-phase acidity of argi- nine molecule are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. The predicted geometries, dipole moments, rotational constants, vertical ionization energies and IR spectra of low energy conformers will be useful for future experimental measurements.

An experiment-library least-squares method on on-line coal element contents analysis

A new experiment-library least-squares(experiment-LLs) method used in the neutron inelastic-scattering and thermal-capture analysis(NITA) technique for on-line coal analysis was developed,which has significantly decreased the non-linear radiation effects.In this method,sixty samples with preset elemental contents were made,from whose experimental spectra twenty single-element spectrum libraries corresponding to twenty kinds of coal were built using the least-squares method.The spectrum of the unknown sample was analyzed based on these twenty libraries to estimate its element contents.With the initial estimated result,the procedure of developing library and analysis was iterated to build a new library with the closest element contents to the unknown sample.Hence the experiment-LLs method can reduce non-linear radiation effects.The experiment-LLs method was performed on an improved coal analysis system which was equipped with a long-life 14 MeV pulsed-neutron generator,a bulk BGO detector with a temperature controller,a moisture meter and coal-smoothing device.The precisions of this system for ash content,water content,volatile content and calorific value have reached 1.0wt%,0.5wt%,1.0wt%,350 kJ/kg,respectively.