The main targets set for economic growth in the World Bank＇s 1990 report is to provide a permanent and sustainable poverty eradication strategies on the development. Used for this purpose today, the most effective st...The main targets set for economic growth in the World Bank＇s 1990 report is to provide a permanent and sustainable poverty eradication strategies on the development. Used for this purpose today, the most effective strategy comes at the beginning of micro-credit system. Microcredit, in particular in the area of the individuals, and its opportunities to increase the credit to the users of the production process and ensure active participation in the society starting from the women＇s economic initiatives, but it cannot be considered as a micro-economic factors in the economy to facilitate an effective financial mechanism. Many studies in the literature have revealed that women＇s contribution to family income of households in poverty has created an important support. In addition, micro-credit system encourages women to create their own jobs, as the GNP （Gross National Product） of the countries contribution to increase employment opportunities. There are opinions arguing that, making use of the contact with communities in the potential female workforce satisfactory for women to create job opportunities to gain income is able to provide initial capital to the existing banking system, because in many countries＇ negative socio-cultural conditions, competing with men is much difficult. Micro-credit system, in the respect of changing countries socio-cultural and socio-economic structures is an important contribution. Microfinance occurred in recent years by rapid developments in Turkey since 2000, progress has been very professional. Our work in the field of micro-finance started operations in 2002, the Evaluation of Women＇s Work Association of Business Economics and the Grameen Bank realized Maya model adapted for Waste Prevention Foundation of Turkey should apply micro-finance. Micro-finance practices in the world and Turkey also compared practices. Turkey＇s application of micro-finance in banks＇ credit policies that support marketing activities related to marketing and sales strategies was examined by size. Also, emerging areas in Turkey, especially in the south-east region, the application of micro-finance loans contributed to the development of this geographical area were assessed. Studies of marketing and financial aspects of micro-finance were examined, the economic dimension of these practices by the country＇s social, cultural, political development has also been found to contribute significantly.展开更多
This study extends research on the social performance of microfinance institutions. The research methodology is based on Grameen Progress out of Poverty IndexTM （PPITM） for Cambodia applied to a sample of borrowers ...This study extends research on the social performance of microfinance institutions. The research methodology is based on Grameen Progress out of Poverty IndexTM （PPITM） for Cambodia applied to a sample of borrowers randomly extracted from a Cambodian microfinance institution＇s loan portfolio. Dataset has been directly collected through in-house interviews. Main questions discussed here are： （1） Is microcredit targeted to poor people？ （2） Has the poverty rate of the sample changed in last six months？ and （3） What percentage of male vs. female clients is poor？ We found an average poverty likelihood of about 8.1%, estimated at the day of the interview, steady over a period of six months and not statistically different between male and female borrowers. This evidence might be related to business geographical location or targeting. Actually, PPI too much relies on asset ownership rather than on cash flows and saving capacity. Despite the general wisdom microcredit is targeted to the ＂poorest among the poor people＂, this is utterly consistent with a sound and safe （micro）banking activity, aimed at sustainable results. Here comes a call for a triple bottom line performance evaluation on microflnance institutions： economic, social and environmental effects of their activities展开更多
This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure....This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure. The objective-of the study was investigation on Thai microfinance institution marketing structure by using Concentration Ratio （CR） and Herfindahl Hirschman Index （HHI）. The data of the study focus on the outstanding loans market share of microfinance institutions （MFIs）. The market share of the outstanding loans of MFIs from the largest to the smallest is as follows： Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives （BAAC）, Village Fund Cooperatives, Government Saving Bank （GSB）, Pawnshop, Self Help group： Saving Group, Commercial Bank, Self Help Group： Sudja Group and Isalamic Bank （IB）, respectively. It stated that CR by outstanding loans is as follows： Cr 1, 59.35%; Cr 3, 81.11%; Cr 6, 92.14%; and Cr 9, 94.37%. At the same time HHI is 0.38. Additionally, BAAC remains the majority MFIs even though there are the other MFIs available in the microfinance system. The main role of providing the microfinance services mostly derived from BAAC.展开更多
Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of pove...Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.展开更多
Micro-finance is providing financial services to poor people, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. In India, the population of Muslims is about 180 million and the majority of them live below...Micro-finance is providing financial services to poor people, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. In India, the population of Muslims is about 180 million and the majority of them live below poverty line. The regions where poor Muslims are in majority are marked as negative for providing loans by the banks. Study on interest-free （Islamic） micro-finance for implementation in a country like India can be very helpful in eradicating poverty and developing micro-enterprises together with sustainable development of poor and country as a whole. The primary aim of Islamic teachings （economics） is social justice to all irrespective of caste, creed, race, colour, and religion. Due to this reason, interest （riba） is prohibited not only in Islam but also in Christianity. This paper studies an Islamic micro-finance institution （Anjuman Islahul Muslemeen） situated in Bhopal （Madhya Pradesh）, India. The institution was registered in 1918 by a group of Muslims to help the poor. Today, about 98 years have passed by and all group members have changed but the organization is still growing with the aim of the well-being of poor people, not only Muslims but non-Muslims as well and is serving the humanity.展开更多
Global financial crises might and should be recognized as a potential chance to introduce changes in managing our business, both in financial and other important private and/or public sectors. The prevailing opinion i...Global financial crises might and should be recognized as a potential chance to introduce changes in managing our business, both in financial and other important private and/or public sectors. The prevailing opinion is that a lack of corporative social responsibility is one of the major reasons that lead to global crises occurrence. Nowadays, it is crucial to use the experiences of other industries and sectors which from their very beginning managed to balance finance and social goals at the same time. Microfinance sector is exactly one such sector. This paper is organized as follows： First, we give some overview of different approaches to measuring social performance of microfinance institutions. In this part of the paper we also accent the specifics of microfinance institutions-management within the context of double bottom line. In the second part we focus our analysis on practical implementation of ＂double bottom line management in Prizma MCO, one of the world pioneers in social performance management, by using their revolutionary poverty scorecard system. Then, we analyze how these social performance data are used in decision-making and how it affects overall performance of the organization. The paper is finished with some conclusions and lessons learned.展开更多
Microfinance institutions play a great role for small businesses activities, deposits, and loans to improve households and constrained people who are not reached by formal financial institutions. This study aimed to i...Microfinance institutions play a great role for small businesses activities, deposits, and loans to improve households and constrained people who are not reached by formal financial institutions. This study aimed to investigate on the microfinance services and economic growth of households in Lubumbashi. The study applied descriptive and correlation design. Questionnaire was administered to 125 respondents and simple random sampling technique was used to select them. With the use of statistical techniques applied for data analysis, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between microfinance services and economic growth of households. From the results, it was recommended that microfinance services should not only be considered as credit and lending activities, but also include insurance, savings, and transactional services for money transfer.展开更多
Credit scoring models are quantitative models used commonly by financial institutions in the measurement and forecasting of credit risk, having a consolidated use in the process of credit concession of these instituti...Credit scoring models are quantitative models used commonly by financial institutions in the measurement and forecasting of credit risk, having a consolidated use in the process of credit concession of these institutions. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the possibility of application of credit scoring models in a microcredit institution named Fundo Rotativo de A~~o da Cidadania--Cred Cidadania （Revolving Fund of Citizenship Action--Cred Cidadania）, located in Recife （Brazil）. In order to do this, data related to a sample of clients of the Cred Cidadania was collected, and this data was used to develop two types of credit scoring models： one is credit approval, another is called behavioral scoring. The statistical technique applied in the construction of the models was logistic regression. The results of the study demonstrated that the credit scoring models obtain satisfactory performance when used in the analysis of credit risk in the Cred Cidadania microcredit institution, reaching a correct client classification percentile of about 80%. The results also indicate that the use of credit scoring models supplies subsidies to the institution, aiding it in the prevention and reduction of insolvency and in the decrease of its operational costs, two problems that affect their financial sustainability.展开更多
As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by wom...As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by women. The micro finance institutions help the poor people in effective ways in order to generate income to enhance their standard of living in the rural areas. This study focuses on women entrepreneurship development through micro credit programme under post war development in Jaffna District selecting four rural areas which are Kopay, Chavakachcheri, Varani and Kodikamam. The main objective of this study is to identify the linkage with micro credit programmes and entrepreneurship development. Further it has an objective to identify the impact of micro credit on entrepreneurship development. The information has been gathered by primary data which has been distributed through the close ended questionnaire to the rural women in the above selected areas and seventy seven （77） responded out of 100. The relation between the micro credit programmes and women entrepreneurship development is examined using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS）. It is concluded that the Entrepreneurship development has a significant relationship （p〈0.05） with the microcredit programme and its impact on entrepreneurship development is crucial. It is suggested that the microcredit facilities are essential in women entrepreneurship development under post war development.展开更多
文摘The main targets set for economic growth in the World Bank＇s 1990 report is to provide a permanent and sustainable poverty eradication strategies on the development. Used for this purpose today, the most effective strategy comes at the beginning of micro-credit system. Microcredit, in particular in the area of the individuals, and its opportunities to increase the credit to the users of the production process and ensure active participation in the society starting from the women＇s economic initiatives, but it cannot be considered as a micro-economic factors in the economy to facilitate an effective financial mechanism. Many studies in the literature have revealed that women＇s contribution to family income of households in poverty has created an important support. In addition, micro-credit system encourages women to create their own jobs, as the GNP （Gross National Product） of the countries contribution to increase employment opportunities. There are opinions arguing that, making use of the contact with communities in the potential female workforce satisfactory for women to create job opportunities to gain income is able to provide initial capital to the existing banking system, because in many countries＇ negative socio-cultural conditions, competing with men is much difficult. Micro-credit system, in the respect of changing countries socio-cultural and socio-economic structures is an important contribution. Microfinance occurred in recent years by rapid developments in Turkey since 2000, progress has been very professional. Our work in the field of micro-finance started operations in 2002, the Evaluation of Women＇s Work Association of Business Economics and the Grameen Bank realized Maya model adapted for Waste Prevention Foundation of Turkey should apply micro-finance. Micro-finance practices in the world and Turkey also compared practices. Turkey＇s application of micro-finance in banks＇ credit policies that support marketing activities related to marketing and sales strategies was examined by size. Also, emerging areas in Turkey, especially in the south-east region, the application of micro-finance loans contributed to the development of this geographical area were assessed. Studies of marketing and financial aspects of micro-finance were examined, the economic dimension of these practices by the country＇s social, cultural, political development has also been found to contribute significantly.
文摘This study extends research on the social performance of microfinance institutions. The research methodology is based on Grameen Progress out of Poverty IndexTM （PPITM） for Cambodia applied to a sample of borrowers randomly extracted from a Cambodian microfinance institution＇s loan portfolio. Dataset has been directly collected through in-house interviews. Main questions discussed here are： （1） Is microcredit targeted to poor people？ （2） Has the poverty rate of the sample changed in last six months？ and （3） What percentage of male vs. female clients is poor？ We found an average poverty likelihood of about 8.1%, estimated at the day of the interview, steady over a period of six months and not statistically different between male and female borrowers. This evidence might be related to business geographical location or targeting. Actually, PPI too much relies on asset ownership rather than on cash flows and saving capacity. Despite the general wisdom microcredit is targeted to the ＂poorest among the poor people＂, this is utterly consistent with a sound and safe （micro）banking activity, aimed at sustainable results. Here comes a call for a triple bottom line performance evaluation on microflnance institutions： economic, social and environmental effects of their activities
文摘This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure. The objective-of the study was investigation on Thai microfinance institution marketing structure by using Concentration Ratio （CR） and Herfindahl Hirschman Index （HHI）. The data of the study focus on the outstanding loans market share of microfinance institutions （MFIs）. The market share of the outstanding loans of MFIs from the largest to the smallest is as follows： Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives （BAAC）, Village Fund Cooperatives, Government Saving Bank （GSB）, Pawnshop, Self Help group： Saving Group, Commercial Bank, Self Help Group： Sudja Group and Isalamic Bank （IB）, respectively. It stated that CR by outstanding loans is as follows： Cr 1, 59.35%; Cr 3, 81.11%; Cr 6, 92.14%; and Cr 9, 94.37%. At the same time HHI is 0.38. Additionally, BAAC remains the majority MFIs even though there are the other MFIs available in the microfinance system. The main role of providing the microfinance services mostly derived from BAAC.
文摘Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.
文摘Micro-finance is providing financial services to poor people, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. In India, the population of Muslims is about 180 million and the majority of them live below poverty line. The regions where poor Muslims are in majority are marked as negative for providing loans by the banks. Study on interest-free （Islamic） micro-finance for implementation in a country like India can be very helpful in eradicating poverty and developing micro-enterprises together with sustainable development of poor and country as a whole. The primary aim of Islamic teachings （economics） is social justice to all irrespective of caste, creed, race, colour, and religion. Due to this reason, interest （riba） is prohibited not only in Islam but also in Christianity. This paper studies an Islamic micro-finance institution （Anjuman Islahul Muslemeen） situated in Bhopal （Madhya Pradesh）, India. The institution was registered in 1918 by a group of Muslims to help the poor. Today, about 98 years have passed by and all group members have changed but the organization is still growing with the aim of the well-being of poor people, not only Muslims but non-Muslims as well and is serving the humanity.
文摘Global financial crises might and should be recognized as a potential chance to introduce changes in managing our business, both in financial and other important private and/or public sectors. The prevailing opinion is that a lack of corporative social responsibility is one of the major reasons that lead to global crises occurrence. Nowadays, it is crucial to use the experiences of other industries and sectors which from their very beginning managed to balance finance and social goals at the same time. Microfinance sector is exactly one such sector. This paper is organized as follows： First, we give some overview of different approaches to measuring social performance of microfinance institutions. In this part of the paper we also accent the specifics of microfinance institutions-management within the context of double bottom line. In the second part we focus our analysis on practical implementation of ＂double bottom line management in Prizma MCO, one of the world pioneers in social performance management, by using their revolutionary poverty scorecard system. Then, we analyze how these social performance data are used in decision-making and how it affects overall performance of the organization. The paper is finished with some conclusions and lessons learned.
文摘Microfinance institutions play a great role for small businesses activities, deposits, and loans to improve households and constrained people who are not reached by formal financial institutions. This study aimed to investigate on the microfinance services and economic growth of households in Lubumbashi. The study applied descriptive and correlation design. Questionnaire was administered to 125 respondents and simple random sampling technique was used to select them. With the use of statistical techniques applied for data analysis, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between microfinance services and economic growth of households. From the results, it was recommended that microfinance services should not only be considered as credit and lending activities, but also include insurance, savings, and transactional services for money transfer.
文摘Credit scoring models are quantitative models used commonly by financial institutions in the measurement and forecasting of credit risk, having a consolidated use in the process of credit concession of these institutions. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the possibility of application of credit scoring models in a microcredit institution named Fundo Rotativo de A~~o da Cidadania--Cred Cidadania （Revolving Fund of Citizenship Action--Cred Cidadania）, located in Recife （Brazil）. In order to do this, data related to a sample of clients of the Cred Cidadania was collected, and this data was used to develop two types of credit scoring models： one is credit approval, another is called behavioral scoring. The statistical technique applied in the construction of the models was logistic regression. The results of the study demonstrated that the credit scoring models obtain satisfactory performance when used in the analysis of credit risk in the Cred Cidadania microcredit institution, reaching a correct client classification percentile of about 80%. The results also indicate that the use of credit scoring models supplies subsidies to the institution, aiding it in the prevention and reduction of insolvency and in the decrease of its operational costs, two problems that affect their financial sustainability.
文摘As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by women. The micro finance institutions help the poor people in effective ways in order to generate income to enhance their standard of living in the rural areas. This study focuses on women entrepreneurship development through micro credit programme under post war development in Jaffna District selecting four rural areas which are Kopay, Chavakachcheri, Varani and Kodikamam. The main objective of this study is to identify the linkage with micro credit programmes and entrepreneurship development. Further it has an objective to identify the impact of micro credit on entrepreneurship development. The information has been gathered by primary data which has been distributed through the close ended questionnaire to the rural women in the above selected areas and seventy seven （77） responded out of 100. The relation between the micro credit programmes and women entrepreneurship development is examined using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS）. It is concluded that the Entrepreneurship development has a significant relationship （p〈0.05） with the microcredit programme and its impact on entrepreneurship development is crucial. It is suggested that the microcredit facilities are essential in women entrepreneurship development under post war development.
