Compost of dtherent rates was applied to artificial field plots of a low humic andosol at National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) of Japan for 15 or 28 years, and their effects on the chemical properties of wheat ...Compost of dtherent rates was applied to artificial field plots of a low humic andosol at National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) of Japan for 15 or 28 years, and their effects on the chemical properties of wheat rhisosphere soil and nonrhizosphere soil were measured.Continuous application of compost for 28 years resulted in raise of soil C, N, P, pH and exchangeable bases. The building up of organic matter in the soil occurred slowly A residual effect of the compost on soil chemical properties was still present after 13 years of no application, but this effect was weaker in comparison with that of the continuous application treatments. In the rhizosphere soil, NaHCO3-extracted P and exchangeable Ca were higher than those in the bulk soil. The removal of free organic acid slightly affected the soil pH, especially, the rhizosphere soil pH. The raise of soil pH may result from the increase of exchangeable base by the application of compost.展开更多
Organic agricultural systems rely on organic amendments to achieve crop fertility requirements, and weed control must be achieved without synthetic herbicides. Our objective was to determine the crop yield and soil qu...Organic agricultural systems rely on organic amendments to achieve crop fertility requirements, and weed control must be achieved without synthetic herbicides. Our objective was to determine the crop yield and soil quality as affected by a transition from grass to dryland organic agriculture in the Central Great Plains of North America. This study evaluated three beef feedlot compost(BFC)treatments in 2010–2015 following biennial application rates: 0(control), 22.9, and 108.7 t ha^(-1) on two dryland organic cropping systems: a wheat(Triticum aestivum)-fallow(WF) rotation harvested for grain and a triticale(Triticosecale)/pea(Pisum sativum)-fallow(T/P-F) rotation harvested for forage. The triticale + pea biomass responded positively to the 108.7-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment,but not the 22.9-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment. The wheat biomass was not affected by BFC addition, but biomass N content increased.Beef feedlot compost input did not increase wheat grain yields, but had a positive effect on wheat grain Zn content. Soil total C and N contents increased with the rate of 108.7 t ha^(-1) BFC after three applications, but not with 22.9 t ha^(-1) BFC. Soil enzyme activities associated with N and C cycling responded positively to the 108.7-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment. Saturated salts were high in the soil receiving 108.7 t ha^(-1) of BFC, but did not affect crop yields. These results showed that BFC was effective in enhancing forage yields, wheat grain quality, and soil C and N, as well as specific microbial enzymes important for nutrient cycling. However, the large rates of BFC necessary to elicit these positive responses did not increase grain yields, and resulted in an excessive buildup of soil P.展开更多
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil, to study the macronu...A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil, to study the macronutrient utilization and dry matter production of wheat （Triticum aestivum c.v. Gemmiza 7） grown in a modified soil environment and to determine the effects of compost and saline irrigation water on soil productivity. The sandy clay loam soil was treated with compost of five rates （0, 24, 36, 48, and 60 m3 ha-1, equivalent to 0, 3, 4.5, and 6 g kg-1 soil, respectively） and irrigation water of four salinity levels （0.50 （tap water）, 4.9, 6.3, and 8.7 dS m-l）. The results indicated that at harvest, the electrical conductivity （EC） of the soil was significantly （P 〈 0.05） changed by the compost application as compared to the control. In general, the soil salinity significantly increased with increasing application rates of compost. Soluble salts, K, C1, HCO3, Na, Ca, and Mg, were significantly increased by the compost treatment. Soil sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） was significantly affected by the salinity levels of the irrigation water, and showed a slight response to the compost application. The soil organic carbon content was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected by application of compost, with a maximum value of 31.03 g kg-1 recorded at the compost rate of 60 m3 ha-1 and the irrigation water salinity level of 8.7 dS m-1 and a minimum value of 12.05 g kg-1 observed in the control. The compost application produced remarkable increases in wheat shoot dry matter production. The maximum dry matter production （75.11 g pot-1） occurred with 60 ma ha-1 compost and normal irrigation water, with a minimum of 19.83 g pot-1 with no addition of compost and irrigation water at a salinity level of 8.70 dS m-1. Significant increases in wheat shoot contents of K, N, P, Na, and C1 were observed with addition of compost. The relatively high shoot N values may be attributed to increases in N availability in the tested soil caused by the compost application. Similarly, significant increases in the shoot contents of Na and C1 may be ascribed to the increase in soil soluble K and Cl. The increases in shoot P, N, and K contributed to the growth stimulation since P supplied by the compost was probably responsible in saline and alkaline soils where P solubility was very low.展开更多
We investigated 15N abundance （δ15N） of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum cv. Jinmai 1） plants and soil at different growth stages in a field with a 13-year fertilization history of urea and compost, to determine w...We investigated 15N abundance （δ15N） of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum cv. Jinmai 1） plants and soil at different growth stages in a field with a 13-year fertilization history of urea and compost, to determine whether or not the δ15N of plant parts can be used as an indicator of organic amendment with compost. Plant parts （roots, leaves, stems and grains） and soil were sampled at re-greening, jointing, grain filling and mature growth stages of winter wheat. There were significant differences between the urea and compost treatments in 815N of whole plants, plant parts and soil over the whole growing season. Determination of the δ15N of plant parts was more convenient than that of whole plant to distinguish between the application of organic amendment and synthetic N fertilizer.展开更多
文摘Compost of dtherent rates was applied to artificial field plots of a low humic andosol at National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) of Japan for 15 or 28 years, and their effects on the chemical properties of wheat rhisosphere soil and nonrhizosphere soil were measured.Continuous application of compost for 28 years resulted in raise of soil C, N, P, pH and exchangeable bases. The building up of organic matter in the soil occurred slowly A residual effect of the compost on soil chemical properties was still present after 13 years of no application, but this effect was weaker in comparison with that of the continuous application treatments. In the rhizosphere soil, NaHCO3-extracted P and exchangeable Ca were higher than those in the bulk soil. The removal of free organic acid slightly affected the soil pH, especially, the rhizosphere soil pH. The raise of soil pH may result from the increase of exchangeable base by the application of compost.
文摘Organic agricultural systems rely on organic amendments to achieve crop fertility requirements, and weed control must be achieved without synthetic herbicides. Our objective was to determine the crop yield and soil quality as affected by a transition from grass to dryland organic agriculture in the Central Great Plains of North America. This study evaluated three beef feedlot compost(BFC)treatments in 2010–2015 following biennial application rates: 0(control), 22.9, and 108.7 t ha^(-1) on two dryland organic cropping systems: a wheat(Triticum aestivum)-fallow(WF) rotation harvested for grain and a triticale(Triticosecale)/pea(Pisum sativum)-fallow(T/P-F) rotation harvested for forage. The triticale + pea biomass responded positively to the 108.7-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment,but not the 22.9-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment. The wheat biomass was not affected by BFC addition, but biomass N content increased.Beef feedlot compost input did not increase wheat grain yields, but had a positive effect on wheat grain Zn content. Soil total C and N contents increased with the rate of 108.7 t ha^(-1) BFC after three applications, but not with 22.9 t ha^(-1) BFC. Soil enzyme activities associated with N and C cycling responded positively to the 108.7-t ha^(-1) BFC treatment. Saturated salts were high in the soil receiving 108.7 t ha^(-1) of BFC, but did not affect crop yields. These results showed that BFC was effective in enhancing forage yields, wheat grain quality, and soil C and N, as well as specific microbial enzymes important for nutrient cycling. However, the large rates of BFC necessary to elicit these positive responses did not increase grain yields, and resulted in an excessive buildup of soil P.
文摘A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil, to study the macronutrient utilization and dry matter production of wheat （Triticum aestivum c.v. Gemmiza 7） grown in a modified soil environment and to determine the effects of compost and saline irrigation water on soil productivity. The sandy clay loam soil was treated with compost of five rates （0, 24, 36, 48, and 60 m3 ha-1, equivalent to 0, 3, 4.5, and 6 g kg-1 soil, respectively） and irrigation water of four salinity levels （0.50 （tap water）, 4.9, 6.3, and 8.7 dS m-l）. The results indicated that at harvest, the electrical conductivity （EC） of the soil was significantly （P 〈 0.05） changed by the compost application as compared to the control. In general, the soil salinity significantly increased with increasing application rates of compost. Soluble salts, K, C1, HCO3, Na, Ca, and Mg, were significantly increased by the compost treatment. Soil sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） was significantly affected by the salinity levels of the irrigation water, and showed a slight response to the compost application. The soil organic carbon content was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected by application of compost, with a maximum value of 31.03 g kg-1 recorded at the compost rate of 60 m3 ha-1 and the irrigation water salinity level of 8.7 dS m-1 and a minimum value of 12.05 g kg-1 observed in the control. The compost application produced remarkable increases in wheat shoot dry matter production. The maximum dry matter production （75.11 g pot-1） occurred with 60 ma ha-1 compost and normal irrigation water, with a minimum of 19.83 g pot-1 with no addition of compost and irrigation water at a salinity level of 8.70 dS m-1. Significant increases in wheat shoot contents of K, N, P, Na, and C1 were observed with addition of compost. The relatively high shoot N values may be attributed to increases in N availability in the tested soil caused by the compost application. Similarly, significant increases in the shoot contents of Na and C1 may be ascribed to the increase in soil soluble K and Cl. The increases in shoot P, N, and K contributed to the growth stimulation since P supplied by the compost was probably responsible in saline and alkaline soils where P solubility was very low.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30870456 and 30911130503)
文摘We investigated 15N abundance （δ15N） of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum cv. Jinmai 1） plants and soil at different growth stages in a field with a 13-year fertilization history of urea and compost, to determine whether or not the δ15N of plant parts can be used as an indicator of organic amendment with compost. Plant parts （roots, leaves, stems and grains） and soil were sampled at re-greening, jointing, grain filling and mature growth stages of winter wheat. There were significant differences between the urea and compost treatments in 815N of whole plants, plant parts and soil over the whole growing season. Determination of the δ15N of plant parts was more convenient than that of whole plant to distinguish between the application of organic amendment and synthetic N fertilizer.
