华北地区冬小麦干旱受灾率多尺度分析

以华北区域内56个气象站历年逐日降水量资料、冬小麦发育期资料以及产量资料为数据支撑,研究华北地区冬小麦干旱等级指标,并在此基础上分析不同等级干旱受灾范围变化的周期性振荡特征。首先,分析冬小麦干旱指标距平与相对气象产量间的关系,然后,制作指标距平与相对气象产量相关性大小的分布格局图,进而,根据冬小麦干旱指标负距平与减产率间的关系,确定了冬小麦干旱等级指标,最后,基于灾损不同等级干旱受灾率进行小波分析。

冀鲁豫灌溉条件下冬小麦干旱风险区划方法研究

分别以冬小麦年生育期降水量平均值加减若干倍样本方差的方法界定不同等级的干旱年份,在以气象产量减产率大于等于3%为标准界定冬小麦受灾年份的基础上,计算了冀鲁豫地区冬小麦旱年的平均减产率,分析了冀鲁豫冬小麦不同旱灾强度的频率分布规律。根据冬小麦干旱灾害风险指数的概念和计算方法,分析了冬小麦干旱灾害风险指数的区域分布规律,并提出了有灌溉条件下的冀鲁豫地区冬小麦干旱风险区划技术方法,以旱年平均减产率、干旱灾害风险指数和冬小麦生育期降水量等因子为指标,采用GIS统计分析功能和叠加分析功能,对冀鲁豫冬麦区干旱灾害造成的冬小麦减产风险进行了区划和评估,实现了不同气候年景下和不同风险区冬小麦减产情况的风险评估,给出了冬小麦旱灾的防灾减灾措施。

四川盆地冬小麦干旱监测预警技术研究及应用

针对四川省作物干旱监测业务服务需求,选择能够充分反映作物不同生育期干旱程度并容易获得的多个因子指标,采用主成分分析法确定各指标的权重,根据工作经验进行细微调整,构建冬小麦干旱综合监测预警指标,并在此基础上建立了四川盆地冬小麦干旱监测预警系统,实现逐日监测预测并输出图形。模型有利于对盆地小麦旱情进行综合判断,检验效果良好,可在业务中逐步完善推广。

基于土壤水分动态平衡方程的天津冬小麦干旱变化特征分析

利用天津宝坻区1959～2009年气象资料,应用土壤水分动态平衡方程,对无灌溉条件下1m深土层非胁迫水分累积亏缺量进行计算,根据干旱指标,分析该地区干旱变化特征。结果表明,在自然条件下,该地区冬小麦生长季97%年份出现不同程度的干旱,春旱极易发生。

淮河蚌埠闸以上地区冬小麦干旱对气象干旱的响应

本研究基于淮河蚌埠闸以上地区60个气象站点1961-2015年的日尺度数据,借助作物水分亏缺指数(Crop Water Deficit Index,CWDI)和相对湿润度指数(Relative Moisture Index,M)分别表征冬小麦干旱和气象干旱,分析2种干旱的时空演变特征,计算冬小麦干旱对气象干旱的时滞,最后探讨了冬小麦干旱时滞与下垫面地理因子之间的关系,得出结论:1)时间尺度上,对CWDI而言,除灌浆成熟期外,其余生育期的CWDI呈微弱下降趋势;对M而言,各生育期的年际趋势均无明显变化;空间尺度上,CWDI和M各站点中旱以上级别占比均呈现由北部向南部递减特征。2)冬小麦干旱对气象干旱的时滞在返青抽穗期最短,为3.21d,越冬期的时滞最长,为84.35d。3)各生育期的下垫面地理因子与冬小麦干旱时滞的关联度都较好,均在0.5以上。各下垫面地理因子与冬小麦干旱时滞关联度高值点多分布在土壤持水力较差、海拔较高、坡度较陡的山区,东及东北坡向的地区,降水较少、气温较低的北部地区。

基于GIS的沧州市小麦干旱气象灾害风险评估

基于自然灾害风险评估理论,建立以致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、灾害承受体脆弱性和防灾抗灾能力为主的评估体系,选取河北省沧州市1986—2017年的逐日降水量、小麦播种面积、减产率等指标,利用GIS分析技术和加权综合评价方法,对河北省沧州市小麦干旱气象灾害风险进行评估。结果表明,大面积的小麦干旱灾害高风险区主要分布在青县地区、沧州市区,大多是由于干旱致灾因子危险性较大所致;东部承载体易损性相对低,导致干旱灾害发生的风险较低;沧州市区西部的环境敏感性特别高,市区北部防灾减灾能力较差,市区西部的小麦干旱灾害发生风险高于东部。

淮河流域冬小麦干旱时空分布特征

基于1961-2016年140个气象站点的日尺度降水数据和月尺度地表温度(LST)、归一化植被指数(NDVI),利用标准化降水指数(SPI)和温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)分别表征淮河流域气象干旱和农业干旱,分析淮河流域冬小麦气象干旱和农业干旱时空变化特征。结果显示:(1)气象干旱时空变化特征:冬前生长期和灌浆成熟期降水量呈上升趋势,越冬期和返青抽穗期呈下降趋势;轻度干旱以上占比表现为:冬前生长期>返青抽穗期>灌浆成熟期>越冬期。(2)农业干旱时空变化特征:时间上,轻度干旱以上占比在越冬期和返青抽穗期呈上升趋势;空间上,冬前生长期轻度干旱以上占比明显高于返青抽穗期和灌浆成熟期,因此有利于冬小麦的生长发育。(3)农业干旱与气象干旱异同性:时滞性,冬前生长期、越冬期和返青抽穗期,TVDI表征的农业干旱较SPI表征的气象干旱时滞小于1个月;灌浆成熟期,TVDI表征的农业干旱较SPI表征的气象干旱时滞1至2个月;空间上,在冬前生长期二者轻度干旱占比差异主要位于东部沿海地区,在返青抽穗期和灌浆成熟期二者轻度干旱占比差异主要位于高海拔地区。而且,从TVDI表征的农业干旱与SPI表征的气象干旱的轻度干旱占比空间分布来看,农业干旱比气象干旱强度大。

干旱锻炼提高小麦幼苗抗旱性的抗氧化机理研究

采用液体培养法,研究了两种干旱锻炼方法对小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响,即:①间断干旱:每天分别干旱1h、2h、3h和4h,连续8d;②连续干旱,于处理第3天连续干旱24h之后复水。结果表明,小麦幼苗水势随干旱锻炼程度增加而逐渐降低,根中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及羟自由基.(OH)清除力均高于叶。间断干旱1h和2h处理的小麦幼苗SOD活性轻微下降,CAT和POD酶活性增加,羟自由基清除力增强,总抗氧化力升高,总体上表现为植株抗氧化能力增强;间断干旱3h、4h和连续干旱锻炼的小麦幼苗体内的SOD活性增强,但CAT和POD活性下降,羟自由基清除能力及总抗氧化力降低,总体上表现为抗氧化系统受到抑制。说明适度的干旱锻炼使小麦幼苗的抗氧化能力增强,而过度的干旱锻炼则降低小麦幼苗抗氧化能力,提高抗氧化能力可能是干旱锻炼提高作物抗旱性的机制之一。对H2O2和羟自由基清除能力的下降可能是过度锻炼导致损伤的原因,也说明抗氧化系统全面增强才能保护植物免受干旱损伤。

淮北地区小麦播期干旱发生规律及其影响与对策研究

为了摸清淮北地区小麦播期干旱发生规律、影响程度,提出应对策略,依据小麦播期干旱的降水指标、小麦干旱灾害等级指标统计分析了宿州各地的干旱等级。通过采用多年滑动平均法等,研究淮北地区小麦播期干旱发生的频率、基本规律及分布状况。结果表明,淮北地区2/3以上的年份会出现小麦播期干旱,其中重旱至严重干旱中北部旱情重于南部;进入21世纪以来,旱情加重显著;小麦适播期干旱比短期干旱时段重,且自北向南增加的趋势明显;无论是短期干旱、中期干旱,还是秋冬连旱,2001年以来加重的趋势都较为突出。通过研究得知,造成小麦播期干旱的根本原因是降水偏少,能够形成旱灾的重旱及严重干旱平均5年一遇;针对2010—2011年秋冬连旱及对小麦生长发育的影响,分析了播期干旱对小麦各生育期的影响程度,长时间干旱时,严重影响后期产量的形成,平均减产20%以上。提出了精耕细作,科学利用底墒是防御干旱失墒的最好办法,入冬前适时灌溉,有利于小麦分蘖及根系发育,形成壮苗安全越冬,为小麦多成穗打下良好的基础。

The Response of Different Drought-resistance of Wheat Varieties under Drought Stress and the Regulating Role of Nitric Oxygen

[Objective]The aim was to study the response mechanism of drought stress of wheat varieties in different drought-resistance species,and protect the effect of exogenous NO on oxidative damage and photosynthetic apparatus of wheat leaves under drought stress.[Method]Using low-resistance Yumai 949 and high-resistance Xiamai 5 as test materials,drought stress was carried out to seedlings in five-leaf stage with 15% PEG-6000,and then NO（0.75 mmol/L SNP,sodium nitroprusside,exogenous NO donor） was used for regulation in drought condition,and antioxidant and photosynthetic activities was determined.Three treatments were set in the experiment.[Result]SOD,CAT and APX activities of high resistance Xiamai 5 were much higher than low resistance Yumai 949,so were MDA and chlorophyll content.And the change range of these physiological indexes of high resistance species was smaller than high-yielding and low resistance species under drought stress.NO increased the adaptation to drought stress of these physiological indexes significantly.[Conclusion]Exogenous NO could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes of wheat leaves under drought stress,and enhance the drought resistance of wheat.

The Division Method of Winter Wheat Drought Risk Zones in Hebei-Shandong-Henan under Irrigation Conditions

The average rainfall in whole growth period of winter wheat to plus or minus several times of sample variance was used to define different grades of drought.The reduction rate of production in meteorological which was equal to or greater than the rate of 3% was taken as standards to define wheat drought disaster years.The average reduction ratio of production in the wheat drought years in Hebei-Shandong-Henan was calculated.The frequency distribution rule of wheat in different drought disaster strength of winter wheat in Hebei-Shandong-Henan was analyzed.According to the conception and calculation method of drought disaster risk index of winter wheat,the regional distribution law of drought disaster risk index of winter wheat was analyzed.The division technical methods of winter wheat drought disaster risk zones in Hebei-Shandong-Henan under the irrigated conditions were put forward.Taking the average reduction rate of production in drought years,drought disaster risk index and precipitation of winter wheat in growth periods as indices,using the statistical analysis and overlay function of GIS,the production reduction risk of winter wheat caused by drought disaster in winter wheat zones of Hebei-Shandong-Henan was divided and evaluated.The risk evaluation of production reduction of winter wheat in different risk zones under different climate conditions was realized.The disaster prevention and mitigation measures of winter wheat drought were given.

Study on Change Laws of Cold Tolerance in Wheat under Drought Stress

In order to study the change laws of cold tolerance in wheat under drought stress, 11 wheat varieties planted in Huang-Huai wheat area and one variety representative in middle-lower Yangtze River wheat area were selected, and the their change laws of cold tolerance under normal moisture condition and drought stress condition. The results showed that under drought condition, the cold tolerance of wheat in various growth stages was remarkably lower than that under nondrought condition, and the decreasing amplitudes were the largest in overwintering stage with an average of 4.91 ℃, the smallest in regreening stage, and in the middle in the jointing stage. Under non-drought condition, the cold tolerance of semi- winter varieties in various growth stages was better than that of spring varieties, there were significant differences between different varieties, and the cold tolerance of all varieties in overwintering stage was improved compared with before winter, and rapidly decreased after overwintering. Semiwinter varieties showed cold tolerance remarkably enhanced in overwintering stage, and the cold tolerance of spring varieties was also improved to a certain degree.

Response of Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat to Whole Season CO_2 Enrichment and Drought

Whole_growing season pot experiments were conducted to examine the response of growth and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gaoyuan 602) to CO 2 enrichment. Wheat plants were grown in open_top chambers (OTCs) subject to two concentrations of CO 2 ()(350 and 700 μL/L, hereafter 'ambient' and 'elevated' respectively) and three soil water levels (80%, 60% and 40% field water capacity ( FWC ), hereafter 'high soil moisture', 'medium soil moisture' and 'low soil moisture' respectively). Elevated CO 2 greatly increased leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn ) at all three soil water levels. The Pn of plants growing under elevated was 22% lower than that of plants growing at ambient when measured with the same (700 μL/L). Plant growth was enhanced by elevated throughout the growing season, with an increase of 14.8% in shoot dry weight at harvest under high soil moisture, and leaf area was increased by about 20% at all three soil water levels. Elevated in combination with high soil moisture increased the ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%, while this ratio was decreased by over 50% when plants were subject to drought. Elevated also increased the water use efficiency of wheat, mainly due to decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water, and an increase in shoot dry weight, with the biggest value of 30% occurring at high soil water moisture level. Compared to high soil moisture, drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient , and by 76% under elevated . Similarly, drought also reduced WUE by 19% under ambient , and 23% under elevated . Our results indicate that: (1) elevated can increase the photosynthetic rates, growth and WUE of wheat plants; (2) long_term exposure to high may result in lower photosynthetic capacity; (3) high stimulates plants lateral growth more than vertical growth; (4) the effects of CO 2 enrichment on plants depend on soil water status, with plants benefiting more from CO 2 enrichment if sufficient water is supplied; and (5) drought may cause relatively more reduction in plant growth and WUE under future elevated conditions.

Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on Wheat Growth in Arid Oasis Area

[Objective] The study was conducted to analyze the effects of different irrigation amount on the growth of wheat in arid oasis area and determine effective use measures and reasonable irrigation indices of water in farmland under arid oasis environment,so as to provide reference for the development and management of water-saving technology.[Method] Spring wheat in different growth periods was irrigated for four times.The leaf area index,dry matter content,1 000-grain weight of wheat in different growth peri...

生理 生化 生态

W000706 细胞超微结构在冬小麦抗霜性形成中的作用[刊,英]/Trunova,T.I.…∥Doklady,Biochemistry.-1998,359(1/6).-21～23[WB-TA,1999,16(2),1042]W000707 Streptomyces 培养滤液对小麦植株生长及生产力的影响[刊,英]/Aldesuquy,H.S.…∥Folia Microbiologica.-1998,43(5).

Quantifying Responses of Winter Wheat Physiological Processes to Soil Water Stress for Use in Growth Simulation Modeling

A deep understanding of crop-water eco-physiological relations is the basis for quantifying plant physiological responses to soil water stress. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the winter wheat crop-water relations under both drought and waterlogging conditions in two sequential growing seasons from 2000 to 2002, and then the data were used to develop and validate models simulating the responses of winter wheat growth to drought and waterlogging stress. The experiment consisted of four treatments, waterlogging (keep 1 to 2 cm water layer depth above soil surface), control (70%-80% field capacity), light drought (40%-50% field capacity) and severe drought (30%-40% field capacity) with six replicates at five stages in the 2000-2001 growth season. Three soil water content treatments (waterlogging, control and drought) with two replicates were designed in the 2001-2002 growth season. Waterlogging and control treatments are the same as in the 2000-2001 growth season. For the drought treatment, no water was supplied and the soil moisture decreased from field capacity to wilting point. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and dry matter weight of individual organs were measured. Based on crop-water eco-physiological relations, drought and waterlogging stress factors for winter wheat growth simulation model were put forward. Drought stress factors integrated soil water availability, the sensitivity of different development stages and the difference between physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, transpiration and partitioning). The quantification of waterlogging stress factor considered different crop species, soil water status, waterlogging days and sensitivity at different growth stages. Data sets from the pot experiments revealed favorable performance reliability for the simulation sub-models with the drought and waterlogging stress factors.

Developing Wheat for Improved Yield and Adaptation Under a Changing Climate： Optimization of a Few Key Genes

Wheat grown under rain-fed conditions is often affected by drought worldwide. Future projections from a climate simulation model predict that the combined effects of increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns will aggravate this drought scenario and may significantly reduce wheat yields unless appropriate varieties are adopted. Wheat is adapted to a wide range of environments due to the diversity in its phenology genes. Wheat phenology offers the opportunity to fight against drought by modifying crop developmental phases according to water availability in target environments. This review summa- rizes recent advances in wheat phenology research, including vernalization （Vrn）, photoperiod （Ppd）, and also dwarfing （Rht） genes. The alleles, haplotypes, and copy number variation identified for Vrn and Ppd genes respond differently in different climatic conditions, and thus could alter not only the development phases but also the yield. Compared with the model plant Arabidopsis, more phenology genes have not yet been identified in wheat; quantifying their effects in target environments would benefit the breeding of wheat for improved drought tolerance. Hence, there is scope to maximize yields in water-limited envi-ronments by deploying appropriate phenology gene combinations along with Rht genes and other important physiological traits that are associated with drought resistance.

Impact Assessment of Technology Change on Durum Wheat Productivity： A Cross Sectional Analysis in Central Semi-arid Tunisia

The enhancement of wheat yield in Tunisia becomes a must for policy makers who need to reduce the importations of this commodity. In this context, the ＂Food Security in Arab Countries＂ project has been established in order to transfer technological innovations that improve irrigated wheat productivity. As a pilot area, this project is being implemented in Chebika （Central Tunisia） region, where in the last two years a new technological package of durum wheat production has been tested by many farmers of the region. The objective of this study is to identify the sources of output gains between farmers participating in the project trials and farmer＇s using conventional techniques. Tornqvist-Thiel index was used for the identification of the output gains generated by the technology package. Data used for the analysis were collected from 60 participating farmers during 2011-2012 cropping season, and 110 non-participating farmers. Results show that average production value differential between participating and non-participating farmers is 48.4%. This value is composed of 9.3% gain generated from global factor productivity and 39.1% from the increase of the inputs use. It also indicates the relative importance of inputs contributing to the global factor productivity difference between enhanced technological package and conventional practices in the region. These results are valuable for policy makers since they can be used to focus on main factors affecting the improvement of irrigated wheat productivity in Central Tunisia. Encouraging the adoption of the new technological package is then highly recommended.

Photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat under limited supplemental irrigation in the semiarid northwestern China

A field experiment was conducted for intercropped winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） in 2002/2003 to evaluate the effects of limited supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat in semiarid environment. The result indicated that significances occurred in grain yield between the intercropped wheat treatments and sole wheat control （CKW）, and in yield between the irrigated intercropped wheat plots （WC2W, WC3W, WC5W） and not irrigated （WC1W） except for WC4W plots with nearly the same yield as WC1W. In comparison with CKW, 11.8%, 18.5%, 23.6%, 11.5%, and 30.7% of yield increase in the intercropped wheat plots were obtained in WCIW, WC2W, WC3W, WC4W, and WC5W respectively. Compared to the intercropped wheat plots without irrigation, yields in WC2W, WC3W, and WC5W were improved by 5.9%, 10.5%, and 16.9%, respectively. The dynamics of CGR and NAR in both intercropped （WC1W-WC5W） and solely cropped wheat （CKW） showed a type of ＂single peak＂ curves, with both the maximum CGR and NAR occurred during jointing to heading （14/4-6/5） of wheat. In addition, soil water potential （SWP） fluctuated as a function of the precipitation and limited supplemental irrigation.