冬小麦生理过程调控高效用水研究

文中探讨在水资源严重短缺情况下,如何充分利用冬小麦生理过程的用水调控作用,达到节水、高效。

盐碱对小麦生理的影响

采用室内水培试验的方法，模拟内蒙古河套灌区具有代表性的三种盐碱土，测试分析了小麦苗期长势、叶绿素、胡萝卜素、光合活性、叶肉细胞等生理指标，得出小麦在不同盐分条件下生长的耐盐标准和死亡样值以及不同类型的盐碱土对小麦的危害程度，从而为盐碱地改良治理，确定冲洗脱盐标准和规划作物种植结构提供了可靠的技术指标和理论依据。

小麦生理生活周期:在育种和栽培中的利用

1 引言小麦生活周期始于干种子播于种床,止于穗上干种子生成。谷物模式学家一直将植株发育划成不连续的阶段,以便能够定量描述谷类作物的生长发育,建立描述这一生活周期各过程的速度和历时的机械(原因和效应)模型(Otter-Nacke 等,1986;Porter 等,1983;McMaster 等,1991)。一个地点的水分供应和养分可用性与产量的回归模型常有令人满意的结果,但机械模型提高了模型在地点间的通用性(Waldman 和 Rick-man,1996),也提供了整个生长季节生长和发育过程对环境反应的详细信息(Rickman 等,1996)。育种者能够利用这些模型指导谷类作物产量的改良。2

土壤深翻技术对冬小麦生理性状和产量的影响

为确切了解机械深翻后,耕层土壤理化性质改良对小麦生理性状和产量的影响,2020年在山东省济宁市新驿镇型堂村、新兖镇大南浦村和小孟镇沙窝村开展小麦播前机械深翻作业,并设置对照。2021年小麦收获前分别取土化验并对小麦进行取样测产。试验结果表明,土壤深翻可以有效降低土壤容重,增加土壤团粒结构,提高土壤通透性,深翻结合玉米秸秆还田,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量;对小麦产量进行统计,3个试验地点产量均有提高,分别增产42.55、54.20、40.43 kg/亩,增产率分别为8.44%、10.69%、7.88%。

机械耕播方式和密肥对小麦花后剑叶生理特性的影响

以兰大211作为供试材料,于2020年度在临潭县冶力关镇开展大田试验,以油菜秸秆全量还田条件下,研究不同耕播方式常规耕播(T1)、旋耕复合耕播(T2)和油菜秸行间集覆宽窄行播种(T3),不同密度(220万和300万株/hm^(2))及不同氮肥施用比例(基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥分别为4∶2∶1∶3和6∶0∶2∶2)对小麦花后剑叶生理特性的影响。结果表明,籽粒蛋白质含量在不同基本苗下无显著差异,湿面筋含量差异不一致。总体而言,基本苗对籽粒品质影响有限;在总施氮量一定的情况下,氮肥后延有助于籽粒品质提升。籽粒品质部分指标在耕播方式、基本苗和氮肥运筹间存在显著的互作效应。

小麦叶片非顺序和顺序衰老数字基因表达谱分析

【目的】从转录水平揭示小麦叶片顺序和非顺序衰老的形成机制及其在小麦生产中的应用价值。【方法】以顺序衰老小麦(NR9405)和非顺序衰老小麦(温麦19)为材料,应用数字基因表达谱技术对两种衰老类型小麦旗叶在扬花后25 d、30 d和32 d的基因表达量进行检测,筛选花后25 d和30 d,30 d和32 d旗叶的差异表达基因,并对差异表达基因进行GO富集分析。【结果】顺序衰老小麦NR9405花后25 d与30 d相比,差异表达基因共计6659个,其中上调表达基因3404个,下调表达基因3255个;花后30 d与32 d相比,差异表达基因共计4058个,其中上调表达基因3017个,下调表达基因1041个。非顺序衰老小麦温麦19花后25 d与30 d相比,差异表达基因共计13609个,其中上调表达基因7454个,下调表达基因6155个;花后30 d与32 d相比,差异表达基因共计6321个,其中上调表达基因2669个,下调表达基因3652个。上调基因显著富集的主要GO条目有:环境胁迫响应、脂肪酸α-氧化、细胞死亡、DNA分解代谢、自噬、水解酶、转移酶、转运、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶等。下调基因显著富集的GO条目有:光合作用、光的捕获、光合电子传递链、叶绿素生物合成过程、叶绿体机体等。在小麦叶片非顺序衰老过程中,自噬、海藻糖生物合成过程、海藻糖磷酸酶、蔗糖合成酶等相关基因极显著上调表达,有利于保持叶片水分,促进叶片碳氮的转运,提高小麦产量。【结论】小麦叶片的非顺序衰老与自噬、水解酶和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶基因的极显著上调表达密切相关。

Influences of Different UV-B Radiation Treatments in Short Time on Some Physiological Characteristics of Winter Wheat Seedlings

[Objective] studying the influences of different UV-B radiation treatments in short time on some physiological characteristics of winter wheat seedlings was to provide reference for the mechanism of plant response to ultraviolet irradiation in short time. [Method] The winter wheat taken as materials were treated with 15 and 30 pW/cm^2 UV-B radiation, then the physiological indexes such as pigment content and photosynthetic rate were determined. [ Results] The UV-B treatment caused the declines of chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and water content of leaves, besides, dose-effect was existed. The decline of 30 pW/cm^2 treatment was bigger than that of 15 μW/cm^2 treatment. The influences of UV-B radiation on carotenoid content and anthocyanidin content were similar; the change trends were declined firstly then increased. The UVB treatment with two doses restrained the electron transport of PSⅡ, particularly; the inhibitory effect was biggest after treated 2 h, and then this effect was declined in 4, 6 and 8 h, so the dose-effect was existed. The UV-B radiation with two doses restricted photosynthetic rate and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of treatment time. The high dose treatment caused huge damage to membrane system, while the result of low dose treatment was not obvious. [ Conclusion] UV-B radiation treatment had dose-effect on winter wheat seedlings in short time and the influence of high dose was bigger than that of low dose. With the increase of treatment time, the damage was alleviated; besides, the result was not similar to that of UV-B radiation in long time.

Changes in Physiological Properties and Respiratory Pathway of the New Lines of Wheat Introduced Exogenous DNA Under Salt Stress

New lines of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was obtained by introducing the DNA of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) into wheat cultivar 'Longchun 13'. The changes of respiratory pathway, contents of protein, Na+ and K+ in the leaves and roots of the new lines of wheat under salt stress were determined and compared with the control cultivar, 'Longchun 13'. The decrease of the content of K+ was observed with the increase of NaCl concentrations, but the decrease was more in the control than that in the new lines, and more in roots than in leaves. Content of proline and Na+ in both two wheats lines increased greatly, but the former increased more significantly in the new lines and the latter more significantly in control both in leaves and roots. The operation of the cyanide-resistant pathway of respiration was enhanced at different degrees after salt stress and it increased much more in roots and leaves of the control plant than that in the new lines, but the cytochrome pathway of electron transport was still the main one consistently. The possible significance of these changes was discussed.

Effects of Hypergravity on Salt Tolerance of Wheat Seedlings

[ Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effects of hypergravity on salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. [ Method ] The seed germination rate （Gr） and germination index （Gi） of wheat seedlings were measured under hypergravity of 600 × g or 1 000 × g for 4 h and under the stress of 0.4% or 0.9% salt solution. The catalase （CAT） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA） content of wheat seedlings were also measured under 0.4% salt stress. [Result] Compared with seedlings in CK group （no hypergravity or salt stress）, the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in salt stress treatment decreased to different extents; while the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in treatment group （hypergravity and salt stress） increased compared with that in salt stress group. CAT in seedlings of hypergravity treatment was higher than that of CK group and 0.4% salt treatment group, meanwhile the MDA showed an opposite result. [ Conclusion] Hypergravity could enhance the salt resistance of wheat in specific range, and hypergravity of 600 × g for 4 h performed better than that of 1 000 ×g for 4 h.

A Knowledge Model System for Wheat Production Management

A knowledge model with temporal and spatial characteristics for the quantitative design of a cultural pattern in wheat production, using systems analysis and dynamic modeling techniques, was developed for wheat management, as a decision-making tool in digital farming. The fundamental relationships and algorithms of wheat growth indices and management criteria to cultivars, ecological environments, and production levels were derived from the existing literature and research data to establish a knowledge model system for quantitative wheat management using Visual C^＋＋. The system designed a cultural management plan for general management guidelines and crop regulation indices for timecourse control criteria during the wheat-growing period. The cultural management plan module included submodels to determine target grain yield and quality, cultivar choice, sowing date, population density, sowing rate, fertilization strategy, and water management, whereas the crop regulation indices module included submodels for suitable development stages, dynamic growth indices, source-sink indices, and nutrient indices. Ewluation of the knowledge model by design studies on the basis of data sets of different eco-sites, cultiwrs, and soil types indicated a favorable performance of the model system in recommending growth indices and management criteria under diverse conditions. Practical application of the knowledge model system in comparative field experiments produced yield gains of 2.4% to 16.5%. Thus, the presented knowledge model system overcame some of the difficulties of the traditional wheat management patterns and expert systems, and laid a foundation for facilitating the digitization of wheat management.

Saline Stress Response of Plantlets of Common Wheat （Triticum aestivum） and Its Wild Congeners

The aim of this work was to study the reactions of wheat （T. aestivum L.） and its wild congeners under salt stress. Physiological mechanisms that underlie traits for salt tolerance plantlets have been used to test some wheat species and to identify sources of salty tolerance. Stress conditions were founded by means of exposure of the plantlets in NaCI water solution, 1.68% that demonstrably differentiates the samples by growth parameters. Under laboratory conditions the ability of seedlings to bear a significant shortage of water, their ability to accumulate biomass, changing the parameters of linear growth processes and changes in water content in leaves and roots of seedlings under stress was determined. Interest is also the rate of growth of root fibrils in saline conditions. These experiments allowed to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of studied forms of wheat and make an initial opinion on their salt tolerance. Different features of abiotic stress responses of some wheat species at the early stages of development were shown that testifies necessi~ of great number of approaches at selection of genetic material for improvement of modern wheat eultivars. This work is the first phase of research for practical breeding.

Wheat straw pretreatment with KOH for enhancing biomethane production and fertilizer value in anaerobic digestion

Wheat straw biodegradability during anaerobic digestion was improved by treatment with potassium hydroxide （KOH） to decrease digestion time and enhance biomethane production and fertility value. KOH concentrations of 1% （KI）, 3% （[（2）, 6% （K3） and 9% （l（4） were tested for wheat straw pretreatment at ambient temperature with a C：N ratio of 25：1.86% of total solids （TS）, 89% of volatile solids （VS） and 22% of lignocellulose, cellulose and hemi- cellulose （LCH） （22%） were decomposed effectively with the wheat straw pretreated by 6% KOH. Enhanced bio- gas production and cumulative biomethane yield of 258 ml. （g VS）-1 were obtained increased by 45% and 41% respectively, compared with untreated wheat straw. Pretreated wheat straw digestion also yielded a digestate with higher fertilizer values potassium （l 38%）, calcium （22%） and magnesium （16%）. These results show that TS, VS and LCH can be effectively removed from wheat straw pretreated with KOH, improving biodegradability biomethane production and fertilizer value.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Wheat Subjected to Water Deficit Stress at Different Phenological Stages of Development

Proline has been proposed to be an osmoprotector and scavenger of reactive oxygen species in plants subjected to water deficit. The aim of this work was to study the effects of drought on each wheat phenological stage （tillering, booting, heading, flowering and grain-filling） using stress parameters such as the relative water content （RWC）, membrane stability index （MSI）, lipid peroxidation through malondialdehyde levels （MDA） and determination of proline content （PRO）. The Brazilian commercial elite cultivar Triticum aestivum cv. CD 200126 was submitted to eight days of water deficit stress at each stage. The perception of stress was low at tillering and high at the final stages of growth, as verified by the reduction in the MSI and RWC. However, an increase in the MDA was clearly observed. We observed a high proline accumulation when stress was applied, although it was not sufficient to prevent damages. These results indicate that the relevant stages to evaluate the effect of water shortage during wheat plant development are booting, heading and flowering.

Science Letters:Nutritional composition of Pakistani wheat varieties

Pakistani wheat varieties are grown over a wide agro-climatic range and as such are anticipated to exhibit yield and quality differences. It is therefore necessary to investigate the nutritional status of wheat varieties in terms of biochemical and physiochemical characteristics available for food and nutritional purposes in Pakistan. The result shows that wheat grains of different varieties contain a net protein level of 9.15%～10.27%, 2.15%～2.55% total fats, 1.72%～1.85% dietary fibers, 77.65×10-6～84.25×10-6 of potassium and 7.70×10-6～35.90×10-6 of sodium ions concentration, 0.24×10-6～0.84×10-6 of phosphorus, 1.44%～2.10% ash, 31.108～43.602 g of thousand grain mass (TGM) and 8.38%～9.67% moisture contents. This study is significant in providing an opportunity to explore the available wheat varieties and to further improve their nutritional excellence and also essential for setting nutritional regulations for domestic and export purposes.

Exploration on the Regularity of Nitrogen Requirement of Zhoumai 22 in the Condition of Yield Increase of Wheat-maize Integration

[Objective] In this study, the aim was to explore the annual dosage and allocation proportion of nitrogenous fertilizer for Zhoumai 22 in the condition of wheat-maize integration. [Method] The rules of growth and yield variation of Zhoumai 22 under different dosages of nitrogenous fertilizer and different distribution ratios were studied. [Result] With the increase of nitrogenous fertilizer application and distribution rate from maize to wheat, the physiological indexes of Zhoumai 22 population showed an increasing trend, while the yield presented the variation trend of increasing firstly and decreasing then. [Conclusion] Annual amount of nitrogenous fertilizer of 600 kg/hm2 and the distribution ratio of 5：5 in the condition of wheat- maize integration was beneficial to the high yield of the whole year＇s crops and Zhoumai 22.

Study Genetic Variation Using DNA Molecular Markers and Identification Physiological Races of Wheat Stripe （yellow） Rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici during 2010-2014 in Some Regions of Syria

Yellow Rust （stripe） rust （Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici） is one of the most epidemic diseases infect wheat in cold and wet regions. In 1988, this disease caused a loss of seasonal production amounted 70% on wheat variety Mexipak in Syria, and recurrent infection in 2010, caused by a virulent race called Yr27, caused a considerable loss in the production of bread wheat cultivars （Cham 8, Cham 6 particularly） amounted 90%. Recently, 15 races of yellow rust had been addressed in Syria for seasons 2010-2014; 159E256, 166E254, 166E256, 255 E112, 0 E0, 64 E 6, 230 El50, 0 E 18, 198 El30, 166 El50, 102 El60, 128 E0, 126 El50, 214E150, and 6E16. The race 6E16 was the most frequent during the two seasons, while the race 255El12 was the most virulent, followed by the race 230E222 and the race 0E0 was the weakest one. This study revealed the presence of fourteen newly observed races in Syria. Molecular Variance Analysis of Molecular Variance （AMOVA） of 55 yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici isolates examined by Amplify Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） revealed high genetic variation within population, and the dimensional scale analysis （MSD） and tree diagram showed that the Syrian yellow rust isolates were clustered in three groups： the first group contained isolates derived from durum wheat, the second one contained bread wheat isolates, but the third was made of isolates derived from both durum and bread wheat species.

复合促生菌对小麦苗期生长和土壤酶活的影响

为研究适合小麦苗期生长的生物菌肥,以济麦22为试验材料,采用菌液浸种平皿试验和盆栽试验,研究5组复合菌(胶质芽胞杆菌+枯草芽胞杆菌+侧胞芽胞杆菌2个处理,侧胞芽胞杆菌+解淀粉芽胞杆菌+枯草芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌+侧胞芽胞杆菌+胶冻样芽胞杆菌、解淀粉芽胞杆菌+胶冻样芽胞杆菌+地衣芽胞杆菌各1个处理)对小麦苗期生理指标和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:侧胞芽胞杆菌+解淀粉芽胞杆菌+枯草芽胞杆菌效果较优,与对照相比,小麦芽长和主根长均增加10%左右;三叶期后5d、12d、19d根长、地上部和地下部干重持续增加;根系活力、土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性相比对照极显著提高。该研究结果可为进一步筛选小麦专用菌肥提供科学依据。

Soil Properties and Wheat Growth and Nutrients as Affected by Compost Amendment Under Saline Water Irrigation

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil, to study the macronutrient utilization and dry matter production of wheat （Triticum aestivum c.v. Gemmiza 7） grown in a modified soil environment and to determine the effects of compost and saline irrigation water on soil productivity. The sandy clay loam soil was treated with compost of five rates （0, 24, 36, 48, and 60 m3 ha-1, equivalent to 0, 3, 4.5, and 6 g kg-1 soil, respectively） and irrigation water of four salinity levels （0.50 （tap water）, 4.9, 6.3, and 8.7 dS m-l）. The results indicated that at harvest, the electrical conductivity （EC） of the soil was significantly （P 〈 0.05） changed by the compost application as compared to the control. In general, the soil salinity significantly increased with increasing application rates of compost. Soluble salts, K, C1, HCO3, Na, Ca, and Mg, were significantly increased by the compost treatment. Soil sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） was significantly affected by the salinity levels of the irrigation water, and showed a slight response to the compost application. The soil organic carbon content was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected by application of compost, with a maximum value of 31.03 g kg-1 recorded at the compost rate of 60 m3 ha-1 and the irrigation water salinity level of 8.7 dS m-1 and a minimum value of 12.05 g kg-1 observed in the control. The compost application produced remarkable increases in wheat shoot dry matter production. The maximum dry matter production （75.11 g pot-1） occurred with 60 ma ha-1 compost and normal irrigation water, with a minimum of 19.83 g pot-1 with no addition of compost and irrigation water at a salinity level of 8.70 dS m-1. Significant increases in wheat shoot contents of K, N, P, Na, and C1 were observed with addition of compost. The relatively high shoot N values may be attributed to increases in N availability in the tested soil caused by the compost application. Similarly, significant increases in the shoot contents of Na and C1 may be ascribed to the increase in soil soluble K and Cl. The increases in shoot P, N, and K contributed to the growth stimulation since P supplied by the compost was probably responsible in saline and alkaline soils where P solubility was very low.