[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different m...[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.展开更多
Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in ...Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in anexperiment with five treatments: deep-loosening tillage (DLT), traditional tillage (TT), plastic mulch (PM),straw mulch (SM) and plastic plus straw mulch (PSM). All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300 cm was determined before sowing. Results showed thatthe new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year, PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation, while ina rain-deficient year, the role was not significant. Due to evaporation, DLT did not promote the storage ofsoil moisture. SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture. In SM treatment the wheat yieldsincreased by more than 20%.展开更多
The effect of conservation tillage methods and seeding machines on the soil physical properties, performance of grain drill, wheat yield, and wheat yield components was evaluated. The research was conducted in a split...The effect of conservation tillage methods and seeding machines on the soil physical properties, performance of grain drill, wheat yield, and wheat yield components was evaluated. The research was conducted in a split block experimental design with twelve treatments and four replications, and a local wheat variety （Shiraz） was planted in this study. Main plots were tillage methods including： （1） primary tillage using moldboard plow without moldboard; （2） primary tillage with disk harrow; and （3） primary tillage with chisel plow. Subplots were grain drill types including： （1） planting with Taka grain drill without furrower; （2） planting with Taka grain drill having furrower; （3） planting with Hamadan Machine Barzegar grain drill having furrower and runner opener; 4） planting with grain drill having ripple opener. Parameters including mean weight diameter of clods （MWD）, soil bulk density, uniformity of seed planting depth, seed distribution uniformity, seed emergence, crop yield, and crop yield components were measured. SAS software was used to analyze the collected data and the method of benefit to cost ratio was used to compare the treatments from the economic point of view. Results indicated that tillage method had no significant effect （P = 0.05） on the measured parameters. Plant per unit area, seed emergence, uniformity of seed planting depth, and MWD were significantly affected by the grain drill type （P 〈 0.05） while, the type of grain drill had no significant effect on the rest of measured parameters. Taka grain drill without furrower had the highest uniformity of planting depth and proper soil MWD, and grain drill with ripple opener had the highest seed emergence and plant per unit area. Interaction between tillage methods and grain drill types affected the soil MWD, seed emergence, and crop yield （P 〈 0.05） in such a way that the combination of primary tillage with disk harrow and planting with grain drill having ripple opener provided the highest crop yield.展开更多
The superiority of wheat grain yield under no-till has been reported by many authors, and others reported significant interaction between wheat cultivar and tillage system for grain yield and other related traits. Hen...The superiority of wheat grain yield under no-till has been reported by many authors, and others reported significant interaction between wheat cultivar and tillage system for grain yield and other related traits. Hence, new breeding initiatives are needed to introgress favorable traits into wheat and other crops in areas where no-tillage is being adopted. The identification of such traits is solely possible via the assessment ofgermplasm under no-tillage. Moreover, Moroccan wheat breeding programs are carried out solely under conventional tillage system whilst the conservation one is becoming widely adopted. So, the ultimate objective of this research is to find out if the used wheat commercial cultivars behave differentially under no tillage system and to propose the use of appropriate cultivars for the appropriate tillage system and to implement a breeding program specifically for no tillage system. The experiment has been carried out during 2006-2007 at Douyet （F6s）. Cultivars have been sown according to a strip-split plot design. At maturity, yield, yield components and related traits have been recorded. The results indicated that both water regime （WR） and variety （Vat） had a highly significant effect on all measured traits. In contrast, tillage system （TS） had similar effect on yield, grains m-2, biomass, and plant height, but had no effect on harvest index, 1000-kernel weight and heading date. The TSxVar interaction has been significant to highly so on all traits except on heading date. The magnitude of the interaction for grain yield was more important under irrigated treatment than under rainfed one. On the whole, No Tillage yielded more grains than conventional one. Moreover, Achtar and Areal （bread wheat cultivars） and Marjana and Marzak （durum wheat cultivars） yielded more under No-Till. The significant interaction between TS and Var paves the way for the implementation of a breeding program under no till system.展开更多
Many sulfonylurea herbicides have been used under a wide variety of agronomic conditions in numerous crops. An understanding of dissipation rate of herbicide is fundamental for predicting the fate of herbicide in soil...Many sulfonylurea herbicides have been used under a wide variety of agronomic conditions in numerous crops. An understanding of dissipation rate of herbicide is fundamental for predicting the fate of herbicide in soil. In order to study the sulfosulfuron persistence under different cultivation systems of wheat, a four replicated experiment was carried out in the Hashemabad Reaserch Center of Gorgan, Iran in 2010 in a split plot design with two factors. Cultivation system as the main factor consisted of six levels, including conservation tillage by Combinate, no-tillage by Baldan grain drill, conservation tillage by Chizelpacker, conservation tillage by Delta Model, surface tillage by heavy disk, and conventional tillage by moldboard plow and twice disk. Secondary factor included two levels of sulfosulfuron application(with and without sulfosulfuron). Soil samples were taken at 6 stages and soil microbial respiration and soil pH were measured as factors affecting sulfosulfuron persistence. Results showed the least time of sulfosulfuron persistence belonged to the cultivation system of no-tillage by Baldan grain drill with a half-life of 4.62 d. Then, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage with a half-life of 6.30 d and conservation tillage by Delta Model with a half-life of 9.90 d were ordered. The most time of sulfosulfuron persistence(11.55 d) was related to conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. Ninety percent reduction of sulfosulfuron concentration occurred 15.34, 20.92, 32.88, and 36.38 d after sulfosulfuron application, respectively, for no-tillage system, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage, conservation tillage by Delta Model and surface tillage, and conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. In all the cultivation systems, toxicity symptoms were not observed 40 d after spraying sulfosulfuron onto the tomato plants which were used as test plant. Effects of different cultivation systems on soil microbial respiration were also significant.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103003)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.
文摘Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in anexperiment with five treatments: deep-loosening tillage (DLT), traditional tillage (TT), plastic mulch (PM),straw mulch (SM) and plastic plus straw mulch (PSM). All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300 cm was determined before sowing. Results showed thatthe new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year, PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation, while ina rain-deficient year, the role was not significant. Due to evaporation, DLT did not promote the storage ofsoil moisture. SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture. In SM treatment the wheat yieldsincreased by more than 20%.
文摘The effect of conservation tillage methods and seeding machines on the soil physical properties, performance of grain drill, wheat yield, and wheat yield components was evaluated. The research was conducted in a split block experimental design with twelve treatments and four replications, and a local wheat variety （Shiraz） was planted in this study. Main plots were tillage methods including： （1） primary tillage using moldboard plow without moldboard; （2） primary tillage with disk harrow; and （3） primary tillage with chisel plow. Subplots were grain drill types including： （1） planting with Taka grain drill without furrower; （2） planting with Taka grain drill having furrower; （3） planting with Hamadan Machine Barzegar grain drill having furrower and runner opener; 4） planting with grain drill having ripple opener. Parameters including mean weight diameter of clods （MWD）, soil bulk density, uniformity of seed planting depth, seed distribution uniformity, seed emergence, crop yield, and crop yield components were measured. SAS software was used to analyze the collected data and the method of benefit to cost ratio was used to compare the treatments from the economic point of view. Results indicated that tillage method had no significant effect （P = 0.05） on the measured parameters. Plant per unit area, seed emergence, uniformity of seed planting depth, and MWD were significantly affected by the grain drill type （P 〈 0.05） while, the type of grain drill had no significant effect on the rest of measured parameters. Taka grain drill without furrower had the highest uniformity of planting depth and proper soil MWD, and grain drill with ripple opener had the highest seed emergence and plant per unit area. Interaction between tillage methods and grain drill types affected the soil MWD, seed emergence, and crop yield （P 〈 0.05） in such a way that the combination of primary tillage with disk harrow and planting with grain drill having ripple opener provided the highest crop yield.
基金The authors thank the staff of the INRA-CRRA Meknes, mainly the manager of Douyet Experimental station. This study was partially financed by the National Science Foundation of Spain （CICYT）： Grant No. AGL 2005-05767.
文摘The superiority of wheat grain yield under no-till has been reported by many authors, and others reported significant interaction between wheat cultivar and tillage system for grain yield and other related traits. Hence, new breeding initiatives are needed to introgress favorable traits into wheat and other crops in areas where no-tillage is being adopted. The identification of such traits is solely possible via the assessment ofgermplasm under no-tillage. Moreover, Moroccan wheat breeding programs are carried out solely under conventional tillage system whilst the conservation one is becoming widely adopted. So, the ultimate objective of this research is to find out if the used wheat commercial cultivars behave differentially under no tillage system and to propose the use of appropriate cultivars for the appropriate tillage system and to implement a breeding program specifically for no tillage system. The experiment has been carried out during 2006-2007 at Douyet （F6s）. Cultivars have been sown according to a strip-split plot design. At maturity, yield, yield components and related traits have been recorded. The results indicated that both water regime （WR） and variety （Vat） had a highly significant effect on all measured traits. In contrast, tillage system （TS） had similar effect on yield, grains m-2, biomass, and plant height, but had no effect on harvest index, 1000-kernel weight and heading date. The TSxVar interaction has been significant to highly so on all traits except on heading date. The magnitude of the interaction for grain yield was more important under irrigated treatment than under rainfed one. On the whole, No Tillage yielded more grains than conventional one. Moreover, Achtar and Areal （bread wheat cultivars） and Marjana and Marzak （durum wheat cultivars） yielded more under No-Till. The significant interaction between TS and Var paves the way for the implementation of a breeding program under no till system.
基金supported by the research and technology vice presidency,Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Iran
文摘Many sulfonylurea herbicides have been used under a wide variety of agronomic conditions in numerous crops. An understanding of dissipation rate of herbicide is fundamental for predicting the fate of herbicide in soil. In order to study the sulfosulfuron persistence under different cultivation systems of wheat, a four replicated experiment was carried out in the Hashemabad Reaserch Center of Gorgan, Iran in 2010 in a split plot design with two factors. Cultivation system as the main factor consisted of six levels, including conservation tillage by Combinate, no-tillage by Baldan grain drill, conservation tillage by Chizelpacker, conservation tillage by Delta Model, surface tillage by heavy disk, and conventional tillage by moldboard plow and twice disk. Secondary factor included two levels of sulfosulfuron application(with and without sulfosulfuron). Soil samples were taken at 6 stages and soil microbial respiration and soil pH were measured as factors affecting sulfosulfuron persistence. Results showed the least time of sulfosulfuron persistence belonged to the cultivation system of no-tillage by Baldan grain drill with a half-life of 4.62 d. Then, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage with a half-life of 6.30 d and conservation tillage by Delta Model with a half-life of 9.90 d were ordered. The most time of sulfosulfuron persistence(11.55 d) was related to conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. Ninety percent reduction of sulfosulfuron concentration occurred 15.34, 20.92, 32.88, and 36.38 d after sulfosulfuron application, respectively, for no-tillage system, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage, conservation tillage by Delta Model and surface tillage, and conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. In all the cultivation systems, toxicity symptoms were not observed 40 d after spraying sulfosulfuron onto the tomato plants which were used as test plant. Effects of different cultivation systems on soil microbial respiration were also significant.
