Analysis of the Current Situation of Spoken Foreign Language Teaching and Learning in Ethnic Regions

With the enhancement of friendship between different nations, foreign language learning has become more and more important. In particular, spoken language is playing a vital role in foreign language learning and practice. In order to improve foreign language teaching and learning proficiency in ethnic regions, the author analyses the current situation of spoken foreign language teaching and learning in ethnic regions and suggests some ways to solve the existing problems.

Physical activity,sedentary behaviors,physical fitness,and their relation to health outcomes in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes:A review of the epidemiologic literature

Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the emergence of type 2 diabetes （T2D） in children and adolescents, which previously was only seen in middle-aged or older adults. One of the key components of diabetes management is physical activity （PA）. The beneficial effects of increased PA and decreased sedentary behavior are extremely important in youth with diabetes because of the markedly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in this population compared to persons without diabetes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the epidemiologic, observational research published and listed in PubMed between 1970 and 2012 on PA and sedentary behaviors, as well as physical fitness in children and adolescents with T1D and T2D. Additionally, we describe briefly the state of knowledge on perceived barriers of PA in persons with diabetes, with a focus on hypoglycemia. Finally, we provide an overview of the epidemiological literature pertaining to health benefits of increased PA in youth with TID and T2D and briefly discuss the topic of exercise-related hypoglycemia, Copyright ~ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

“Even I Can Do It”:Chinese Ethnolinguistic Minority Learners’Investment in Creative Writing and Its Impact

Although much is known about the benefits of providing creative writing courses to English learners, little research is available on Chinese ethnolinguistic minority learners’ creative writing in formal education. In response, this ethnographic study explored three ethnolinguistic minority learners’ engagement with a three-month elective English creative writing course at a Chinese university. Data(drafts, interviews, and reflection) were analyzed to reveal the three learners’ investment in creative writing and its impact. It was found that creative writing helped the learners to develop more confident writer identities, that they became more proficient in writing, and that their language proficiency also grew. The study suggests creative writing can serve as identity texts,which reflect back on their emergent creative writer identity, and can be a beneficial pedagogical option for ethnolinguistic minority learners.

Early Bilingual Vocabulary Development Among Low-SES Ethnic Minority Learners in China:The Case of Uyghur and Kazak Children

Vocabulary knowledge is one of the most important aspects of language development. For bilingual students, early vocabulary development often predicts their future bilingual success. This paper examines early bilingual receptive vocabulary knowledge of ethnic minority children(N=135) from two large ethnic language communities(Uyghur and Kazak) in three national-level povertystricken counties in Xinjiang, China. The children’s bilingual vocabulary knowledge was assessed using translated versions of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV(PPTV-IV) in Putonghua(PTH) and their mother tongue(MT) Uyghur or Kazak. Data were analyzed through four General Linear Models(GLM). The analyses showed that both groups scored higher in MT vocabulary knowledge than that in their PTH, although the Kazak students’ MT vocabulary scores were lower than those of the Uyghurs. While gender, age, L1, or residence location were not significant factors in differences across the two groups in PTH, among the Kazak children, the main effect of age was significant in MT;and among Uyghur children, residence location had a significant effect. The two groups also differed in patterns of acquisition in different parts of speech(nouns, verbs, and attributes) with Uyghur children performing strongest in MT and PTH verbs. The findings have important implications for ensuring the quality of early bilingual education among impoverished Chinese minority communities.

Effects of waterborne Fe(Ⅱ) on juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus:analysis of respiratory rate,hematology and gill histology

The concentration of Fe（II） is high in some groundwater supplies used in turbot culture, and the toxicity of waterborne Fe（II） is unknown. We investigated the stress responses of juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, exposed to Fe（II） of different concentrations （0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L） for 1, 7, 14, and 28 d, under the same ambient conditions of other parameters. Changes in respiratory rate, hematological parameters, and gill structure were determined. The results show that waterborne Fe（II） did not cause severe hematological perturbation to turbot. A low-medium Fe（II） concentration （lower than 0.1 mg/L） could boost the respiratory rate, and caused no or very limited damage to fish. A high Fe（II） concentration （0.1 mg/L or higher）, however, caused gill damage, such as vacuoles in branchial lamellae, epithelial necrosis, and hypertrophy of epithelial cells, and even death after extended exposure time. Therefore, excess waterborne Fe（II） and long-term exposure to Fe（II） could be responsible for poor growth and high mortality of turbot in culture. The concentration of waterborne Fe（II） in turbot culture should be kept below 0.1 mg/L.

Epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review

To assess the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in children and adolescents.METHODSPubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched for original articles from inception to September 2016. The literature search was made in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. For inclusion, each study had to report epidemiological data on FGIDs in children between 4 and 18 years old and contain standardized outcome based on Rome II, III or IV criteria. The overall quality of included epidemiological studies was evaluated in accordance with Loney’s proposal for prevalence studies of health literature. Two reviewers assessed each study for data inclusion and extraction. Discrepancies were reconciled through discussion with seniors.RESULTSA total of 659 articles were identified from the databases and 16 through manual search. A total of 43 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria for full-text reading, with 26 remaining to be included in the final analysis. All studies were written in English and published between 2005 and 2016. Eight (30.8%) articles were performed in North America, five (19.2%) in Latin America, five (19.2%) in Europe, seven (27%) in Asia, and one (3.8%) in Africa. Sample size varied between 114 and 99416 subjects, totaling 132600 individuals. Fourteen (53.9%) studies recruited their target samples from schools, 11 (42.3%) from healthcare settings and the remaining one (3.8%) from online panel community. The overall FGID prevalence rates for student samples ranged from 9.9% to 29% to as high as 87% in clinical samples. Cyclic vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation were the most researched conditions, with a prevalence ranging from 0.2% to 6.2%, 0% to 45.1% and 0.5% to 86.9%, respectively. The qualitative appraisal revealed that most of the studies showed average or below average generalizability.CONCLUSIONThe heterogeneity of the studies on FGIDs must be improved in order to allow comparison. Improvements should include appropriate sampling of representative population, comparable study setting, and consistent data collection.

Local Literature in a Global World？ Catalan Literature for Children and Young People

This paper is part of a wider project being carried out by the Research Group Literary Education, Culture and Society, which has been subsidised by the Ministry of University of Spain. Our project＇s main aim is the close study of three closely interrelated phenomena, globalisation, exclusion and multiculturality, in order to determine the influences on the children and young people Literature. We intend in this paper to show the results of a first research made in a smaller corpus in order to better draw up the entire project.

Teaching Religious Education in Schools and Adolescents＇ Social and Emotional Development. An Action Research on the Role of Religious Education and School Community in Adolescents＇ Lives

The presentation of the findings of this article is based on an action research focused on the supportive role of the school in adolescents＇ lives, whereby Religious Education＇s contribution to the social and emotional development of adolescents （11-15） is combined with the evaluation of the potential offered by a constructivist approach to the learning process. The research commenced in 2012 and is now in its third ＂year. The project is based on an intervention at a high school in an impoverished suburb of Athens and researches educational practices through interpretative-ethnographic methods. The researcher has attempted to answer the question of whether the design of the learning environments is effective not only in the learning process, but also on inter-communication and ＂connectedness＂ between the members of the learning community. The findings so far indicate a correlation between adolescents＇ emotional and social wellbeing and the school＇s approach to knowledge and learning methods, specifically in Religious Education classes. It is fair to say, however, that there exist ethnic, social and family components that are negatively related to a sense of＂connectedness＂ within the school although at the same time Religious Education as a subject is, however, found to be positively related to learning community atmosphere.

Some Psychosocial Problems of Adolescents in Some Ghanaian Senior High Schools

This research investigated whether there was a significant relationship between the problems of loneliness, inferiority, and identity confusion. Also, to test whether there was a significant relationship between problems of adolescents and their ages and sexes and to ascertain whether there will be a significant difference in sex with regards to these problems, 240 adolescent students from four Senior High Schools were sampled as respondents for the study. Correlations and t-test were used for analyses by employing Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS） version 16. From the results, it appeared that there were highly significant positive correlations existing between the problems. This suggests that the more an adolescent experiences a problem, the higher will he/she experience another problem. Also, it appeared that among the three problems, inferiority had a significant relationship with sex whereas all the problems had a positive significant relationship with age. This suggests that the older an adolescent is, the more severe will he/she experience a problem. Finally, girls tend to experience inferiority more than their male counterparts. This finding also suggested that although problems of adolescents may differ with regards to sex, they are not isolated and therefore multi-factorial in nature.

Teaching Gallo at School

This study explores the origins and current status of the Gallo language at school--a minority language spoken in the eastern part of Brittany--among older speakers （group 1-41 informants） and students of Gallo （group 2-17 informants）. The paper discusses different pedagogical methods, learning materials, and learners＇ status. The most important mission of schools is to increase public awareness about their linguistic environment which helps reassert minority identity through language acquisition and linguistic maintenance. Implementing an educational language curriculum for regional languages constitutes a main step towards the preservation of linguistic minorities. According to the informants interviewed during the fieldwork, both groups express positive reactions towards the presence of Gallo at school （group 1--80%; group 2--92.9%）. However, in follow-up discussions, a certain number of older speakers seem to be more reluctant, because the variety of Gallo taught at school is different from the one which was transmitted to them. In conclusion, bilingual and immersion programs are increasingly successful in Brittany and could lead to a wider recognition of Eastern Brittany＇s language and culture.

Reading with Strategies： A Study of Young EFL Learners＇ Use of Online Reading Strategies

To assist young learners to cultivate efficient learning strategies in the early ages, students in the current study were guided to read three authentic online storybooks and then write their own digital stories with tablet PCs. The study aims to investigate Taiwan Residents elementary school students＇ use of online reading strategies, and their relationship with students＇ performance on reading proficiency tests. The target population consisted of upper-grade learners （n = 83）. The instruments were a M-SORS （modified survey of reading strategy） questionnaire and a reading proficiency test. Major findings were as follows： （l） Students used online reading strategies at medium level; （2） problem solving strategies were proven to significantly correlate with students＇ performance on reading comprehension test; and （3） there was a significant difference between higher and lower reading proficiency learners＇ use of online reading strategies. Pedagogical implications of the findings and suggestion for future research are discussed.

Discussing Young Adult Literature in Norway. Interdisciplinary Comments Inspired by Modern Theory

Young adult and children＇s literature from Norway （Scandinavia） is often considered to be among the world＇s leading in the genre. This has taken place in a period of rapid cultural modernization. This article will discuss Norwegian young adult and children＇s literature from the perspective of social and cultural theory. The paper will go beyond the strictly aesthetic field and discuss young adult and children＇s literature from the perspectives of three internally related, though different continental modern theories, two of them left Hegelian. One of the great names of this school of theory of socialization is Thomas Ziehe, German theorist of ＂Sozialisationstheorie＂, Ziehe gives some clues for a new description of the implied readers inscribed in this literature. Axel Honneth is another theorist who has implications for general humaniora. His theory of recognition, fruitful for social sciences, may also give a clue for a metatheory of literature. Young adult and children＇s literature is also subject to changes of simulacric order and of the cultural disorder of the age of extremes, as Jean Baudrillard wrote about in his book The Transparency of Evil.

Analysis on the Actual Teaching Effectiveness of Course Ethnic Theory and Policy --School of Preparatory Education for the Minorities of Ningxia University Is Taken for Example

In this paper, many factors restricting and affecting the actual effectiveness of course ethnic theory and policy are summarized, among which student factors mainly include unavailable major foundation, new strange course, and having no idea about how to learn in the short term, narrow knowledge scope because of the examination-oriented education, poor self-control ability and attitude toward learning, and difference among the students of different minorities in the preparatory education, so that the actual teaching effectiveness is different. The teaching contents provided by teachers are not enough scientific, and the teaching pertinence is not strong; all parts of teaching and especially the effectiveness of processing the key and difficult points are not good enough, so that students are guided not very well to actively participate in classroom teaching activities, etc. Subsequently, an analysis is made around integrating and excavating teaching materials, understanding teaching contents, valuing the teaching process, and helping the students of preparatory education change from passively learning knowledge to initiatively accepting knowledge in a targeted way, and then some approaches, methods, and strategies of improving the actual teaching effectiveness of the course are explored.

Linguistic Justice and Dual Language Programs

This paper makes the case that education aimed at Hispanic or Latino children in the United States needs to recognize both their linguistic and cultural roots （raices） as well as the educational wings （alas）. The reason the author believes dual language programs could benefit all is due to the fact that if done properly, it should promote bilingualism, respect, and equity for all students in the school. Dual language programs are relatively new in the United States. These programs aim to create bilingual, bicultural students without sacrificing these students＇ success in school or beyond. The goals of dual language are to provide high-quality instruction for language-minority students and to provide instruction in a second language for English-speaking students. Schools teach children through content, with teachers adapting their instruction to ensure children＇s comprehension and using content lessons to convey vocabulary and language structure. Striving for a balance of half language minority students and half English speaking students in each classroom, dual language programs also aim to teach cross-cultural awareness. Programs vary in terms of the amount of time they devote to each language, which grade levels they serve, how much structure they impose for the division of language and curriculum, and what populations they serve.

The Experience of Model Minority for High- and Low-Income Asian American Students

The author examines the differentiation of self-identity, school treatment, and academic struggle between two Asian American students in U.S. Midwest urban school environments. Using an interview study, the author focuses on understanding the students＇ perspectives in relation to the label of model minority. The purpose of the study is to investigate how social, academic, and economic factors affect these students, including different outcomes in terms of school achievement and self-identity formation. The findings aim to help urban educators approach complex factors regarding minority students＇ educational opportunities. Comprehensive results identified that： （1） The concept of model minority significantly affects Asian American students at all levels of daily life; （2） Urban schools continue reinforcing social reproduction and producing perceptions based on socioeconomic background and intersectional discrimination; （3） The evidence in the study shows that school environments do not aid students in valuing their cultural capital; （4） Students from different social classes present different linguistic and behavioral patterns; and （5） Social stratification significantly influences students＇ perspectives in response to the Asian stereotype, self-identity, and racial hierarchy in school and society.

Research on the Students’Attitudes Towards Multilingualism:Li Minority Students in Hainan

Recent research has emphasized that attitude is key to language learners’learning outcomes.More specifically,language learners’feelings about languages and language learning may affect their study behavior and willingness to engage with a second or foreign language.Few studies on language attitudes have been conducted with ethnic minority groups in China.As such,influencing factors(e.g.,gender,language proficiency)have not gained sufficient attention.The present study aims to explore language attitudes,especially towards multilingualism,among members of the Li minority group in Hainan,China.First,we conceptualized and validated a questionnaire on attitudes towards multilingualism.Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis verified the survey’s validity.Then,we examined how selected sociodemographic variables(e.g.,gender and language proficiency)influenced students’attitudes towards multilingualism.Hierarchical regression was performed to ascertain the contribution of each predictor variable to learners’attitudes towards multilingualism.Results revealed no significant relationship between gender and language attitudes but found a significant impact of students’language proficiency level on their attitudes towards multilingualism.Implications for minority students’multilingual learning were discussed based on the findings.

The Construction of Formative Assessment Mode in Ethnic Minority Classes in Universities

From analyzing the current situations of formative assessment of ethnic minority students＇ college English in China and abroad, this paper gives the specific problems, the significance, and the research values of constructing the research. It tries to construct the formative assessment mode of ethnic minority class＇s college English on the basis of multimedia teaching, systematically and comprehensively investigates and analyzes the formative assessment＇s impacts upon the fostering of ethnic minority students＇ autonomous learning abilities, the impacts upon language learning and teaching, and the impacts upon the ethnic minority students＇ academic achievements and learning motives. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively enhance ethnic minority students＇ college English teaching qualities and the system of tests and assessments. The project based on relative theories and principals like language acquisition theory, humanism theory, constructivism theory, formative assessment, and summative assessment. According to the distinctiveness of ethnic minority college English teaching in science and technology, we are trying to construct the formative assessment system of ethnic minority college English teaching on the basis of multi-media network teaching mode. We comprehensively and systematically investigate and analyze the construction of the formative assessments＇ impact upon the cultivation of ethnic minority students＇ autonomous learning abilities, the impact upon language learning and teaching, the impact upon students＇ academic achievements, oral scores, and students＇ learning motivations.

Analysis on Graphic Aesthetics of Guangxi Ethnic Minorities

This paper mainly discusses the formation of graphic aesthetics consciousness and graphic beauty of the Zhang,Miao,Yao,Dong nationality and other ethnic minorities who represent the majority of Guangxi population,hoping that the graphic beauty of Guangxi ethnic minorities can reflect the cultural implication of Guangxi ethnic minorities,in order to find Guangxi ethnic minority spirit and aesthetic characteristics embodied by national consciousness,national spirit and national culture. The study has a wide range of practical significance for the inheriting,spreading,designing and applying visual elements of Guangxi ethnic minorities ---graphics.

Intention and automaticity toward physical and sedentary screen-based leisure activities in adolescents:A profile perspective

Purpose： Physical activity （PA） and sedentary behavior （SB） are increasingly considered independent health behaviors. Additionally, current research suggests that both controlled and automatic determinants account for their adoption. The purpose of this article was to identify intention-automaticity profiles toward PA and screen-based SB and to examine how those profiles are associated with different behavioral patterns. Method： Two cross-sectional studies based on self-report questionnaires were conducted with French high school students （Study 1： n = 198; Study 2： n = 185）. Results： In all, 4 distinct motivational profiles appeared. The first 3 clusters emerged in both studies： ＂PA＂ （high levels of automaticity and intention for PA, low levels of automaticity and intention for screen-based SB）; ＂screen＂ （high levels of automaticity and intention for screen-based SB, low levels of automatieity and intention for PA）, and ＂mixed＂ （high levels of all variables）, whereas the fourth cluster was observed only in Study 2： ＂high control＂ （below-mean levels of automaticity, high levels of intention toward both PA and screen-based SB）. Adolescents with a screen profile displayed the least healthy behavioral pattern, whereas those in the PA profile demonstrated the most favorable behaviors. Conclusion： Future research is needed to extend these results to other populations using complementary assessment methods of automatic psychological processes and PA and SB behaviors.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.（http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Discussions on Class Construction of Ethnic Minority Class in Universities

English as an important international language has obtained increasing attention from Chinese educational institutions of different levels over more than three decades. Currently, in the background of social informatization and economic globalization, as an internationalized language, English is of importance to all the national people Therefore, fostering ethnic minority talents who have higher English quality is the core urgency of our high education as well. We should develop profoundly college English teaching study, summarize and explore new methods, new ideas in the realistic teaching work. However, recently, the college English teaching of ethnic minority class exists many obstacles on language teaching, textbook, examination, and so forth. This paper explores the specific reforms and connotations of ethnic minority college students＇ class construction by analyzing the current situation of college English teaching of ethnic minority class. Its aim is to enhance the college English teaching quality of ethnic minority class and make teaching quality get a new step in the field of college English teaching