未婚青年生育动机和生育需要的调查研究(一)

关于青年的生育动机和生育需要问题,国内已有人分别从社会学和社会心理学两个方面进行过研究,但对未婚青年的生育动机和生育需要进行专题研究,国内迄今尚未发现这一方面的报告.我们认为,在当前我国人口年龄特点青年化倾向占优势的情况下,为了抓早、抓好计划生育工作,首先必须使国家的生育计划与广大未婚青年的生育动机和生育需要之间的距离尽可能缩小.这是因为,一方面,如果国家生育计划与未婚青年的生育动机和生育需要过于脱节,就不利于国家生育计划的贯彻执行并招来青年对计划的不满;另一方面,

影响生育率变动的家庭心理学问题

生育率问题,是人口研究的中心问题之一。本文试图就影响生育率变动的家庭心理学问题作一番探讨,以期引起关注和讨论。 一、研究生育率变动为什么要加强家庭心理学的研究 (一)家庭是生育率变动的具体实现单位。生育率作为反映育龄妇女生育强度的相对指标,尽管是一种社会现象,但归根结底是由个人的生育行为所决定的。而生育行为只能在家庭中而不能在家庭以外的其它社会组织中进行,这是因为,首先,就生殖而言,人的生育行为的先决条件是具备生殖机能的男女性的结合,而男女之间的性行为是受法律规范指导和控制的。一般地说。

已婚青壮年的生育动机和生育需要的调查研究

“在我国经济和社会的发展中,人口问题始终是极为重要的问题。实行计划生育,是我国的一项基本国策”(胡耀邦:《全面开创社会主义现代化建设的新局面》)。计划生育就是有计划地生育子女,它是人类为了使自身实行有计划的发展,根据固有资源和生产发展,对自己的生育行为进行控制和调节的措施。社会心理学的研究指出,驱使人产生生育行为的原因是很多的,但究其原始动力,则是人的生育需要,这正象马克思所指出的那样:“任何人不管做什么事,都出于自己的需要”。人的生育需要是对客观现实需求的反映,它在主观上通常以生育动机的形式为人们所体验,而作为激励人们产生生育行为的直接动力的生育动机,又常常以生育意愿的形式表现出来,因此,人的生育行为可表达为“生育需要——生育动机(意愿)——生育行为”这一简单模式。

有益的尝试和探索——评《人口经济学》

由张纯元同志主编的《人口经济学》一书,最近已由北京大学出版社出版了。作者们从人口运动和经济运动的客观过程及其内在联系出发,将全书分成六篇二十四章,另有导言一篇,第一篇“人口经济的一般理论”,共五章,主要阐述了全书的理论基础——马克思主义关于人口经济的基本理论,第二篇“

一雄愿意和妈妈做游戏了

“每当我提议和一雄一块儿游戏时,他总是躲得远远的。是不是我的方法有问题?怎样做才好呢?”一雄的妈妈很焦急地问我。 一雄是个5岁的男孩子,因为有癫痫病,由他妈妈带来我的医院,但他妈妈跟我谈的却并不完全是一雄的病。 一雄的妈妈是位热心于教育的妈妈,但她缺乏和孩子游戏的经验。

易地育肥效益高——李福成易地育肥肉牛技术介绍

三、精心育肥科学管理 科学管理对牛的有效育肥至关重要。科学的管理与精心的饲养具有同等重要作用。其主要措施: 1、驱虫:育肥前应给牛进行体内外驱虫,可用驱虫净,剂量为10—15毫克/公斤;体外寄生虫可用0.5％毒杀芬、25％可湿性蝇素磷粉或0.25—0.45％亚胺硫磷对牛体涂抹或喷雾。 2、减少育肥牛的活动。采取的方法是,每次喂完后,每头牛单栓系在木桩或休息栏内。为了减少其活动范围,缰绳的长度以牛能卧下即可。做到上槽饮喂,下槽休息。

Economic and Social Impact of China’s Aging Population and Public Policy Response

In mapping out China’s future development,policymakers must bear in mind the challenges from a falling birthrate and aging society.Based on previous demographic censuses and original data of large sample surveys,this study employed an indirect method for estimating China’s total fertility rate(TFR)and a demographic forecast method based on the parity progression ratio(PPR).Our analysis details the socioeconomic implications behind demographic change,and we have proposed public policy countermeasures.The findings include:(i)China’s ultra-low fertility rate over the past three decades has led to an increasingly aging society,and China’s future fertility rate is likely to continue to decrease.(ii)Around 2024,China’s total population is expected to peak at 1.407 billion,followed by chronic negative population growth at an accelerating pace.By 2050,China’s newborn population will shrink to 8.73 million and the aging population will increase to roughly 30%of the total population resulting in the total dependency ratio above 50%.(iii)With a falling birthrate and aging society,China will face unprecedented challenges with respect to education,employment,and pension.(iv)As a public policy response,China should remove birth control altogether.If the fertility rate continues to stall,policymakers should consider issuing policies to encourage birth and create a birth-friendly society for all birth cycles.

Comparative Analysis on Juvenile Moral Education between China and America

In the 21st Century of the increasing living standards, the social demand for talents with various aspects of ability is becoming higher and higher. The families, study and society of generations after 70s and 80s pay more attention to cultivating their own children＇s comprehensive development. Juvenile moral education is an important part of the contemporary juvenile education. Juvenile moral education is worthy of being paid attention to. On one hand, it is because the juvenile education is in the most basic and critical stage of the whole education stage, which is in the stage of the biggest influence of education development; on the other hand, it is because the young people are active and curious by nature, which will cause the difficulty of moral education to increase in the education process. Various countries and regions in the world have their own unique cultures and adjustments,and these different cultures affect the residents of different countries and regions with different living habits, ways of thinking and behaviors; thus forming different cultural differences. This paper, by taking the juvenile moral education between China and America as the research object, aims at analyzing the Chinese and Western cultural difference in juvenile moral education representation and transmission, aiming at from point to area,promoting the communication and development of juvenile moral education.

The Investigation of Executive Condition of Minority Regions＇ Special Education Policies： The Case of Du＇an Autonomous County

The unbalance development of education is a widespread problem around the world, and the most outstanding of it is the lag of the education development of minority regions. For the sake of developing the education of minority regions, the government adopted a lot of policies and measures, enacting special education policies is the important matter among them. The paper tries to take Du＇an autonomous county, Guangxi autonomous region as a case to explore the problems in the executive condition of minority regions＇ special education policies, and gives the suggestion for the government to accelerate the education development of minority regions.

Circumstance Leading to Pregnancy and Problem-Solving Process of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy in the Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

This descriptive qualitative study aims to understand circumstance leading to pregnancy and problem-solving process of unwanted teenage pregnancy in the Phetchaburi Province. A qualitative research design was used. Participants were 15 unwanted pregnant teenagers, aged between 15 and 19 years. All participants were primiparous and interviewed at postpartum stage. A semi-structured in-depth interview was the main technique of data collection. Data was analyzed using the process of manifest content analysis. Five themes, nine categories, 19 subcategories emerged from the data analysis. The themes were： （1） circumstance leading to pregnancy was the failure of contraceptive use and lack of knowledge about reproductive health; （2） negative emotional reactions included worry about parents＇ rejection and being blamed by others; （3） boyfriend＇s reaction to the pregnancy had a big impact on teen girl＇s feelings toward the situation. The majority of the teenagers＇ pregnancies accepted a child in the womb. The couples did not consider termination of the pregnancy; （4） parent＇s seeking a solution to serve the family dignity by organizing wedding ceremony and collaboratively plans for the future; and （5） life changes after the pregnancy due to the strong concerns about being blamed by the society. Findings from this study suggest that teens should particiPate in sex education classes that are specific for teenagers to prevent becoming pregnant. Moreover, the educational program specific for the teenagers＇ needs should be established so that they can continue their pregnancy without quitting school.

Research on Ethnic Culture Elements of Institute English Education for Three Minority Nations by Taking Man Zhouli College of Inner Mongolia University for Example

The paper focuses on the connotation of ethnic culture elements of college English education for Three Minority Nations in Inner Mongolia and comprehensive and scientific explanation for Three Minority Nations. Corresponding solutions were proposed from the aspects of teachers, teaching materials, curriculum and so on and feasible suggestions were put forward for nationality culture building by the English education of Three Minority Nations in Inner Mongolia on this basis.

Teaching Religious Education in Schools and Adolescents＇ Social and Emotional Development. An Action Research on the Role of Religious Education and School Community in Adolescents＇ Lives

The presentation of the findings of this article is based on an action research focused on the supportive role of the school in adolescents＇ lives, whereby Religious Education＇s contribution to the social and emotional development of adolescents （11-15） is combined with the evaluation of the potential offered by a constructivist approach to the learning process. The research commenced in 2012 and is now in its third ＂year. The project is based on an intervention at a high school in an impoverished suburb of Athens and researches educational practices through interpretative-ethnographic methods. The researcher has attempted to answer the question of whether the design of the learning environments is effective not only in the learning process, but also on inter-communication and ＂connectedness＂ between the members of the learning community. The findings so far indicate a correlation between adolescents＇ emotional and social wellbeing and the school＇s approach to knowledge and learning methods, specifically in Religious Education classes. It is fair to say, however, that there exist ethnic, social and family components that are negatively related to a sense of＂connectedness＂ within the school although at the same time Religious Education as a subject is, however, found to be positively related to learning community atmosphere.

Using Sensewear armband and diet journal to promote adolescents' energy balance knowledge and motivation

Purpose： Educating adolescents about energy balance （EB） is essential for effective weight control. This study utilized the Sensewear （SWA） armband and a diet journal to promote adolescents＇ EB knowledge and motivation. Methods： Ninety sixth graders were randomly assigned into the experimental group （n = 46） who utilized SWA and diet journal for 7 consecutive days or the control group （n = 44） who did not. Both groups were pre- and post-measured on EB knowledge, situational interest, and weight. The experimental group was tracked on motivation effort, energy expenditure （EE）, and energy intake （EI）. Results： EB knowledge significantly increased and situational interest remained stable （except for total interest and enjoyment） over time, but these changes did not favor the experimental group. Situational interest and motivation effort were correlated with EE, EI, and/or EB. Conclusion： Tracking EB using the SWA and diet journal is motivating but has limited efficacy in promoting adolescents＇ EB knowledge. Using these two tools as educational technology in conjunction with a focused, systematic, and educational approach has the potential to leverage adolescents＇ EB knowledge, motivation, as well as behaviors for living an energy-balanced lifestyle.

Analyzing the Relationships Between Factors Affecting Adolescents＇ Happiness in OECD Countries

The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationships between key factors relating to education that affect the happiness of adolescents, and to put forward policy suggestions wherewith 20 OECD countries may raise their levels of adolescent happiness. The HBSC score of adolescents from 20 OECD countries was selected as an indicator for happiness, and a number of independent variables such as per capita GDP and per capita educational expenditure were included in the analysis. A structural equation model was employed for the analysis. The research results show that the variables that directly affected happiness were per capita educational expenditure, educational decentralization level, number of students per teacher, and others. Of these, per capita educational expenditure had the greatest influence. Of the paths to adolescent happiness, those that contained a significant indirect effect were ＂per capita GDP → per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ and ＂educational decentralization → number of students per teacher → happiness＂, which were significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. Compiling the paths toward adolescent happiness focusing on the significance of these direct and indirect effects shows that the ＂per capita GDP →per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ path has the greatest effect.

The Deficiency and Embarrassment of Chinese Music History

Chinese music history is a rigorous discipline of analyzing, studying and describing Chinese music development and evolution process, which has typical historical factors. Chinese music covers a wide range, which includes China traditional opera, minority drama, local and regional opera, and the song and dance drama and music with the sense of the times.However, in the music history research and teaching in our country currently, because the current art education of the old system and the traditional mechanical reasons, study on the history of music lacks of effective view in the breadth and depth.Because of these reasons, there is a lack of the object of study and research methods, so in the course of study on the China music history, it has some deficiency and embarrassing phenomenon.In this paper, it takes the analysis on deletion and embarrassing situations in our country at present on the history of music, and finds out the corresponding solutions for it.

Access to Reproductive Health Services for Adolescents in the Educational System, Phetchaburi Province

This study was based on a descriptive research design. The population comprised of males and females aged between 15 and 19 years studying at the high school, college, and university levels in Phetchaburi, Thailand. The sample group size was calculated by using Taro Yamane＇s formula at a reliability level of .95. The instrument used was the questionnaire of College of Public Health as modified by Chulalongkorn University for use in research. Instrument quality was calculated by using the Kuder-Richardson 20 formula; an internal consistency value of.86 was obtained. According to the findings, the comparison of access to reproductive health services by adolescents at each level of education, the educational levels of the adolescents were similar to one another in that they were found to have received instruction about sexuality and reproductive health. The instruction most frequently received was on reproductive health and the least frequent subject was life skills, ability to adjust to daily lifestyles. The findings suggested that the capacity of medical and academic personnel should be developed in order to gain knowledge, attitudes to provide reproductive health services, especially on subjects concerning life skills and ability to adjust to daily life and interacting with the people surrounding adolescents, including skills on how to refuse sexual activity with partners.

Analysis on the Actual Teaching Effectiveness of Course Ethnic Theory and Policy --School of Preparatory Education for the Minorities of Ningxia University Is Taken for Example

In this paper, many factors restricting and affecting the actual effectiveness of course ethnic theory and policy are summarized, among which student factors mainly include unavailable major foundation, new strange course, and having no idea about how to learn in the short term, narrow knowledge scope because of the examination-oriented education, poor self-control ability and attitude toward learning, and difference among the students of different minorities in the preparatory education, so that the actual teaching effectiveness is different. The teaching contents provided by teachers are not enough scientific, and the teaching pertinence is not strong; all parts of teaching and especially the effectiveness of processing the key and difficult points are not good enough, so that students are guided not very well to actively participate in classroom teaching activities, etc. Subsequently, an analysis is made around integrating and excavating teaching materials, understanding teaching contents, valuing the teaching process, and helping the students of preparatory education change from passively learning knowledge to initiatively accepting knowledge in a targeted way, and then some approaches, methods, and strategies of improving the actual teaching effectiveness of the course are explored.

The relationship between self-presentation concerns and pre-game affect among adolescent American football players

Background： The influence of self-presentation concerns on the adolescent sport experience has received scant empirical attention. The purpose of this investigation was to prospectively examine the relationship among self-presentational concerns and pre-game affective states among middle and high school aged football players. Methods： American football players （n = 112; mean age = 15.57 years） completed a measure of self-presentational concerns （SPSQ, McGowan, et al., 2008） a week prior to the measurement of selected pre-game affective states （i.e., attentiveness, self-assurance, serenity, and fear）. Results： Regression analyses revealed that concerns about appearing athletically untalented negatively contributed to the significant prediction （p 〈 0.001） of pre-game attentiveness, /3 = -0.43, Radj ^2 19.5% （p 〈 0.001）, and self-assurance, /3 = -0.38, R^dj = 11.9% （p 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： These findings highlight the importance of reducing self-presentational concerns in promoting positive pre-game mental states that likely impact the quality of athletes＇ competitive play and experience. Copyright @ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inclusion or Exclusion of Roma Children From the Serbian Educational System？

The Roma represents one of the major ethnolinguistic minorities in Serbia. According to the last census, 108,193 Roma citizens live in the Republic of Serbia, and they represent 1.44% of the total population. Because of the frequent migrations and unreported places of residence, it may be considered that this data do not demonstrate the real situation. According to the unofficial data of the Ministry for Human and Minority Rights, it is considered that there are between 400 to 500 thousand Roma citizens in Serbia. Due to a number of economic and social reasons less than 40% of Roma children become part of the overall formal education system. Even though many Non-Governmental Organization （NGO） programs try to include Roma children into educational system, segregation and discrimination are still present. The causes tbr exclusion of the Roma children from the Serbian educational system are numerous： poor economic situation of Roma families, complicated bureaucracy, and low level of competence in language of education, etc.. This paper examines the main reasons for exclusion of the Roma children from the Serbian educational system, and offers some ideas for programs that could change the present situation and help Roma children integrate in educational system and society.