周武王封齐和姜太公就国史料分析——兼与《鲁、齐、燕的始封及燕与邶的关系》一文商榷

周武王伐纣后,是否封齐,以及姜太公是否就国,一直是争讼不定的问题。一种观点依据现有的史料提供的明确线索,认为齐始封在周武王时,姜太公曾就国,五个月后,回周王室报政;一种观点否认《史记》等史籍的记载,断定齐始封在成王时,是周公平叛以后的事。本文认为,现有的史料本有明确的线索解答这一问题,如果忠实阅读,涵泳其中,洞悉史料之间的内在关系,可以发现,《史记》所载并无失误。

姜太公封齐就国问题探赜

姜太公封齐是在周武王建政之初还是周公东征之后,是否先封于吕、后封于齐,是否就国,学界对此一直聚讼不已。周武王大封诸侯,首封齐鲁,旨在监视东夷,屏护周室,此乃周王朝建政之初巩固统治之亟需,不可能晚至成王之时始封齐鲁。武王先封太公于齐之营丘,周公东征后又将薄姑加封于太公,太公“遂有全齐”。《史记》多次记载太公封齐就国之事,与《晏子春秋》《汉书》的相关记载并不矛盾。后人仅凭个别史书的片言只语,以及新发现之断编残简,或曲解,或猜测,试图推翻《史记》等权威史籍的记载,难以令人信服。

Casual for a cause:Exploring the employment status of nursing in Australia and China

This paper outlines obligatory nursing education and the registration process required to become a nurse in Australia,including nurses'workload,career structure and pay.It also provides an overview of the nursing workforce in Australia,with particular reference to casual employment,and its implications.The aim of this paper is to outline the development strategies that may assist with China's increasing need for nursing education,and how changes to healthcare policy and management are required to increase the recruitment and retention of nurses in hospitals worldwide.

Influential Factors in Employment Location Selection Based on “Push-Pull” Migration Theory—A Case Study in Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China

In China, farmers employed in non-farm work have become important socio-economic actors, but few studies have examined the farmers' perspective in making their work location choices. Based on "push-pull" migration theory, this paper utilizes sectional data from a 2013 survey of farmers in China's Three Gorges Reservoir area to empirically analyze the factors influencing migrant workers' choice of employment location. The results indicate that 60.46% of laborers have migrated from their home province, whereas 39.54% have remained in their home province. Focusing on personal, household, and community characteristics—in addition to the economic characteristics of the sample counties—multinomial logistic regression models reveal that farmer-laborers' employment location decisions are influenced by their personal capital endowment(age, years of education and social networks), family structure(the number of laborers, elders, children and students), home village characteristics(location, economic development level and the degree of relief of the land) and home county economic development level. Notably, male and female laborers' location decisions reveal a converging trend, and their differences are not pronounced. Per capita arable land area has little influence on location decisions, whereas the educational level of laborers has a significant impact. The results differ significantly from those found in previous studies.

An Outline of Dai Xu's Mathematical Achievements

This present paper deals with the main methematical achievements of Dai Xu,a famous mathematician of the Qing Dynasty:Dai Shi Series Numbers, Dai Shi lterative Method,Kai Ji Duo Wei Jiu-Cheng-Fang Method and the Relationship between Exponents and Logarithms etc.,which have been ignored by former research workers.The paper also puts forward different understandings from the past research at the following points:the Artificial Logarithm, the Formula for Changing Base, the Binomial Theorem and so on.

Analysis of services trade and employment in China by co-integration and causality

This article describes a study by co-integration test and Granger causality test on the relationships between China's services trades and employment using the data of services trade from the WTO website and the employment data from China Statistic Yearbook for the years from 1982 to 2003. Co-integration test showed that 1% increase in export value and import value of services created respectively 0.205% and 0.068 7% more job opportunities in the service sector. Both export and import of services impacted positively on employment in service industry, and export did more than import. However, in the short run, the impacts of services export and import on employment in service industry were both very small, though positive; and the impacts of employment in service industry on both export and import of services were very big, but not stable. Granger causality test indicated that employment in service industry was a Granger cause of services export. The findings highlight the importance of facilitating services import and reducing import barriers, and suggest that the competitiveness of China's labor- intensive services trade can be exploited to boost services export and help employment in service sector, and that the structure of services trade should be optimized by shifting from labor-intensive to knowledge-and technology-intensive services thus to enhance China's competitiveness of services export.

The Relationship Analysis between the Rates of Amployment Increasing and Economic Developing

Today the one of the main social problem is employment. It is very important that how to treat with the relations among growth rates of economy, reformation strength and good employment and find the key point of macro control. In this paper the relationship among the employment of each industries, population, GDP and total investment in fixed assets is studied by mathematical modeling and applied mathematical statistics analysis. It is drawn that the outline of growth rates of employed persons in recent years. By these analyses our point view is to develop the tertiary industry so as to enhance the growth rates of employed persons when the economic increasing keeps appropriate rate.

LES TRIANGLES DU COU ET SES APPLICATIONS CLINIQUES

Il existe des régions qui ont une forme triangulaire dans la région du cou.Ces triangles sont formés par des vaisseaux,des muscles ou des os.Ils sont importants en anatomie topographique et sont des parties essentielles dans le corps humain.Donc il est necessaire de bien apprendre les compositions de ces triangles et ses significations cliniques.En principe,les triangles du cou sont faits de 2 régions(divisés par le muscle sterno-cléido-mastodien).Tous ces triangles du cou sont très utiles en clinique.Quelques-uns sont les signes pour trouver les vaisseaux ou les nerfs en opération,soit sont les positions de paracentèse,soit sont pour observer l'évolution de maladie.Si on les matrise bien,on peut diminuer l'hémorragie en opration et découvrir des cancers ou maladies le plus tt possible ce qui est très important pour traitement.

The inspiration for development in China from the international experience of entrepreneurial support policies

In the current severe employment situation, it is widely accepted by society that adopts entrepreneurship to promote employment. However, the problem is that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high but the rate of success is low. Hence, we need to provide a more complete entrepreneurial business environment. The thesis aims to provide experience and further improve our business environment by analyzing the international business support policy.

The Effect of Class and Employment Type on the Awareness of Irregular Work Issues in Korea and ｜apan

Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.

Forecasting China's Labor Supply and Demand and the Unemployment Structure in the 13th Five-Year-Plan Period

The changes in labor supply and demand are important factors affecting economic growth.The purpose of this paper is to predict and analyze the trends in China's labor supply and demand during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period and the longer period in the future.The scale and structure of the annual new entrants of labor force are predicted by accounting the numbers who are leaving from various stages of education.while trends of labor demand are predicted according to employment elasticity from the experience of industrialization of developed countries. The results show that, during the 13 th FiveYear Plan period.the scale of the new added labor would decrease slightly, with an average annual increment of around 15.68 million. At the same time.labor demand would increase steadily, with annually 15.42 million employment opportunities. Labor supply and demand would be roughly balanced; however,there would be increasing structural contradictions of the labor market.Based on the analysis of labor supply and demand,we provide an estimation of the unemployment scale of the 40's and 50's generations,migrant workers and college graduates,and discuss policy suggestions on promoting employment of college graduates.

Food Security through Community Food Bank and Employment Generation： A Study in the North-Eastern Bangladesh

About twenty percent people in Bangladesh are poor and ultra-poor, and they face severe food insecurity every year. Since food deficit is a recurring phenomenon especially in the northern area of Bangladesh, due to scarcity of jobs in agriculture dilring the lean period, there is a necessity for creating employment opportunities in non-crop agriculture and off-farm services. This action research program is therefore planned and offered skill development training in different trades to the target beneficiaries in the study area for employment generation. It is observed from the field survey that introduction of self-employment opportunities of the poor farmers by conducting skill development training program in different income generating economic activities enabling them to acquire necessary skills, and helping them to choose self-employment in off-farm sectors. In addition, education and advocacy programs also helped them to ensure food security by depositing their money/foods in a community food bank aiming to use during crisis period.

Explore and practice healthy personality of students to develop an international perspective of Higher Education

A unified personality commonly referred to as is the sum of the person＇ s character, temperament, ability and other characteristics , as well as personal ethics, thought, soul, behaviors, attitudes and social responsibility aspects. Personality is certain physiological basis, formed and developed in social practice and it is the result of genetic and environmental factors, the society may influence the development of a number of factors of personality. The so-called healthy personality refers to personality harmonious, comprehensive and healthy development. Because of contemporary college students study pressure, economic pressure, the employment pressure, emotional stress and other factors, it results in morbid psychology; personality psychology highlights the unhealthy phenomenon. In recent years, especially college students＇ personality distortions continue to occur, it is caused widespread concern of the whole society, to strengthen and shape the health of college students has become an important personality of an urgent work.

Correlation between the senses of achievement and students＇ motivations at tertiary level in China

Educators and teachers generally agree that a major variable affecting students learning L2 or FL is motivation. This paper discusses the correlation between increasing the sense of achievement and sustaining students＇ motivations in a Chinese cultural setting, in which language learning should not be understood in terms of North American and Western cultural values. Considering EFL or ElL situations at a tertiary education level in China's Mainland, the author thinks that for university students, we should consider this issue in another way and concludes that, from the adults＇ psychological perspective, the sense of achievement, more than any other factor, plays the most important role in sustaining students＇ motivations, thus contributing greatly to the whole process of learning. Therefore, it should be viewed as a very useful and effective method to maintain students＇ motivations. Based on this idea, the author strongly suggests that while they are capitalizing on some effective methods or strategies to foster and maintain their students＇ motivations, EFL or ElL teachers should try every means and utilize any occasion to ensure that students can feel their achievement and see progress during the advanced level of learning, thus guaranteeing they will keep expending energy and effort in continued learning.

An Empirical Analysis of Employment Stability and the Wage Gap of Rural Migrants in China Based on Quantile Regression

Under the background of accelerated integrated urban-rural development, this paper offers an analysis on the short-term employment of rural migrants in China and resulting wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants. On the basis of correcting for sample selection problems arising from labor market participation and short-term employment, rural migrants＇ wage function is estimated using quantile regression method, and wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants is decomposed using MM method. Our empirical results suggest that those with a higher level of education, training experience and local employment recommended by family relations or in formal labor market are more likely to secure long-term labor contract,＂ region and education have significant contributions to the wage of rural migrants,＂ rural migrants of both long- and short-term contract types have great gaps at the bottom of salary distribution; and there exists a sticky floor effect in wage difference of rural migrants. These results have important policy implications in enhancing employment stability of rural migrants, improving income distribution equity, speeding up the process of urbanization, and balancing regional development.

Protection and utilization of tropical crop germplasm resources

The work of world crop germplasm resources are increasingly emerging the developing trend of globalization in collection scope, systematization in resources management, modernization in existing equipments, standardization in technical specification and informationization in shared service. This paper gives you an introduction on current situation of distribution of tropical crop germplasm resources, in-situ conservation, collection and preservation, evaluation and appraisal and innovation and utilization in china; analysis on existing key problems in protection and utilization of China＇s tropical crop germplasm resources; proposal of complementary study and collection and construction of geographical information base; reasonably layout of plantation and upgrade and preservation of equipments; development and research of related technical standards and carry-out of system evaluation and appraisal; improvement of share mechanism and efficiency; innovation and breakthrough in key points; and talents training and maintenance of work continuance, etc. Basing on these, the proposal of protection and utilization of China＇s tropical crop germplasm resources are further strengthened.

How “Made-in-China” Boosts U.S.Employment-An Empirical Analysis of “U.S.Content” in China’s Exports of Manufactured Goods

This paper aims to examine the specific ways in which China＇s exports of manufactured goods to the United States boost the U.S. job market. Using the OECD STAN Bilateral Trade Database by Industry and End-use Category to calculate the share of U.S. intermediate products used in the manufactured goods China exports to the U.S., this paper finds that the ＂U.S. content＂ in China＇s exports of manufactured goods to the U.S. increases with the technology content of the goods and shows a decreasing trend over time. From 2006 to 2010, the average ＂US. content＂ in China＇s exports of manufactured goods to the U.S. was 1%, and such content in China＇s exports of high-end manufactured goods was 1.6%. On this basis and using the employment-output ratio in the U.S. Employment Demand Matrix, this paper concludes that as many as 1.71 million jobs have been created by the U.S. intermediate products used in China＇s exports of manufactured goods to the U.S. during the same period. Thus, the development of Sino-U.S. trade has a positive impact on the job market in the U.S.. By contrast, instead of improving the employment situation in the U.S., the RMB appreciation proposed by the U.S. might even have a negative effect.

The effects of local government investment on economic growth and employment: evidence from transitional China

Based on the panel data of 28 provinces in the year of 1987-2001, this paper examines the effects of the local government investment on economic growth and employment. The empirical result shows that the local government investment plays a significant positive role in economic growth and employment. However, while the proportion of local government investment to GDP had a remarkable rise after 1998, the elasticity of local government investment on economic growth declined, which shows that there is a big room for raising the efficiency of local government investment. Moreover. the empirieal examination shows that although local government investment had positive effect on employment, the elasticity had a decrease after 1994 when the tax-sharing system reform was put into practice. This shows that the positive role of local government investment on employment is also limited This paper argues that the role of local governments as investors must be weakened, and local governments of different levels should lessen direct economic intervention and concentrate on public regulation.

Effects of Minimum Wage Hikes on the Formalization of Employment

Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on China＇s economy under certain conditions, i.e. it is conducive to achieving the equilibrium of high wage, high consumption and formalization. The result shows that the elasticity of income growth from raising the minimum wage standard is greater for formal sector employees than for informal sector employees and is characterized by a U-shaped pattern in terms of quantiles. Thus, minimum wage hikes have widened wage gaps between and within sectors. Rising minimum wage standards greatly stimulate consumption with each 10% increase expected to bring about an additional urban household consumption of about 1.167 billion yuan in the surveyed four provinces. With local minimum wage hikes, the formal sector of wholesale and retail, hotel and catering services expands and the informal sector contracts, while the real estate sector experiences a ＂reverse formalization＂ trend. Based on the ＂big push theory＂, this paper concludes that against the backdrop of extensive, frequent and substantial minimum wage hikes, demand and sector TFP growth are the major causes of sector heterogeneity.

Policy variables affecting marginal level of low carbon employment: an empirical study based on provincial data of China

Low Carbon Employment is an inevitable choice for the purpose of ＂energy-saving and emission reduction＂ and ＂promoting employment＂. By Multi-variable Linear Backward Regression method, this study presents an empirical analysis of the emplovment impact of policy variables indexes that involves economic pull, industry upgrading, population development, technical inputs and so on. The paper demonstrates that wide range offactors will affect low carbon employment, that industry upgrading will affect how carbon employment remarkably, that to increase years of people education will notably improve low carbon employment level of secondary vocational-technical labor, and that to raise technical inputs will significantly enhance college students＇ low carbon employment.