Located in the inland arid area of central Asia, salt-affected farmlands take up one third of the total irrigated land area in Xinjiang of Northwest China. Spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and the underlyi...Located in the inland arid area of central Asia, salt-affected farmlands take up one third of the total irrigated land area in Xinjiang of Northwest China. Spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and the underlying mechanism are fundamental problems challenging the sustainability of oasis agriculture in China. In this study, the data of total dissolved solids(TDS) measured for soil samples collected from 27 representative study areas in the oasis areas of Xinjiang were analyzed and the coefficient of variation(CV) and stratification ratio(SR) of TDS were used to describe the lateral and vertical soil salinity variations, respectively. Weekly, monthly,and annual changes in soil salinity were also summarized. Results showed that the top(0–20 cm) soil salinity was highly variable(CV> 75%) for most studied areas. Lateral variation of soil salinity was significantly correlated with the sampling interval; as a result, a maximum sampling interval of 0.9 m was found for reducing evaluation uncertainty. The top 0–20 cm soil salt accounted for about25.2% of the total salt in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The stratification ratio values(the ratio of TDS at the 20–40 cm depth to that at the 0–20 cm depth) were mostly smaller than 1 and on average 0.92, illustrating that the top 0–20 cm soil contained slightly more salt and a considerable amount of salt still existed in subsurface and deep horizons. Irrigation reduced top soil salinity by 0.52 g kg-1, or14.6%, within the first week. On average, the relative range of soil salinity, calculated to indicate monthly changes in soil salinity, was58.2% from May to September. A 27-year experiment indicated that cultivation increased soil salinity by 44.4% at a rate of 0.14 g kg-1year-1. At small spatio-temporal scales, soil salinity variation was mainly affected by anthropogenic factors, such as irrigation and land use. However, natural factors, including groundwater, topography, and climate conditions, mainly influenced soil salinity variation at large spatio-temporal scales. This study displayed the highly variable nature of soil salinity in space and time. Those driving factors identified in this study could provide guidelines for developing sustainable agriculture in the oasis areas and combating salinization in arid regions of China.展开更多
Experimental results indicate three regimes for cracking in a ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) under combined electromechanical loading. In the loading, the maximum amplitude of the applied electric field re...Experimental results indicate three regimes for cracking in a ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) under combined electromechanical loading. In the loading, the maximum amplitude of the applied electric field reaches almost twice the coercive field of ferroelectrics. Thus, the model of small scale domain switching is not applicable any more, which is dictated only by the singular term of the crack tip field. In the DCB test, a large or global scale domain switching takes place instead, which is driven jointly by both the singular and non-singular terms of the crack-tip electric field. Combining a full field solution with an energy based switching criterion, we obtain the switching zone by the large scale model around the tip of a stationary impermeable crack. It is observed that the switching zone by the large scale model is significantly different from that by the small scale model. According to the large scale switching zone, the switch-induced stress intensity factor (SIF) and the transverse stress (T-stress) are evaluated numerically. Via the SIF and T-stress induced by the combined loading and corresponding criteria, we address the crack initiation and crack growth stability simultaneously. The two theoretical predictions roughly coincide with the experimental observations.展开更多
We study the effect of disorder on the superconductor-insulator transition in an inhomogeneous d-wave superconductor using the kernel polynomial method. As the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations of the two-dimensional squ...We study the effect of disorder on the superconductor-insulator transition in an inhomogeneous d-wave superconductor using the kernel polynomial method. As the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations of the two-dimensional square lattice are solved self-consistently for the cases with more than 100000 unit cells, it is possible to observe the spatial fluctuations of the superconducting order parameters at the nanoscale. We find that strong spatial fluctuation of the superconducting order parameters can be introduced by disorder, and some superconducting specific order parameters are even enhanced. Moreover, we find that some isolated superconducting "islands" can survive the strong disorder, giving a boson insulator with some localized Cooper pairs. Our numerical calculations predict the existence of two sequential transitions with the increasing disorder strength: a d-wave to s-wave superconductor transition, and then an s-wave superconductor to insulator transition. The possibility of the appearance of a metallic phase between the superconducting and insulating phases is excluded by performing the lattice-size scaling of the generalized inverse participation ratio. In addition, we also discuss the effect of disorder on the optical conductivity of the d-wave superconductors.展开更多
The current-driven domain wall motion was investigated on permalloy nanowires with different dimensions by micromagnetic simulations.The critical current density increased with the reduction in both the width and thic...The current-driven domain wall motion was investigated on permalloy nanowires with different dimensions by micromagnetic simulations.The critical current density increased with the reduction in both the width and thickness of nanowires because of the enhanced hard-axis anisotropy.At a thickness of 5 nm,the critical current density decreased with the reduction of the nanowire width because of the reduced domain wall width.展开更多
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(No.200903001-3)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41301231)the Recruitment Program of High-Level Talents of Xinjiang,China
文摘Located in the inland arid area of central Asia, salt-affected farmlands take up one third of the total irrigated land area in Xinjiang of Northwest China. Spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and the underlying mechanism are fundamental problems challenging the sustainability of oasis agriculture in China. In this study, the data of total dissolved solids(TDS) measured for soil samples collected from 27 representative study areas in the oasis areas of Xinjiang were analyzed and the coefficient of variation(CV) and stratification ratio(SR) of TDS were used to describe the lateral and vertical soil salinity variations, respectively. Weekly, monthly,and annual changes in soil salinity were also summarized. Results showed that the top(0–20 cm) soil salinity was highly variable(CV> 75%) for most studied areas. Lateral variation of soil salinity was significantly correlated with the sampling interval; as a result, a maximum sampling interval of 0.9 m was found for reducing evaluation uncertainty. The top 0–20 cm soil salt accounted for about25.2% of the total salt in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The stratification ratio values(the ratio of TDS at the 20–40 cm depth to that at the 0–20 cm depth) were mostly smaller than 1 and on average 0.92, illustrating that the top 0–20 cm soil contained slightly more salt and a considerable amount of salt still existed in subsurface and deep horizons. Irrigation reduced top soil salinity by 0.52 g kg-1, or14.6%, within the first week. On average, the relative range of soil salinity, calculated to indicate monthly changes in soil salinity, was58.2% from May to September. A 27-year experiment indicated that cultivation increased soil salinity by 44.4% at a rate of 0.14 g kg-1year-1. At small spatio-temporal scales, soil salinity variation was mainly affected by anthropogenic factors, such as irrigation and land use. However, natural factors, including groundwater, topography, and climate conditions, mainly influenced soil salinity variation at large spatio-temporal scales. This study displayed the highly variable nature of soil salinity in space and time. Those driving factors identified in this study could provide guidelines for developing sustainable agriculture in the oasis areas and combating salinization in arid regions of China.
基金supported by the "Sino-German Center for Research Promotion" under a project of "Crack Growth in Ferroelectrics Driven by Cyclic Electric Loading", the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10702071)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 201003281)the Shanghai Postdoctoral Scientific Program (Grant No. 10R21415800)
文摘Experimental results indicate three regimes for cracking in a ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) under combined electromechanical loading. In the loading, the maximum amplitude of the applied electric field reaches almost twice the coercive field of ferroelectrics. Thus, the model of small scale domain switching is not applicable any more, which is dictated only by the singular term of the crack tip field. In the DCB test, a large or global scale domain switching takes place instead, which is driven jointly by both the singular and non-singular terms of the crack-tip electric field. Combining a full field solution with an energy based switching criterion, we obtain the switching zone by the large scale model around the tip of a stationary impermeable crack. It is observed that the switching zone by the large scale model is significantly different from that by the small scale model. According to the large scale switching zone, the switch-induced stress intensity factor (SIF) and the transverse stress (T-stress) are evaluated numerically. Via the SIF and T-stress induced by the combined loading and corresponding criteria, we address the crack initiation and crack growth stability simultaneously. The two theoretical predictions roughly coincide with the experimental observations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174036 and 11474023)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2011CBA00108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We study the effect of disorder on the superconductor-insulator transition in an inhomogeneous d-wave superconductor using the kernel polynomial method. As the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations of the two-dimensional square lattice are solved self-consistently for the cases with more than 100000 unit cells, it is possible to observe the spatial fluctuations of the superconducting order parameters at the nanoscale. We find that strong spatial fluctuation of the superconducting order parameters can be introduced by disorder, and some superconducting specific order parameters are even enhanced. Moreover, we find that some isolated superconducting "islands" can survive the strong disorder, giving a boson insulator with some localized Cooper pairs. Our numerical calculations predict the existence of two sequential transitions with the increasing disorder strength: a d-wave to s-wave superconductor transition, and then an s-wave superconductor to insulator transition. The possibility of the appearance of a metallic phase between the superconducting and insulating phases is excluded by performing the lattice-size scaling of the generalized inverse participation ratio. In addition, we also discuss the effect of disorder on the optical conductivity of the d-wave superconductors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50831002,50971025,51071022 and 11174031)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. 2011031)+1 种基金Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2102032)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities
文摘The current-driven domain wall motion was investigated on permalloy nanowires with different dimensions by micromagnetic simulations.The critical current density increased with the reduction in both the width and thickness of nanowires because of the enhanced hard-axis anisotropy.At a thickness of 5 nm,the critical current density decreased with the reduction of the nanowire width because of the reduced domain wall width.
