小儿和成年患者全麻中瑞芬太尼药代动力学的临床探析

目的研究分析小儿和成年患者全麻中瑞芬太尼药代动力学的临床效果。方法从我院采用全麻措施进行麻醉患者中,选取23例小儿患者为治疗组,同时选取23例成年患者为对照组,对比两组患者消除半衰期、表观分布容积、清除率、分布半衰期及转运速率常速。结果对比两组患者消除半衰期、表观分布容积、清除率、分布半衰期及转运速率常速,治疗组患者消除半衰期、表观分布容积及清除率同对照组患者间存在一定差异性,P<0.05;两组患者间的分布半衰期及转运速率常速相比,P>0.05。结论全麻中,小儿和成年患者的瑞芬太尼药代动力学具有明显差异性,应适当增加小儿的药剂使用量。

奥希替尼氘代物对EGFR不同表达水平癌细胞的药理活性研究

目的探讨奥希替尼氘代物(RN9591)对肿瘤细胞体外增殖和对荷瘤裸鼠体内肿瘤生长的影响,并与奥希替尼(AZD9291)比较,确定RN9591的开发前景。方法采用MTT比色法观察RN9591、AZD9291对体外培养的A549、H1975、SW9483种不同EGFR表达型癌细胞株体外增殖的影响,计算IC50;建立EGFR双突变吉非替尼耐药非小细胞肺癌细胞H1975的裸鼠移植瘤模型,观察RN9591200、100、50 mg·kg^-13个剂量组,吉非替尼120 mg·kg^-1组,AZD9291100 mg·kg^-1组的治疗作用。观察给药后荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤体积和瘤重,比较药物对肿瘤生长的影响。结果体外抗肿瘤生长结果表明RN9591对A549、H1975、SW948细胞株的IC50分别为11.43、25.61、59.96μmol·L^-1;AZD9291对A549、H1975、SW948细胞株的IC50分别为9.21、25.45、27.05μmol·L^-1。体内抗肿瘤实验结果表明RN9591高、中、低3个剂量组肿瘤相对增殖率(T/C%)分别为60.9%、72.0%、59.6%;吉非替尼组T/C%为63.9%;AZD9291组T/C%为47.6%。结论与AZD9291相比,RN9591保持了对EGFR突变株及吉非替尼耐药株的杀伤力,并降低了对野生型EGFR的抑制作用,体内实验进一步证明RN9591对非小细胞肺癌有明显抑制活性,提示本品具有良好的开发前景。

新型EGFR靶点化合物氟代厄洛替尼的合成及制备纯化研究

探索电化学方法合成氟代厄洛替尼的最优条件,在最优条件下大批量合成氟代厄洛替尼,再经过制备色谱纯化分离氟代厄洛替尼,最后经LC-MS和核磁共振对其纯度及结构进行确认。实验最后得到氟代厄洛替尼12.8 mg。

德宏水牛与尼里拉菲水牛及其杂交水牛的细胞遗传学研究

为了弄清河川型水牛与沼泽型水牛杂交后代的核型,以及与其育性和亲本核型的关系,用外周血液淋巴细胞培养法对尼里拉菲水牛、德宏水牛及尼里拉菲水牛×德宏水牛F1代公牛进行淋巴细胞培养,制作染色体标本,并进行G-带染色;利用BEION染色体核型分析系统对染色体标本分别进行染色体核型分析,确定其染色体核型。根据染色体核型分析结果,并结合其育性,分析染色体核型与其育性的关系。结果显示,尼里拉菲水牛核型为2n=50,XY;德宏水牛核型为2n=48,-4,-4,-9,-9,+t(4;9),+t(4;9),XY;尼里拉菲水牛×德宏水牛F1代公牛核型为:2n=49,-4,-9,+t(4;9),XY。

Pharmacokinetics of Remifentanil in Chinese Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery

Aim To study the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in Chinese aduh patients undergoing elective surgery and compare the results with the data already published. Methods The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil was determined in 10 aduh patients undergoing elective surgery. Remifentanil 5 - 6 μg·kg^-1 was administered within 1 min after the induction of anesthesia. One point five millilitre of arterial blood samples were collected at 0 （baseline）, 1,2, 3, 5,7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after drug administration. Remifentanil concentration was assayed by HPLC/MS/MS. Resuits The concentration-time course of remifentanil was best described by a two-compartment model. Total clearance （CL = 2. 149 ± 0. 431 L·min^-1） of remifentanil was greater than the normal hepatic blood flow. The distribution half-life （t1/2α） [ 1.56 ± 0. 52 min （0.73 - 2.31 ） ] and the elimination half-life （t1/2β） [22.07 ± 10.30 min （9, 71 -36.07）] were similar with those in previous reports. Volume of distribution （ Vd = 65. 766 ± 29. 100 L） was about two times greater than that reported in previous studies of other ethnics. Conclusion In the present study, the volume of distribution is significantly greater than thai reported in previous studies of other ethnics, indicating that there are some differences in the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil among different ethnics.

德宏水牛及其杂交组合肌肉脂肪酸组成和氨基酸含量研究

试验选择德宏水牛、摩拉水牛与德宏水牛杂交F1代(摩拉水牛♂×德宏水牛♀,简称摩德水牛)、尼里水牛与德宏水牛杂交F1代(尼里水牛♂×德宏水牛♀,简称尼德水牛)各5头,全放牧饲养,到平均月龄为35.8时进行屠宰,研究德宏水牛、摩德水牛、尼德水牛肌肉脂肪酸组成及氨基酸含量。结果显示:德宏水牛的饱和脂肪酸含量(44.33%)显著高于尼德水牛(41.39%)和摩德水牛(41.48%)(P<0.05),而尼德水牛和摩德水牛之间没有显著差异;尼德水牛和摩德水牛的多不饱和脂肪酸含量(分别为56.83%和56.83%)显著高于德宏水牛(53.90%)(P<0.05);德宏水牛的Σn-6∶Σn-3(4.25)显著高于尼德水牛(3.14)和摩德水牛(3.52)(P<0.05)。德宏水牛与摩德水牛、尼德水牛的肌肉氨基酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),但德宏水牛的酸性氨基酸含量均比其二者的高。

The genetics of nicotine dependence:Relationship to Pancreatic cancer

Smoking of tobacco products continues to be a major cause of worldwide health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that tobacco smoking is the greatest risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. Smokers who are able to quit smoking can reduce their risk of pancreatic cancer by nearly 50% within two years, however, their risk of developing pancreatic cancer remains higher than that of non-smokers for 10 years. Nicotine is the major psychoactive substance in tobacco, and is responsible for tobacco dependence and addiction. Recent evidence suggests that individuals have genetically based differences in their ability to metabolize nicotine, as well as genetic differences in the psychological reward pathways that may influence individual response to smoking initiation, dependence, addiction and cessation. Numerous associations have been reported between smoking behavior and genetic polymorphisms in genes that are responsible for nicotine metabolism. In addition, polymorphisms in genes that encode neurotransmitters and transporters that function in psychological reward pathways have been implicated in differences in smoking behavior. However, there is a large degree of between-study variability that demonstrates the need for larger, well-controlled casecontrol studies to identify target genes and deduce mechanisms that account for the genetic basis of interindividual differences in smoking behavior. Understanding the genetic factors that increase susceptibility to tobacco addiction may result in more effective tobacco cessation programs which will, in turn, reduce the incidence of tobacco related disease, including pancreatic cancer.

An enhanced influence of sea surface temperature in the tropical northern Atlantic on the following winter ENSO since the early 1980s

Previous studies have revealed a connection between springtime sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical northern Atlantic （TNA） and the succeeding wintertime El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The present analysis demonstrates that the linkage between springtime TNA SST and the following ENSO experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 1980s, with the connection being weak before but significant after. After the early 1980s, springtime positive TNA SST anomalies induce an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern subtropical Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation with a descending branch over the tropical central-eastern Pacific. This leads to anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous anticyclone over the western-central tropical Pacific, with anomalous easterlies to the equatorward side. As such, springtime TNA SST anomalies are followed by wintertime ENSO after the early 1980s. In contrast, before the early 1980s, anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and related anomalous easterlies over the western-central tropical Pacific are weak, corresponding to springtime positive TNA SST anomalies and resulting in a weak linkage between springtimeTNA SST and the succeeding wintertime ENSO. Further investigation implies that the change in the TNA SST-ENSO relationship is probably due to a change in springtime mean precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and South America.

Implementation Application of Alternative Fuel for Land Transportation Sector in Indonesia Based on Other Countries Experience

The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude oil price is constantly increasing. In addition, global warming issue becomes one of reasons that motivate many countries to switch for a cleaner energy usage. As a country that has a relatively big reserve of natural gas, its appropriate natural gas could minimize subsidized oil fuel and also financing country＇s burden if Indonesia is optimizing the usage of energy resources. This paper will discuss about the background of gas fuel usage for road transportation sector in Indonesia, review of alternative fuel usage, the gas fuel usage status in Indonesia and gas usage recommendation for land transportation sector in Indonesia based on other countries experiences.

Tanure Ojaide＇s God＇s Medicine-Men and Other Stories： A Feminist Perspective

Feminist criticism, an off-shoot of the Women Liberation Movement of the 1960s, is a gender-based discourse that considers, in some details, the significance of images of women constructed by literature as derogatory and biased; hence, the need to reconstruct womanhood in literary works. From time immemorial and according to historical facts, the Nigerian woman is seen as the bolt of a repressive patriarchal structure that persistently reduced her dignity and human essence and compelled her submission to the whims and caprices of the man. Woman, therefore over the years, has been so long conditioned in the environment of masculine dominance. With the advent of modernization however the world-view of woman and man starts to experience a radical change that calls for a reconstruction of the place of woman round the globe. The enlightenment leads to the feminist criticism among others. Tanure Ojaide represents this world-view in his collection： God＇s Medicine-Men and Other Stories. The fiction is a collection of 10 short stories out of which, however, this paper studies only the first story, ＂Come Back When You Are Ready to Die＂ with a view to exposing how well Tanure Ojaide responded to feminist＇s aspiration for a non-sexiest literary representation of the woman.

Some Notes on the Dual Leibniz-Hopf algebra

The Leibniz-Hopf algebra is the free associative algebra with one generator in each positive degree and coproduct given by the Cartan formula. Quasi-symmetric functions are a generalisation of symmetric functions [7],and the algebra of quasi-symmetric functions appear as the dual of the Leibniz-Hopf algebra. The Leibniz-Hopf algebra and its dual are word Hopf algebras and play an important role in combinatorics, algebra and topology. We give some properties of words and consider an another view of proof for the antipode in the dual Leibniz-Hopf algebra.

Radio Soccer Commentary as Reconstruction and Performance of Political and Social-cultural Reality： The Case of Kenya in the 1980s

This paper has developed the argument that live radio soccer commentary （LRSC） is a representation of soccer match events at one level but a performance of dominant socio-cultural and political trends of the societies at another level that produce and consume them. This echoes Reaser＇s （2003） and Ryan＇s （1993） perceptions of sports announcer＇s talk as a complex performance form based on but not limited to the ＂verbal imitation＂ of live sport events. We have understood the performativity of the LRSCs in the light of Schechner＇s （2006） emphasis of what he termed ＂restored behaviour＂ in understanding performance. In our context, we have treated the interpenetration of Kenyan soccer, politics, and society as the ＂restored behaviour＂ upon which the script of the LRSCs are based. The methodological apparatus of this paper is largely qualitative, consisting in the critical analysis of audio-recordings of Kenyan LRSCs. Focus is made on the Kenyan society of the 1980s, an era perceived to have been characterized by a close interaction between soccer, society, and politics. The analysis is informed by Fabian＇s （1997） inter-textual approach to the ＂reading＂ and interpretation of performance texts. This approach seems to echo a wider discourse of the social nature of media-text interpretation that has been proposed by Burn and Parker （1985）. Conclusions drawn from the analysis reveal what Muponde and Zegeye （2011） had described as a soccer ＂ecosystem＂ involving soccer as a sport, and the socio-cultural realities of its immediate context. This paper has argued thatLRSC is one of the channels through which this ecosystem is expressed.

Family Ownership Type and the Intemational Involvement of SMEs： Empirical Study of Agency Theory in East Java Indonesia

This paper briefly draws the dimension of small, micro and medium enterprises＇ （SMEs） behavior in terms of internationalization strategy based on the ownership structure among SMEs in East Java. The finding is very interesting when there is no ownership structure variation, so the decision to choose international involvement could not be supported. Also, the scale determination is not becoming constraint of SMEs in East Java to involve internationally, especially thought export strategy. However, several aspects are considered to control the export behavioral dimension which is research and development （R＆D） and sales, significantly. The result shows that there still are other elements except ownership type could impact internationalization strategy choices of SMEs in East Java.

Effect of Oral Traditions, Folklores and History on the Development of Education in Nigeria, 1977 Till Date

Nigerian literatures contain history in the oral tradition and folklore like satire, proverbs, chants, symbolism etc. in the pre-literate period, Nigeria enjoyed high level of verbal art civilization which traditional rulers and the generality of the populace patronized. The oral tradition served as medium of preservation of culture and history of the ancient past and experiences. Though, most Nigerians can still remember their family history, folklore, tradition and genealogy, only few oral artists and youths of nowadays possess the skill and ability needed to chant the lengthy oral literature. It is in the light of the above that this study examined the effect of oral tradition, folklore, and history on the development of education in Nigeria, 1977 till date. The study adopted historical research method using primary and secondary sources of information to analyze data. Primary sources include, like archive materials, oral interviews and secondary sources include, like textbooks, speeches, journals, and internet materials and images. The outlines of the paper are： the definition of concepts, historical background of Nigerian oral tradition, and folklore in the educational system, the place of oral tradition, folklore and history in the education policy in Nigeria since 1977, the effect of oral tradition, folklore and history on the development of education in Nigeria since 1977, the prospects of oral traditions, folklore and history on the development of education in Nigeria, conclusion and a few recommendations for future improvement. The findings of the study revealed that oral traditions, folklore and history were the bed-rock for the development of education and society in the pre-colonial period, but these were dropped gradually with the advent of the colonial masters and gradually deteriorate both in the educational curriculum and general conduct of the society and these have adverse effect on the nation＇s economy. It is recommended that the beauty of Nigerian history, oral and written traditions, culture, folklore like proverbs, chants, satire and symbolism, be brought back into the school system, politics and every sector of the Nigerian economy for proper advancement to take place in the education sector and for overall national development.

ISPS Code＇s Compliance and Operational Performance in Nigeria Seaports： Port Users Perspective

In this paper, we developed performance assessment criteria to evaluate effects of compliance to ISPS Code＇s requirements on port/terminal operation in Nigeria. The primary data for the study were obtained from copies ofsurvey questionnaires administered to random sample of port users stratified by areas of specialisation. Hypotheses governing this study were based on the premise that additional port facilities provided and security measures adopted in compliance to ISPS code＇s requirements would have positive spillover effects on port operations. Evidence from data analysis indicated that compliance to ISPS code had positive effects on performance of operational performance of Nigeria ports. Similar effects were also observed inport users＇ satisfaction and profitability. The paper contributes by providing decision support framework for ports and terminals. monitoring and gauging outcomes of ISPS code administration in

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Metabolites in Fish from Lake Naivasha, Kenya

This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacularlus） from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. p,p＇-DDT, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and methoxychlor were analyzed in fish specimens collected from Lake Naivasha during the months of November - December in 2008. The pesticide concentrations （in ~ag/Kg, wet weight） ranged within 0.42-4.185 p,g/Kg, for Heptachlor, BDL-0.291 Heptachlor epoxide, 0.433-4.733 Aldrin, BDL -0.341 Dieldrin, p,p＇ DDT, BDL-6.691 p,p＇ DDE, BDL-27.153 p,p＇ DDD, and BDL-28.867 methoxychlor. The pesticide residue levels varied widely between and within species. C. spectacularhts showed high pesticide levels followed by C. carpio and O. leueostictus respectively; this was attributed to the trophic position and age/size of fish. The occurrences of the pesticides indicate recent use in the catchment. The mean values and ranges of residues found in fish ware below the FAO/WHO maximum acceptable limits in fish and sea food however increased monitoring is recommended to detect any changes.

A Short Note on the Conjugation in the Leibniz-Hopf Algebra

The Leibniz-Hopf algebra is the free associative Z - algebra with one generator in each positive degree and coproduct is given by the Cartan formula. It has been also known as the ＇ring ofnoncommutative symmetric functions＇ [1], and to be isomorphic to the Solomon Descent algebra [ 12]. This Hopf algebra has links with algebra,topology and combinatorics. In this article we consider another approach of proof for the antipode formula in the Leibniz-Hopf algebra by using some properties of words in [2].

Arabic Language in Multicultural Dynamism： Chronological Effects on Nigeria＇s Heritage

Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic language is not only restricted to the people spoken it as their mother language. Thus, it is globally applauded due to its effective recognitions and relevancies in other cultures and all human strata. History shows that the place of Arabic language in multicultural society is very applausive, especially after the emergence of Islam, when Islam spread beyond its domain to other continents like Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. Apparently, the position of Arabic language in multicultural societies, especially Nigeria （has the largest African population） which has predominant ethnic groups, cultures, and more than 400 ethnic dialects, with over 1,850,000,000 population is given a warmly applausive recognization. The reason is that its entry into the country dated back to the seventh century of the Hijrah era in which Arabic had been used for religious, social, economic, and cultural purposes. Therefore, this paper is aiming to give an expository analysis of the relevance of Arabic language in multicultural societies, and take Nigeria as a case study.

Biological Value of Maggot Meal as a Replacement for Fishmeal in the Diets of African Giant Snail （Achatina spp.） Hatchings

Poverty, inadequate dietary intake, and diseases are the major causes of malnutrition in Nigeria. Averagely, Nigerians consume about 5.5 g of animal protein per day which is low compared to the minimum of 30 g per person per day as recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization. The concept of household food security ensures that adequate food can be obtained, either through home production or purchases. Snail production is one of the means through which these ills could be eliminated. Protein deficiency that is endemic in developing nations can be reduced through the domestication of micro-livestock like snail which is rich in protein and iron. Sixty Achatina achatina hatchlings were used in a 90 days feeding trial. The hatchlings were assigned to four treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates each. Maggot meal was incorporated at the levels of 0.6, 1.4, and 2 kg per 100 kg of feed in treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Treatment 1 had no maggot meal and served as the control. Results showed that snail weight, shell length and shell width increased with increase in the levels of maggot meal. Hatchlings on T3 and T4 had statistically similar values （P 〉 0.01） which were significantly （P 〈 0.01） higher than values obtained for hatchlings on T1 and T2 .Weight gain and feed conversion values of hatchlings on T3 and T4 were also significantly higher than values observed for hatchlings on T1 and T2. Therefore, maggot meal could effectively replace fishmeal in the diet of African giant snail hatchlings.

Dissipative Travelling Wave Solution for El Nio Tropic Sea-air Coupled Oscillator

El Nifio and Southern Oscillation （ENSO） is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific sea-air interactions. An asymptotic method of solving equations for the ENSO model is proposed. Based on a class of oscillator of ENSO model and by employing a simple and valid method of the variational iteration, the coupled system for a sea-air oscillator model of interdecadal climate fluctuations is studied. Firstly, by introducing a set of functionals and computing the variationals, the Lagrange multipliers are obtained. And then, the generalized variational iteration expressions are constructed. Finally, by selecting appropriate initial iteration, and from the iterations expressions, the approximations of solution for the sea-air oscillator ENSO model are solved successively. The approximate dissipative travelling wave solution of equations for corresponding ENSO model is studied. It is proved from the results that the method of the variational iteration can be used for analyzing the sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial Pacific of the sea-air oscillator for ENSO model.