十七八世纪中俄逃人问题述论

逃人问题是十七、八世纪中俄两国之间交涉的主要问题之一,而史学界目前对于这一问题的研究尚不深入,这与其重要地位很不相称,本文拟就这一问题作一简略论述,敬祈指正。中俄之间的交往,始于明朝后期。但在十七世纪中叶以前。

南非在美国的政治活动

长期以来,南非当局不惜花费巨额金钱,采用各种方式,在美国国内从事政治活动,以争取美国政界、舆论界对它的支持。据透露,早在1976年,南非情报部门通过纽约公共关系负责人巴伦,提供20万美元给共和党人用作竞选经费。

人生三像

尼采还要人们由猛狮再回到 婴儿。 尼采以骆驼、狮子和婴儿比喻 人生的精神阶段。 骆驼、狮子好懂。 骆驼言其吃苦负重。人们总能 看见“沙漠之舟”,在干旱荒苦的沙 漠戈壁,艰难跋涉的形象。尼采以为 人生先要吃得苦。这很像中国古代 儒家所言,“天将降大任于斯人也, 必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨。”

略谈中俄关系史人名译名的统一问题

在中俄关系史的译作和著作中,常常出现同一历史人物而译名各异的现象。例如,俄国御前大臣、尼布楚条约谈判时俄方首席代表ФёдорАлексеевичГоловин在《中俄尼布楚条约》拉丁文汉译本中译作“费岳多·阿列克歇耶维赤·柯罗文”;在《八旗通志初集·郎谈传》中译为“费咬多罗”;《俄罗斯行程录》译作“蜚托啰”;《有清一代之中俄关系》及《俄国人在黑龙江》等书沿用“费要多罗”

异乡的异香

几个月前,一个摄影师朋友来访,送给我满满的一罐云南独龙江地区的野生花椒。说实话,那罐花椒,我没怎么在做菜的时候用过,因为这些黑黑的花椒的味道在我家众多调味品中绝对是一个异数。但我却总是在闲暇时不自觉地拿出那罐花椒,拧开盖子、把他们举到面前、深深地吸一口气,把那股浓浓的、不可言说的异香纳入鼻腔。那股异香便沿着鼻梁一路向上,眼前出现一片花椒林,不远处奔腾江水的巨大响声不绝于耳。

不发霉不腐烂的植物果实

1诺尼简介大家都知道,水果容易发霉腐烂。但是,有一种奇特水果,成熟落地后不会发霉、腐烂,这就是诺尼。诺尼属于茜草科,是一种热带特有植物。植株为常绿阔叶小乔木;茎是方形;叶对称生,叶片大,单叶,暗绿色,叶面光亮;全年开花结果,花小,白色;果实为复合果,卵形,约4~7cm长,大小似马铃薯,果实刚开始为绿色,后转变为黄色,成熟时几乎变为白色;果实内有很多种子。

Relative Susceptibility of Four Coleopteran Stored-product Insects to Diatomaceous Earth SilicoSec

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth （DE）, SilicoSec against Callosobruchus maculatus （F.）, Rhyzopertha dominica （F.）, Sitophilus zeamais （Motschulsky）, and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） in cowpea, maize and wheat, at 25-32 ℃ and 54-68% relative humidity （r.h.）. SilicoSec was applied at rates： 0 （untreated control） 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 mg/kg of commodity. Adult mortality was measured after 3 to14 days of exposure. Progeny production was assessed after 40 or 56 days. The tested species varied in sensitivity to SilicoSec, with S. zeamais being most susceptible, but no significant differences in mortality levels observed between R. dominica, C. maculatus or T, castaneum after three days of exposure. After 5 days of exposure, all C. maculates adults died on cowpea treated at 1,000 mg/kg. Similarly, after 14 days of exposure all adults of the other species died on grains treated at 1,000 mg/kg, and were ranked in decreasing order of susceptibility S. zeamais 〉T castaneurn 〉 R. dominica. SilicoSec treatments suppressed progeny production （30 to 100%） in all the tested species. The implications of these findings to DE-based control strategy are discussed.

Evaluation of Kenyan Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam,） Purees for Functional Food Production

Consumption of functional foods with health promoting benefits and/or disease prevention has been on the increase globally. The study aimed at evaluating the potential of utilizing Kenyan orange fleshed sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam.） for functional food production with aesthetics benefits. Purees from three different varieties of orange fleshed sweet potato （OFSP） were analyzed for nutritional, physicochemical and microbial quality, The findings of the study show that the three purees were all microbiologically safe and of near neutral pH, but differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in nutrient content （dry matter content, 12.76-28.23%; crude fiber, 1.37-2.90% fresh weight basis （FWB）; 13-carotene, 0.94-9.27 mg/100g dry weight basis （DWB）; starch, 10.20-18.30% FWB ＆ total sugar 27.08-31.76% DWB）. The purees had attractive appearance （ranging from yellow to dark orange）, with varying significantly different spectrophotometer hunters color scale （P 〈 0.05）, and flow ability. Conclusions from the findings show great potential of utilizing the varying properties of OFSP puree to produce enriched functional food products such as probiotic/prebiotic dairy, beverages, bakery and baby foods.

Potentials of NPK and Organic Fertilizers on Growth Performance of Cashew （Anacardium occidentale L,） Seedlings on Degraded Typic Alfisol Soils in Ibadan, Nigeria

Sequel to complaints by cashew farmers on poor establishment rate of cashew seedlings on rehabilitated moribund cashew plantations in south western Nigeria, a fertilizer trial involving the use of organic materials （cow-dung, poultry droppings, cocoa and kola pod husks） compared to NPK and control （no fertilizer） treatments was conducted on the growth performance of cashew seedlings at Ibadan, Nigeria. The fertilizers were applied to supply 15 g N seedlingl in 3 replications. Cashew seedling growth parameters and dry matter yield were determined. Fertilizers resulted to consistently general higher plant height, girth, number of leaves and leaf area compared to NPK and control. The differences in the mean values were however not significantly different for girth but it was significant （P 〈 0.5） for plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, while there was no particular regular trend for plant number of branches. Plant root lengths were significantly higher using the organic fertilizers than NPK and control. Similar trend was obtained in the dry weight values for plant leaf, stem, root and total dry matter yield. There was however no consistent significant effect on NPK usage over control for all the parameters. It was therefore deduced that optimal growth performance and better establishment of cashew seedlings could be obtained with the use of organic fertilizers rather than inorganic fertilizer. The use of cocoa pod husk followed by cow-dung and poultry droppings were outstanding in better growth and dry matter yield performance of cashew seedlings and were advised for this purpose.

Ecological Consequences of Land Use Change: Forest Structure and Regeneration across the Forest-grassland Ecotone in Mountain Pastures in Nepal

The ecotone, the spatial transition zone between two vegetation communities, is claimed to have more species than the adjoining communities. However, empirical studies do not always confirm higher richness at the ecotone. The ecotone position and structure are dynamic over time and space and it is driven by the changes in climate, land use or their interaction. In this context, we assessed the forest- grassland ecotone of temperate mountains in central Nepal by i） comparing species composition and richness across the ecotone, ii） analyzing if the forestgrassland ecotone is shifting towards the grassland center by colonizing them with trees, and iii） discussing the consequence of changed disturbance regime in the dynamics of this ecotone and the surrounding grasslands. We analyzed vegetation data sampled from belt transects laid across the forest- grassland ecotone in semi-natural grassland patches. Vegetation data consisting of species richness and composition, and size structure and regeneration of the two most dominant tree species, namely Rhododendron arboreum and Abies spectabilis, from the transects, were used to analyze the trend of the forest-grassland ecotone. Forest and grasslands were different in terms of floristic composition and diversity. Vascular plant speciesrichness linearly increased while moving from forest interior to grassland center. Spatial pattern of tree size structure and regeneration infers that forest boundary is advancing towards the grasslands at the expense of the grassland area, and tree establishment in the grasslands is part of a suceessional process. Temporally, tree establishment in grasslands started following the gradual decline in disturbance. We argue that local processes in terms of changed land use may best explain the phenomenon of ecotone shift and consequent forest expansion in these grasslands. We underpin the need for further research on the mechanism, rate and spatial extent of ecotone shift by using advaneed tools to understand the process indepth.

Genetic Diversity of Apple Cactus, Cereus peruvianus Mill. Clones （Cactaceae） and Its F1 Hybrids Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA in Indonesia

Polymorphism in two types of Cereus peruvianus, short and long spines clones, and its F1 hybrids cultivated in Indonesia were detected by RAPD （Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA） markers. High amount of mucilage （gelling polysaccharides） present in C. peruvianus was a major obstacle in isolating good quality genomic DNA. To obtain good quality DNA, the CTAB （Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide） methode was modified. Out of 17 primers were used, and two primers OPN-05 and OPM-10 have specific loci, OPN-05550, OPN-05800 and OPM-10650, linked with spines types in parents clones. Those can be used as molecular marker for spines type. Seventeen primers were used generated 113 loci, of which 65 loci were polymorphic in parental clones and 132 loci, of which 93 loci were polymorphic in F1 plants. Dendrogram generated by Jaccard coefficient showed that parents＇ clones had lower genetic diversity than F1 plants. At 72% similarity, all of long or short spine parent clones grouped in one cluster according to its size of spines. At that time F1 plants were separately grouped. None ofF1 hybrid plants grouped with its common female parents.

Impact of Teak （Tectona grandis Linn.） Thinning Out and Peacock-plume [Paraserianthes falcataria L. （1. Nielsen）] Harvesting on Mineral Cycle, Pod Rot Incidence, Changing of Cocoa Yield, and Land Productivity in Indonesia

In 2009, Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases, and forest sector contributes 85%. This forest exploitation should be stopped, and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees. The experiment was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns, i.e. （A） cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn. 3 m x 6 m, （B） cocoa-T, grandis 6 m x 4.2 m ~ 4.2 m （triangle）, （C） cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L. （I. Nielsen） 3 m ~ 6 m, and （D） cocoa-Leucaena sp. 3 m ~ 6 m （control）. Cocoa was planted in 3 m ~ 3 m distance; between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted. Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row, as reserve shade trees. At 6 year old, Paraserianthes was harvested, and at 7 year old, teak trees were thinned out 50% population for A and 66.7% for B treatments. The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity. Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US $40.0 per tree, while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree. From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested, 81 cocoa trees were affected, 11.9% were seriously damage, 6.85% were medium damage, and 5.36% were light damage. On the other hand, teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees. Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea, SP 36, KC1, Kieserite and Dolomite. Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer, humidity to be lower, so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved, namely 71% and 27.25% for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot, respectively. Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63, and teak thinning out of 3.60. The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop. It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern, cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.

The Mulching Effect of the Olives Mill Wastewaters on the Soil Cohesion Improvement and Wind Erosion Reduction in the Southern Tunisian Arid Zones

In the Tunisian arid zones, where the soils are sandy and very poor in organic and mineral matters, wind erosion process is very active and triggered the departure of the thinnest elements of the soil and the apparition of dune building. Facing to these situations, many simple and efficient practices for combating desertification had been tested since many years in the Tunisian arid zones. The mulching of the olive mill wastewaters is one of these techniques. Otherwise, an olive mill wastewaters spray experimental device, with these respective doses of 50 m3/ha, 100 m3/ha and 200 m3/ha next to a witness parcel without OMW, has been putted in place since 1995 in the Chammakh-Zarzis, Tunisia. The mulching of the OMW, in the southern Tunisian regions constitutes an interesting alternative for the controlled and rational evacuation of this polluting sewage on the one hand and for the soil cohesion improvement by： （i） the increase of the organic matter rate which raised, in proportion to the dose, from 0.06% to 1.27% after 10 years of OMW mulching, and （ii） the improvement of the soil structural stability or ~＇the mean weight diameter＂ where the aggregation rate superior to 2 mm is increased until 34% with the dose of 200 m3/ha. Therefore, that treatment will bind the sand particles and thereof control of sandstorms is gained. Indeed, the results in wind tunnel tests on the soil treated with these different doses of OMW showed that the threshold friction velocity u,t was raised from 8.5 m/s to 12 m/s for 50 m3/ha and 200 m3/ha, respectively.

Assessment of Pricing Efficiency and Levels of Concentration in Cashew Nuts Market in South Western Nigeria

Cashew nuts market in south western Nigeria is characterized by price fluctuations through space and time. This may be linked with the large number of market intermediaries who act between the primary producers and the markets. The sample for the study comprised 250 cashew nuts marketers who were randomly selected from the five south westem states of Nigeria. About 76 % of the cashew nuts marketers had up to secondary school education and 86% of them had 15-year marketing experience and below. Pricing efficiency of the marketers was highest in Ogun state with average efficiency level of85.1% and least for Oyo state （68.9%）. In all, 720 tonnes were transacted in the region with 206 marketers handling maximum of 2 kg per month per individual. Gini-coefficient estimate of 82.3% implied that there was a concentrated market for the cashew nuts. To further increase the pricing efficiency of the commodity it is necessary to reduce the costs incurred on various physical aspects in marketing system. Corporate organizations, government agencies and co-operative societies should assist the cashew nuts marketers in the provision of credit facilities so as to ensure a higher level of pricing efficiency, stable market prices and reduced level of concentration of the marketers.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Quality at the Rosetta Branch of the Nile River, Egypt

The aim of the present study is to assess the water quality along the Rosetta branch of the Nile River, Egypt. The study area extends from upstream of the EI-Rahawy drain to the end of the branch. The correlation matrix was performed to help identify the nature of correlations between the different parameters. The WQI （water quality index） was calculated seasonally at different points along the Rosetta branch to provide a simple indicator of water quality at these points. The results of WQI calculations showed that the fecal coliform is the main cause of poor water quality along the Rosetta branch. A statistical analysis was also performed using a two-way ANOVA （analysis of variance） to identify the significant sources of water pollution and to determine the impact of the parameters on a mass loading. A significant difference was observed between the impacts of the pollution sources on the water quality. Also, a significant difference was observed between the impacts of each parameter in the mass loading. The results showed that the E1-Rahawy, Tala and Sabal drains are the major sources for water quality degradation along the Rosetta branch and that the effect of the EI-Tahrir and the Zawyet El-Baher drains on the water quality is not significant.

Does Working Capital Cause Profitability？ --The Nigerian Experience

The paper investigates the long run relationship and causality issues between working capital and profitability in 66 firms in Nigeria by using the panel cointegration method for the period 1999-2007. The empirical results show that there is long run steady-state relationship between working capital and profitability. However, the short run causal relationship runs from working capital to profitability suggesting that inefficient working capital management may harm profitability.

Economic Implications of Poor Power Quality

Poor power quality is really becoming an increasing phenomenon. Studies revealed that most companies, particularly multinationals in Nigeria, do not pay enough attention to the effects of poor power quality on their plant and equipment, and let the economic implications alone. The result is high production and maintenance cost. Findings also revealed that these companies loose an average of $50,000 annually owing to equipment damage （such as variable speed drives） caused by poor power quality. This paper focuses on the need for continuous monitoring and management of poor power quality disturbance parameters and the cost for economic implications of no addressing power quality issues.

Laboratory Assessment of Diatomaceous Earth against Several Stored-Grain Pests of Sorghum

A wide range of insect pests attacks stored sorghum grains and the significant damage in grain weight loss and negative impact on the nutritional values of sorghum are caused with the activities of these pests. The insecticides, especially from organophosphate group （OP）, are still used to prevent damage of sorghum grains during storage period. One of the possible replacements for OP and other synthetic insecticides is a natural and safe diatomaceous earth （DE）. The primary objectives of this study was conducting the laboratory experiments with enhanced DE Protect-lt on Sitophilus oryzae （L.）, Rhyzopertha dominica （Fab.） and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst.） to find out the effective concentrations and to determine the effect of applicable concentration of DE on bulk density （test weight） of sorghum grains. The effect of Protect-it on bulk density was measured at 1,000 ppm. After the exposure of S. oryzae, R. dominica and T castaneum to treated grains during 13 days, lethal dosis that causes 90% mortality （LD90） were 811 ppm, 1,102 ppm and 1,244 ppm, respectively. After exposure of 8 days the concentration of 1,000 ppm generated the mortality ofS. oryzae 100% and for R. dominica and T.castaneum for over 99%. The same concentration had a minimal effect on the reduction of sorghum bulk density （for 1.95% only）.

A new damping ratio identification method based on pattern search

In order to improve the effectiveness of traditional time domain identification methods in identifying damping ratios, a new damping ratio identification method based on pattern search is proposed by fluctuating the reliable natural frequency obtained through traditional time domain identification methods by about 10% to build the boundary conditions, using all the initial identification results to establish the free decay response of the system, and using the pattern search method to correct the initial identification results with the residual sum of squares between the free decay response and the actually measured free-decay signal as the objective function. The proposed method deals with the actually measured free-decay signal with curve fitting and avoids enlarging the identified error caused by intermediate conversion, so it can effectively improve the identified accuracy of damping ratios. Simulations for a room-sized vibration isolation foundation show that the relative errors of analyzed three damping ratios are down to 1.05%, 1.51% and 3.7% by the proposed method from 8.42%, 5.85% and 8.5% by STD method when the noise level is 10%.