河南省粪尿肥资源及质量的调查分析

粪尿肥是人、畜禽的排泄物,也是我省农民施用历史最悠久,肥效最好的一种重要的农家肥料,它有来源广、养分高、肥效好等特点,在改善土壤理化性状,培肥地力、改善农产品品质方面有着重要作用。1 粪尿肥资源和利用现状1.1 粪尿肥资源量及利用 1990年全省农村粪尿肥资源总量21272.47万吨,占全省有机肥资源总量的47％。

白三叶牧草资源研究以及猪粪尿施肥试验报告

基于对白三叶牧草资源的研究,笔者参加了湖南省邵阳市城步县南山牧场白三叶草地猪粪尿施肥试验,进行了牧草施肥、牧草增产、载畜量以及动物粪污资源化利用的研究。试验结果表明,白三叶草地施肥放牧区载畜量可达14.15头/hm^(2)黄牛单位或4.72头/hm^(2)奶牛单位,白三叶草施肥禁牧区产鲜草88069 kg/hm^(2),较不施肥禁牧区增产鲜草56.1%。白三叶草施肥禁牧区圈养载畜量为16.99头/hm^(2)黄牛或5.66头/hm^(2)奶牛单位,白三叶草地猪粪尿消纳量为26.1 t/hm^(2)。本研究为猪粪污资源化利用和白三叶牧草开发利用提供了科学依据。

中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算

规模化畜牧业、农牧分离等引起了一系列问题，尤其是饲养方式改变后，畜禽粪尿养分的循环和处理最值得关注。该文利用统计资料和文献数据，估算了东北三省畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分和COD含量，在此基础上评价和预测了2002～2020年畜禽粪尿资源及其环境风险。结果表明，2003年辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省畜禽粪尿耕地承载量分别为24、20、11t／hm^2，耕地畜禽粪尿承载量在空间上分布极不平衡。2003年，辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省禽粪尿排泄物进入水体的COD数量占畜禽粪尿、工业、生活排放COD总量的52％、65％、40％。预测表明，2010年、2020年畜禽养殖业对东北三省环境污染的风险将进一步扩大。因此，需要制定相应的政策法规来控制畜禽粪尿污染。

河北省畜禽粪尿养分资源分布及其污染潜力分析

利用统计资料和文献数据,结合国内外研究,确定河北省畜禽粪尿资源的计算参数和计算方法。估算了河北省畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分的含量、CODCr含量和单位耕地承载量,旨在为制订河北省畜牧业发展的政策法规提供依据。结果表明:2004年河北省畜禽粪尿耕地承载量为38 t/hm2、单位耕地粪尿N承载量为182 kg/hm2、单位耕地粪尿P承载量为54 kg/hm2。畜禽粪尿CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N总量分别为524、442、52万t。耕地畜禽粪尿承载量在空间上分布极不平衡,承载量大的主要分布在石家庄、唐山、邯郸、保定地区。

Study on Release Properties of Slow Release Urea Coated by Industrial Lignin

This study aimed to investigate the release properties of slow release ure- a coated by industrial lignin and the influences of temperature, pH and post-ripening period on the release of nutrients in coated urea. According to the experimental results, the release of nutrients in coated fertilizers showed an S-shaped curve; on the 28th d, the nutrient release rate reached 73.77%; the differential solubility was 1.83%, and the theoretical release period was 50.25 d. The release of nutrients was significantly influenced by temperature. As the incubation temperature rose from 25 to 40 ℃, preliminary solubility increased from 8.03% to 16.24%; differential solubility increased from 1.83% to 1.88%; theoretical release period was reduced from 51.25 d to 45.55 d. The release of nutrients was promoted by H＋ and OH-. After they were placed at room temperature within 30 d, coated fertilizers exhibited the optimal release properties.

Effects of Urea Ammonium Chloride of Different Fertilization Patterns on Maize Yield and Yield Components

[Objective] To understand the application effects of urea ammonium chloride fertilizer on maize production. [Methods] A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of urea ammonium chloride of different fertilization patterns on summer maize yield and yield components. [Results] Urea ammonium chloride had a long fertilizer effect and the same yield-increasing effect with urea, which could im- prove the agronomic traits and economic traits of maize apparently and the applica- tion of urea ammonium chloride with nutrient reduction of 40% （namely just use urea ammonium chloride equaled 60% pure nitrogen）, had the same yield-increasing effect with urea of traditional fertilization patterns, and input-output ratio was high and the economic benefit was remarkable. [Conclusion] To provide scientific theoretical direc- tion for large area popularization and application of urea ammonium chloride.

Abnormal Change in Body Weight and Non-Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Mouse Strain C57BL/6J in Generating Type 2 Diabetes Model

The commercially available inbred obesity-prone C57BL/6J （B6） and outbred stock ICR mice （3-week old） purchased from a breeder of Beijing were weaned onto high-fat diet （HFD）, HFD-3% fructose water （HFDF） and standard rodent chow, respectively. After exposure to the diets for six weeks, HFD and HFDF fed mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin （STZ, 100mg/kg body weight） and kept on the same diet for next four weeks. Body weight was recorded weekly. Non-fasting blood glucose levels of HFD and HFDF fed mice were measured before and after STZ injections. The body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed B6 mice were significantly lower than that of the control, but body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed ICR mice were significantly higher than that of the control. After injection of STZ, blood glucose levels were above the stardardized criterion （11 mmol/L） for the diabetes mouse model in both HFD and HFDF fed ICR mice, but reverse in B6 mice. The type 2 diabetes model was generated successfully in ICR but not in B6 mice, regardless of whether fructose was supplied. The current results indicated that ICR mouse is still a useful and economical strain for HFD-induced/STZ-treated type 2 diabetes model, and that some variation may occur in the genetic composition among B6 mice bred by different breeders.

狗牙根牧草资源概述及猪粪尿施肥试验

施肥禁牧区每公顷产干草11947 kg,比不施肥禁牧区每公顷产干草4873 kg,增产145.2%,自然放牧区施肥后每公顷载畜量3.59个黄牛单位,自然放牧区每公顷猪粪尿消纳量14.82 t,狗牙根生长期244 d。为狗牙根牧草开发利用提供依据。

INS宝卡有机液肥

传统施肥的基肥采用大量有机腐熟粪尿肥加上部分化肥配合施用，后期采用实施、沟施尿素、二铵或其他复合肥的方法．肥料利用率只有30％-40％，不被利用而积留于土中的肥料易使土壤板结．酸性增加。腐熟的农家肥虽是有机肥．但因为粪尿中含有很多的有害病菌及微生物，基施人上壤后，有害菌大量繁殖．这也是作物病虫害发生的原因之一。

油菜抗寒防冻五措施

油菜越冬期是1年中最低温度的1月开始到立春以前的阶段。这时气温极低,油菜生长发育很缓慢,是对低温的一种适应性,但油菜的组织比较柔嫩,体内含水量较多,常遭受冻害而影响产量。在油菜越冬期,需采取五项有效技术措施抗寒防冻。一、重施腊肥在油菜行间施土粪、堆肥、灰粪或人粪尿肥等有机肥料,可提高土温2～3℃,

化肥与有机肥的合理搭配施用

为了进一步探讨合理施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施的最佳比例以及有机肥料的利用率等问题,在国家测土配方施肥项目的推动下,伊通县农业技术推广总站通过大量田间试验示范数据分析整理,总结出了一套关于玉米有机肥和化肥配施方面的经验。

Ammonia Volatilization from Winter Wheat Field Top Dressed with Urea

Ammonia volatilization was measured with a continuous air flow enclosure method from a winter wheat field in the Experimental Farm of Jurong Agricultural School to investigate its main influencing factors. The experiment with five treatments in triplicate, no N (control), 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1 with rice straw cover at a rate of 1500 kg ha-1 and 200 kg N ha-1 without rice straw, started when the winter wheat was sown in 1994. Sixty percent of the total amount of N applied was hasal and 40% was top-dressed. The measurement of ammonia volatilization was immediately conducted after urea was top-dressed on soil surface at wheat elongation stage in spring of 1996 and 1997. The results showed that there was a diurnal variation of ammonia volatilization rate from the winter wheat field, which synchronized with air temperature. N losses through ammonia volatilization increased with increasing N application rate, but the ratio of N lost through ammonia volatilization to applied N was not significantly affected by N application rate. The coverage of rice straw had no significant effect on ammonia volatilization. Soil moisture and rain events after urea was top-dressed affected ammonia volatilization significantly.

Comparison of Urea-Derived N_2O Emission from Soil and Soil-Plant System

A pot experiment with a sandy loam soil and spring wheat as test crop was conducted to compare the N2O emission from soil system with plant cut off and from soil-plant system with plant kept. The results showed that after urea fertilizer applied, the N2O emission from soil and soil-wheat system decreased exponentially with time, and its total amount was 0.34%~0.63% and 0.33%~0.58% of applied urea-N respectively, no significant difference being found between these two systems. The N2O emission had a very significant negative relationship (P = 0.01) with the biomass of wheat plant. A combined application of urease inhibitor hydroquinone and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide could reduce the N2O emission by 50%~83% and 46%~74%, respectivelyl from soil and soil-wheat system. The N2O was mainly produced and emitted from soil, and the soil biochemical regulation, i.e., applying related inhibitors into soil could effectively diminish the urea derived N2O emission.

Fate of Urea Nitrogen Applied to Rape Grown on a Red Soil and Efficiency of Urea in Raising Rape Yield

Fate of urea nitrogen (N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the ￣(15)N mass balancetechnique, and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated ina field plot experiment. One hundred and thirty-eight kg N/ha, 86 kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kgN/ha as top dressing, was applied with band application technique. The experiment was conducted in thesoutheast of China, near Yingtan City, Jianxi Province.Results from is￣(15)N mass balance study showed that when urea was applied as basal dressing the plantrecovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Theatment T (with application of N, P, K, B and lime). Plantrecoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments -K, -B, -lime and +RS (without application of K, B or limeas well as with additional rice straw compared with Theatment T), which were not significantly differentfrom Treatment T. In contrast, plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P (without application of P),indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape. However, N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was highup to 71.6% for Theatment -P, while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N (including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% forTreatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing, while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top dressing. It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band applicationmethod in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low, andthe efficiency of the applied N was quite high, 7.1 kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N forTreatmentT. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield, and the yield was very lowwhen neither of them was applied. The yield in TreatmentK was significantly lower than that in TYeatmentT, with the former accounting for 77% of the later.

Effects of inorganic fertilizers on biological nitrogen fixation and seedling growth of some agroforestry trees in Bangladesh

The effects of different inorganic fertilizers （Urea and Triple Super Phosphate （TSP）） on seedling growth and nodulation capabilities of four agroforestry tree species （Albizia chinensis, A. saman, Acacia nilotica and Sesbania sesban） were compared. The nodulation of these seedlings were treated with different fertilizer treatments （at the rate of urea 40 kg·hm^-2, urea 80 kg·hm^-2 TSP 40 kg·hm^-2, TSP 80 kg·hm^-2, （urea＋TSP） 40 kghm 2 and （urea＋TSP） 80 kg·hm^-2） after one month of seed germination. The results revealed that the seedling growth was enhanced significantly with moderate fertilizer treatment. In some cases, the higher levels of fertilizers reduced the seedling growth. The study also revealed that the nodulation in nodule number and size was significantly inhibited by the application of N fertilizer （Urea）, while it was increased significantly with the application of P fertilizer （TSP）. This study improved our understanding and provided insights that would be useful to the farmers in their efforts to amend the soil with inorganic fertilizers in order to enhance plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes type 2 in cryptogenic cirrhosis

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a group of Mexican Mestizo patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) and to compare this group with patients with cirrhosis secondary to other causes (disease controls). METHODS: Patients with CC, diagnosed between January, 1990 and April, 2005, were included in a retrospective study. Patients with cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C, alcohol abuse or autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) served as disease controls. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients with CC were analyzed. Disease controls consisted of 81 patients with chronic hepatitis C, 33 with alcohol abuse and 20 with AIH. The median age of patients with CC was 57 years (range, 16-87); 83 (61.9%) patients were female; 53 (39.6%) were Child A, 65 (48.5%) Child B, and 16 (11.9%) were Child C cirrhosis. The prevalence of MS (29.1% vs 6%; P < 0.001), obesity (16.4% vs 8.2%; P = 0.04) and T2DM (40% vs 22.4%; P = 0.013) was higher in CC patients than in disease controls. There were no differences in sex, age or liver function tests between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MS, obesityand T2DM were higher in patients with CC than in patients with cirrhosis secondary to others causes. Our findings support the hypothesis that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) plays an under-recognized role in CC.

A Preliminary Study on Natural Matrix Materials for Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizers

A controlled release N fertilizer was developed by the carrier method using natural polysaccharides (PS)and urea. The results showed that mixing of PS and urea led to significant control of urea release. When a cross-linker (boric acid or glutaraldehyde) was added, a better control effect was observed. During a 30 min leaching time the nitrogen release rate from the controlled release fertilizer was nearly constant, which was significantly different from normal urea. One of the controlled release mechanisms was related to space resistance from a large molecular structure. Infrared (IR) analysis indicated that interaction of PS with urea was through a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond. These bonds created an α-helix or high molecular network fertilizer carrier system, which was another reason for a controlled nutrient release. Pot experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency could increase significantly with a carrier fertilizer.

Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome among Shanghai adults: A randomized multistage stratified cluster sampling investigation

AIM: To examine the relations of alcohol consumption to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shanghai adults. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the randomized multistage stratified cluster sampling of Shanghai adults, who were evaluated for alcohol consumption and each component of metabolic syndrome, using the adapted U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Current alcohol consumption was defined as more than once of alcohol drinking per month. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 3953 participants (1524 men) with a mean age of 54.3 ± 12.1 years. Among them, 448 subjects (11.3%) were current alcohol drinkers, including 405 males and 43 females. After adjustment for age and sex, the prevalence of current alcohol drinking and metabolic syndrome in the general population of Shanghai was 13.0% and 15.3%, respectively. Compared with nondrinkers, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension was higher while the prevalence of abdominal obesity, low serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and diabetes mellitus was lower in subjects who consumed alcohol twice or more per month, with a trend toward reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Among the current alcohol drinkers, systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, fastingplasma glucose, and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia tended to increase with increased alcohol consumption. However, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, prevalence of abdominal obesity, low serum HDL-C and metabolic syndrome showed the tendency to decrease. Moreover, these statistically significant differences were independent of gender and age.CONCLUSION: Current alcohol consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome irrespe- ctive of alcohol intake (g/d), and has a favorable influence on HDL-C, waist circumference, and possible diabetes mellitus. However, alcohol intake increases the likelihood of hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. The clinical significance of these findings needs further investigation.

Effects of Film-Degraded Rice Controlled Release Fertilizer on the Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of the Hybrid Rice

Field experiment was carried out to nitrogen release characteristics of rice controlled release fertilizer (RCRF) coated with natural and half natural high molecular materials, and to thereof effects on the nitrogen uptake and yield of early and late hybrid rice from 1999 to 2000, with urea as control.In experimental fields regardless of early and late seasons, the amount of N in the plants increased exponentially at the early growth stage (y=abx) and nonlinearly at the middle and late growth stages (y=a+bx+cx2).Rice controlled release fertilizer lengthened the exponential phase and increased the parameter -b/c during the nonlinear phase. Although the N amount of plants was less in rice controlled release fertilizer plots man in urea plots within 20 days after transplanting, at the heading and maturity stages, the N amount of plants in rice controlled release fertilizer plots was above two times greater than in the urea plots due to the higher N recovery, and the high absorption density of N in the nonlinear phase.Tillers pattern and achievement of the maximum tillering stage varied with fertilizer types. The maximum tillering stage in the urea plots occurred a week earlier than in the rice controlled release fertilizer plots. Yield sink size and potential sink size of the plants reflected the N absorption pattern and the amount of N in the plants. The yields of early and late rice with 90 kg N ha-1 of rice controlled release fertilizer were respectively increased by 832.7 kg ha-1 and 412.8 kg ha-1 than those with 90 kg N ha-1 of urea, almost equivalent to the yield of early and late hybrid rice with 180 kg N ha-1 of urea.