Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments hav...Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments have benefited many patients,which promoted the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approval of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs.In this review,we provide a detailed introduction of five PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs,with indications and studies,as a valuable reference for doctors and medical investigators.Moreover,the characteristics of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies,including their universality and sustainability,are discussed in this review.Furthermore,we also discuss and predict the possibility of PD-L1 as an indication marker of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy for pan-cancer treatment,and the current status of combination therapies.展开更多
Immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention due to the remarkable clinical successes for treating a broad spectrum of tumors. One challenge for cancer immunotherapy is the inability to control localization and su...Immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention due to the remarkable clinical successes for treating a broad spectrum of tumors. One challenge for cancer immunotherapy is the inability to control localization and sustain concentrations of therapeutics at tumor sites. Local drug delivery systems(LDDSs) like the biomaterial scaffold-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach for delivering immunotherapeutic agents facilely and intensively in situ with reduced systemic toxicity. In this review, recent advances in biomaterial scaffold-based LDDSs for the administration of immunotherapeutic agents including vaccines, immunomodulators, and immune cells are summarized. Moreover, codelivery systems are also evaluated for local immunotherapy-involving combination anti-tumor therapy,including chemotherapy-immunotherapy, photothermal-immunotherapy, and other combination therapies. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on the development of next-generation LDDSs for cancer immunotherapy are discussed.展开更多
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat in the clinics because the bacteria embedded in biofilm are ten to thousand times more resistant to traditional antibiotics than planktonic ones.Here,a smart hydrog...Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat in the clinics because the bacteria embedded in biofilm are ten to thousand times more resistant to traditional antibiotics than planktonic ones.Here,a smart hydrogel comprised of aminoglycoside antibiotics,pectinase,and oxidized dextran was developed to treat local biofilm-associated infections.The primary amines on aminoglycosides and pectinase were reacted with aldehyde groups on oxidized dextran via a pH-sensitive Schiff base linkage to form the hydrogel.Upon bacterial infection,the increased acidity triggers the release of both pectinase and aminoglycoside antibiotics.The released pectinase efficiently degrades extracellular polysaccharides surrounding the bacteria in biofilm,and thus greatly sensitizes the bacteria to aminoglycosides.The smart hydrogel efficiently eradicated biofilms and killed the embedded bacteria both in vitro and in vivo.This study provides a promising strategy for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.展开更多
文摘Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments have benefited many patients,which promoted the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approval of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs.In this review,we provide a detailed introduction of five PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs,with indications and studies,as a valuable reference for doctors and medical investigators.Moreover,the characteristics of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies,including their universality and sustainability,are discussed in this review.Furthermore,we also discuss and predict the possibility of PD-L1 as an indication marker of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy for pan-cancer treatment,and the current status of combination therapies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31900945)Basic Research Program of Shenzhen(JCYJ20170412111100742, JCYJ20180507182413022)+2 种基金Fok YingTong Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China (161032)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2018M643175)Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation of Major Basic Research and Cultivation Project (2018B030308003)。
文摘Immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention due to the remarkable clinical successes for treating a broad spectrum of tumors. One challenge for cancer immunotherapy is the inability to control localization and sustain concentrations of therapeutics at tumor sites. Local drug delivery systems(LDDSs) like the biomaterial scaffold-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach for delivering immunotherapeutic agents facilely and intensively in situ with reduced systemic toxicity. In this review, recent advances in biomaterial scaffold-based LDDSs for the administration of immunotherapeutic agents including vaccines, immunomodulators, and immune cells are summarized. Moreover, codelivery systems are also evaluated for local immunotherapy-involving combination anti-tumor therapy,including chemotherapy-immunotherapy, photothermal-immunotherapy, and other combination therapies. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on the development of next-generation LDDSs for cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
基金the National Key R&D Program of ChinaSynthetic Biology Research(2019YFA0904500)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21725402 and51672191)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(19ZR1415600)。
文摘Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat in the clinics because the bacteria embedded in biofilm are ten to thousand times more resistant to traditional antibiotics than planktonic ones.Here,a smart hydrogel comprised of aminoglycoside antibiotics,pectinase,and oxidized dextran was developed to treat local biofilm-associated infections.The primary amines on aminoglycosides and pectinase were reacted with aldehyde groups on oxidized dextran via a pH-sensitive Schiff base linkage to form the hydrogel.Upon bacterial infection,the increased acidity triggers the release of both pectinase and aminoglycoside antibiotics.The released pectinase efficiently degrades extracellular polysaccharides surrounding the bacteria in biofilm,and thus greatly sensitizes the bacteria to aminoglycosides.The smart hydrogel efficiently eradicated biofilms and killed the embedded bacteria both in vitro and in vivo.This study provides a promising strategy for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
